PhysioEx Musket - Kelompok D3

LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM
FISIOLOGI
MODUL MUSKULOSKELETAL
Disusun Oleh :
Kelompok D3
Wanda Ayuditha Noor Alifia I1011221013

Destrianita Husna I1011221048
Shadiqah I1011221053
Rayka Midyana Adinda Putri I1011221074
PROGRAM STUDI KEDOKTERAN FAKULTAS

KEDOKTERAN DAN ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA
PONTIANAK
2023
DAFTAR ISI
DAFTAR ISI ..............................................................................................................................i
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 1: The Muscle Twitch and the Latent Period
Lab Report ................................................................................................................................1
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal
Muscle Contraction Lab Report.................................................................................................12
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 3: The Effect of Stimulus Frequency on

Skeletal Muscle Contraction LabReport ....................................................................................26
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 4: Tetanus in Isolated Skeletal Muscle Lab
Report .......................................................................................................................................33
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 5: Fatigue in Isolated Skeletal Muscle Lab
Report .......................................................................................................................................40
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 6: The Skeletal Muscle Length-Tension

Relationship Lab Report............................................................................................................46
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 7: Isotonic Contractions and the Load-
Velocity Relationship Lab Report
..............................................................................................57
i
Name: Kelompok 3D
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 1: The Muscle Twitch and the Latent Period Lab
Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.
1. Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by

You correctly answered: b. tendons.
2. Skeletal muscles are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual cells called

You correctly answered: c. fibers.
3. The term motor unit refers to

You correctly answered: c. one motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.
4. The motor neuron and muscle fiber intersect at what is called

You correctly answered: d. the neuromuscular junction.
5. A twitch is
You correctly answered: a. one contractile response to a single action potential.
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: Will changes to the stimulus voltage alter the duration of the latent
period?
Your answer : a. Yes, changing the stimulus voltage will change the latent period duration
proportionately.
Stop & Think Questions:

What is the period of time that elapses between the generation of an action potential and
the start of muscle tension development in a muscle fiber?
You correctly answered: c. the latent period
What occurs during the latent period of these isometric contractions?

You correctly answered: b. All the steps of excitation-contraction coupling occur.
Experiment Data:
V L A P T L
o
0 e
7 c0 a
0 o
0 a
-
.3 5
7 .1 .0 .1 --
.4 5
7 .1 .0 .1 -2
.6 5
7 .1 .0 .1 .2
.8 5
7 .1 .0 .1 .2
.1 5
7 .1 .0 .1 .2
0 5 . . . .
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Post-lab Quiz Results
1. An action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of which

neurotransmitter?
You correctly answered: b. acetylcholine
2. The term skeletal muscle fiber refers to

You correctly answered: a. an individual skeletal muscle cell.
3. The graded depolarization in the skeletal muscle fiber that is elicited in response
to one action potential from the motor neuron is called
You correctly answered: c. an EPP (end-plate potential).
4. Which of the following is not a phase of a skeletal muscle twitch?

You correctly answered: b. hyperpolarization phase
5. A skeletal muscle twitch is

You correctly answered: a. one contractile response to a single action potential.
6. Which of the following correctly matches the twitch phase with its definition?
You correctly answered: d. the contraction phase: the time between the end of the
latent period and peak muscle tension
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Review Sheet Results
1. Define the terms skeletal muscle fiber, motor unit, skeletal muscle twitch, electrical stimulus,
and latent period. Your answer:
a. Serat otot rangka adalah penyebutan untuk satu sel otot rangka yang relatif besar,
memanjang, dan berbentuk silindris. Otot rangka terdiri dari sejumlah serat-serat otot
yang sejajar satu sama lain dan disatukan oleh jaringan ikat.
b. Unit motoric adalah kompleks neuron motoric dan saraf otot yang disarafinya
c. Kedutan adalah kontraksi singkat lemah di sebuah saraf otot yang disebabkan oleh satu
potensial aksi
d. Stimulus listrik adalah tegangan rangsangan melalui elektroda
e. Periode laten adalah penundaan waktu beberapa milidetik antara stimulasi dan awitan
kontraksi
Sumber: Sharewood 8th edition
2. What is the role of acetylcholine in a skeletal muscle contraction? Your answer:

