Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

Human Variation in anthropology

- differences among humans, specifically in terms of size, intelligence, and traits

Evidence

1. Language
- a system of communication consisting of sound, words, and grammars
- a tool to communicate
*express
*convey
*argue

1.1 Universal features of language

a. Expressive power
- refers to language’s ability to communicate almost any situation, any feeling,
idea, and thought
- it differ to some degree in their expressivity

b. Productivity
- productivity grows out of rule governed nature of language
- we have the potential to produce an infinite number of sentences

c. Displacement
- the ability to talk about something that is not present
*the aspect of language that makes civilization possible
- to describe the past and the future, the absent and the lost, the possible, and
the imaginary

1.2 Universals of Language

1. All human culture have a human language and use it to communicate

2. All human languages change over time, a reflection of the fact that all cultures are constantly chang-
ing
3. It features duality of patterning

1.3 Language is Individual

1. All typical developing children acquire one, or multiple language during childhood
-listening and observing the speech and around them
2. No two people speak alike
- we all have our own speech patterns and habits
3. Each country, culture or community adds its own vocabulary and ideals to the language

* as a result language allows us to communicate and connect to a larger group of people, but we still
maintain our individuality within the language
1.4. Language (World Context)
*English, dubbed as lingua franca
- it is spoken by two people who do not speak one another’s native language

1.5 Language (Philippines Context)

*187 language

2. Nationality and Ethnicity

2.1 Nationality
-is the identity thqt is tied to being part of a nation or country
-inhabits a particular territory delineated by a political border and administered by a government

2.3 Ethnicity
- within a nation are smaller cultural groups that share specific social environments, traditions, and histo-
ries.
*they are called ethnic groups

- There are about 180 indigenous ethnic groups in the Philippines and more than 100 tribal groups
Religion
- the belief of supernatural
- the earliest form of religion revolved around making sense of natural occurrences
- today, religion has evolved to promote far complex forms of understanding human
nature, the afterlife, and natural events.
- hinduism is the oldest religion
-monotheistic
- polytheistic
- some arranged their gods in hierarchy

Political Identity
- a social category refers to the set of attitudes and practices an individual adheres to in relation
to the political systems and actors with his or her society

Left wing
- supports the workers

Right wing
- supports the people

Socio-economic Class
- is the social standing or class of an individual
- reflects the quality of life as it encompasses educational attainment, occupational
prestige, and subjective perceptions

Human Sexuality (SOGIE)

Sex
- katangian na nagtatakda ng pagkakaiba ng babae sa lalaki
- physiological condition determinde by biological makeup (male, female or intersex)
Gender
- itinakda ng lipunan para sa mga babae at lalaki
- the main aspect of being a human being in his/her life

SO (S - Sexual, O - Orientation)
- refers to each persons capacity for profound emotional, affectional and sexual attraction to inti-
mate and sexual relations with individuals of a different gender

GI ( G - Gender, I - Identity)
- refers to who you think you are

E ( E - Expression)
- refers to how you express your self through clothing, speech, action, hair, and style

Human Sexuality and Gender Norms.

Folk ways
- As other culture accepts the existence of different sexually in the community, other people are often
using NON Binary pronouns.
- Mr. Ms. Mrs. Mx.
Taboos
- Breast Ironing/Breast Flatting
- (China) Foot thing