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Foreign Policy of India - Evolution, Determinants - English
Foreign Policy of India - Evolution, Determinants - English
Foreign policy is like a country's plan for dealing with other Panchsheel:
countries. It's how they promote their ideas, interests, and goals
while adjusting to changes both at home and on the global
stage.
India - ancient civilizations in the world
Objectives and Principles of India’s Foreign Policy
● safeguard national interest
● promoting its external security.
● protecting the country’s political independence
● promote world peace
● prevent or resist military threats
● promote harmony and cooperation
● Advancing Indian representation and leadership on matters ● i) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity
of global governance. and sovereignty,
Principles ● (ii) Mutual non-aggression ,
● Panchsheel ● (iii) Mutual non-interference,
● Non-alignment ● (iv) Equality and mutual benefit, and
● Anti-colonialism, Anti-imperialism and Anti-racism ● (v) Peaceful co-existence.
● The principle of avoiding use of force in settling differ
● Strengthening the United Nations and other global and Non-Alignment Movement: not joining any of the
regional organizations and development of international law
military alliance formed by the USA and Soviet Union
Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy
● Kashmir Issue
● back to pre-independence days
● All-India Congress Committee in New Delhi in 1921 was “a ● Indo-China Relation and War
landmark in the history of India’s foreign relations”. ● Tibetan Crisis
● Congress passed a resolution on foreign policy ● 1962 Chinese Attack
● 1927 - Session on to conduct independently the external
relations of India with the rest of the world without the
interference of the British government Foreign Policy under Lai Bahadur Shastri
● 1947 - own foreign policy
● advocated the principles of friendship and cooperation with ● Sirima-Shastri Pact (1964):
all the countries of the world
To settle the issue of Indian Tamils in the
● establishment of friendly relations with the neighbouring
then Ceylon, Shastri signed an accord with the
countries
● post-Independence - principle of non-alignment Sri Lanka in 1964.
India under Nehru:
● Main architect of India’s foreign policy. ● China’s Nuclear Explosion 1964
● Goals : End of colonialism and racism, independence from ● India-Pakistan War (1965)
power blocs, and close ties with China and Asian
neighbours.
● Tashkent Declaration: between India and
● India needed a period of peace and stability to spur Pakistan - to withdraw from all occupied
economic growth and political stability areas and return to pre-war positions.
Foreign Policy under Indira Gandhi Policy under Manmohan Singh
● more realistic than idealist. ● Relationship with Russia - friendly relationship
● To regain India’s lost position in the world. ● Relationship with USA - India-USA Civil
● 1970- Bangladesh Crisis Nuclear Deal
● Shimla Declaration (1972) - India was ready to ● Manmohan Doctrine: stood for the greater
negotiate with Pakistan on issue of withdrawal integration of India’s economy with the rest of
of forces from Western and Kashmir front. the world
Rajiv Gandhi Years ● long term and mutually beneficial relations
● aimed at amity and good will amongst the with all major power
mankind. Foreign Policy under Narendra Modi
● for a better world economic order and nuclear ● Neighbourhood First” foreign policy - Eg
disarmament. Invitation of Republic Day
● Commitment to Non-Alignment Movement ● More focus on - 4 Ds – Democracy,
● Efforts to Strengthen SAARC Demography and Demand and Diaspora
● Peace Mission to Sri Lanka ● strategic intent is shaped mainly by realism,
Narasimha Rao Period- 1991 co-existence, cooperation and partnership
● end of the cold war ● Strengthening Cultural Connect and Soft Power
● era of bipolar world politics and bloc politics in ● Indian Diaspora- pro-active approach
international relations came to an end in 1991. ● Closeness with USA : Civil Nuclear Agreement,
● Economic Reforms: - LPG 123 Agreement , LEMOA, COMCASA
● Look East Policy - aimed at reducing India’s ● Look East to Act East
isolation in international affairs and boosting ● SAGAR Vision- cooperation in the Indian Ocean
India’s involvement with the Association of region
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ● Bridging Diplomacy and Development- Make
● Reasons for Look East Policy in India
○ Economically Countering China India’s Foreign Policy Challenges
○ Emerging Middle Class ● Hostile Neighbour - Pak / China
○ Containment from West and Central Asia ● Relations with the Major Powers - US / Russia
● food security, water, energy and environment
I.K. Gujaral Period ● Cross Border terrorism - ISIS
● Gujaral Doctrine ● climate change and global environmental
● N0 reciprocity , Promote regional cooperation, degradation - Polluted cities
non-interference, respect sovereignty, resolve ● Russia Ukraine Issue
disputes peacefully. ● Internal Challenges - Naxalism / Poverty
AB Vajpayee Period ● Refugee Crisis - Rohingyas
● OPPOSE NPT AND CTBT ● Maritime Security- 2008 Mumbai attacks
● Bus Diplomacy with Pakistan ● Cyber Security - Malware, Ransomware
● Lahore Declaration: : 1999 -reduce forces along ● Drug Trafficking -Golden Crescent
the Line of Control. (Afghanistan-Pakistan-lran)
Cultural Diplomacy - Determinants of India's Foreign Policy
● Yoga ● Geography - Located in the Indian Ocean,
● Songs bordering the Himalayas and Arabian Sea
● Bollywood ● History- Legacy of colonialism and Cold War
● Festivals Non-Alignment policy - BRICS group
● Security- Protecting national borders and
Sports Diplomacy ensuring territorial integrity - QUAD
● Cricket relationship ● Economy- focus on trade and investment
partnerships - Free Trade Agreements with
Space Diplomacy ASEAN and UAE
● Satellite Systems and Rockets : ISRO has been ● Culture- Strong civilizational heritage and
working with ONES (French space agency), diverse population - Soft Power - Yoga
NASA ● Democracy- Commitment to democratic
● South Asia Satellite (SAS) values and human rights - UN peacekeeping
● cooperating with ASEAN through missions
COSPAS-SARSAT ● Development- Lifting its own population and
Economic Diplomacy aiding other developing nations fuels India's
● use of all the economic tools like export, import, global development partnerships- South South
investment, lending, aid, free trade agreement, Cooperation
etc. to further the national interest. ● Diaspora - diaspora communities worldwide
influence - US
Defence Diplomacy ● Technology- India's growing technological
● Defence partnership with Russia, Israel, France prowess - joint satellite missions with Israel
USA / NASA