Asetilkolin merangsang pembukaan kanal kation nonspesifik dengan cara berikatan
dengan reseptor-kanal spesifiknya di cakram motoric membran. Pembukaan kanal ini
menyebabkan perpindahan Na+ masuk ke dalam sel otot dalam jumlah yang lebih besar
daripada K+ keluar sel dan menghasilkan potensial end-plate.
3. Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibers. Your

answer:
Penggabungan eksitasi-kontraksi merujuk ke serangkaian proses yang mengaitkan eksitasi
otot (adanya potensial aksi di serat otot) dengan kontraksi otot (aktivitas jembatan
silang yang menyebabkan filamen-filamen tipis bergeser bersama untuk
memperpendek sarkomer). Otot rangka dirangsang untuk berkontraksi oleh pelepasan
asetilkolin (ACh) di taut neuromuskulus antara terminal neuron motorik dan serat otot.
Pengikatan ACh dengan cakram motorik suatu serat otot menyebabkan perubahan
permeabilitas di serat otot, menghasilkan potensial aksi yang dihantarkan ke seluruh
permukaan membran sel otot. Peristiwa yang terjadi pada eksitasi-kontraksi:
1) Jembatan silang myosin akan mengikat molekul aktin
2) Jembatan silang menekuk menarik miofilamen tipis ke arah dalam
3) Jembatan silang terlepas di akhir kayuhan kuat dan kembali ke konfirmasinya semula
4) Jembatan silang mengikat molekul aktin yang terletak lebih distal; siklus akan terjadi
berulang. Sumber: Sharewood 8th edition
4. Describe the three phases of a skeletal muscle twitch. Your answer:

Dalam proses terjadinya kedutan pada otot rangka, terdapat tiga fase, yaitu fase laten,
kontraksi dan relaksasi. Fase laten adalah ketika terjadi penundaan waktu beberapa
milidetik antara stimulasi dan awitan kontraksi. Pada fase kontraksi, terjadi pembentukan
tegangan di dalam serat otot yang di timbulkan oleh interaksi geser antara filamen tebal dan
tipis melalui aktivitas jembatan silang. Pembentukan tegangan ini pasti membutuhkan
waktu, dari awitan kontraksi higga pembentukan tegangan puncak, inilah yang disebut
waktu kontraksi. Kemudian relaksasi, terjadi respon terhadap potensial aksi berupa
penyerapan kembali semua Ca2+ oleh kantong lateral. Kadar Ca2+ yang ada di sitosol
akan berkurang, jumlah jembatan silang dan gaya kontraksi keseluruhan juga berkurang,
waktu antara tegangan puncak hingga relaksasi inilah yang disebut waktu relaksasi.
5. Does the duration of the latent period change with different stimulus voltages? How well did
the results compare with your prediction?
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Your answer:
Durasi periode laten tidak berubah dengan adanya perbedaan tegangan dari stimulus,
sesuai dengan prediksi pada saat percobaan. Ketika gaya minimum untuk menghasilkan
tegangan pada otot sudah tercapai, periode laten dalam proses kedutan otot akan muncul
dan durasinya tidak berubah ketika tegangan dinaikkan.
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6. At the threshold stimulus, do sodium ions start to move into or out of the cell to bring about
the membrane depolarization?
Your answer:
Ya, pembukaan kanal kation nonspesifik menyebabkan adanya perpindahan Na+ masuk ke
dalam sel otot dalam jumlah yang lebih besar daripada perpindahan K+ keluar sel, terjadilah
aliran arus lokal antara end-plate yang mengalami depolarisasi membran sekitar.
11/08/23 page 8
Name: Kelompok D3
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal
Muscle Contraction Lab Report

1. Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by

You correctly answered: c. motor neurons.
2. A single action potential propagating down a motor axon results in

You correctly answered: d. a single action potential and a single contractile event in the muscle
fibers it innervates.
3. In resting skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in
You correctly answered: c. the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. During the latent period for an isometric contraction

You correctly answered: c. the cellular events involved in excitation-contraction coupling occur.
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the stimulus voltage is increased from 1.0 volt up to 10 volts, what will
happen to the amount of activeforce generated with each stimulus?
Your answer : b. The active force will not increase above the value observed when 1.0 volt is
applied.

What do you see in the active force display when the stimulus voltage is set to 0.0,
and why does this observation makesense?
You correctly answered: a. 0.00 g; there was no activation of skeletal muscle fibers by this
stimulus.
What is the lowest stimulus voltage that induces

active force in the skeletal muscle?
You correctly answered: b. threshold voltage
6. Enter the threshold voltage for this experiment in the field below and then click Submit Data
to record your answer in thelab report
You answered: 0.8 volts
12. Enter the maximal voltage for this experiment in the field below and then click Submit Data
to record your answer in thelab report.
You answered: 8.5 volts
Experiment Data:
Voltage Length Active Force Passive Force Total Force
0.0 75 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 75 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.8 75 0.02 0.0 0.02
1.0 75 0.15 0.0 0.15
1.5 75 0.43 0.0 0.43
2.0 75 0.66 0.0 0.66
2.5 75 0.87 0.0 0.87
3.0 75 1.04 0.0 1.04
3.5 75 1.19 0.0 1.19
4.0 75 1.32 0.0 1.32
4.5 75 1.42 0.0 1.42
5.0 75 1.51 0.0 1.51
5.5 75 1.59 0.0 1.59
6.0 75 1.65 0.0 1.65
6.5 75 1.70 0.0 1.70
7.0 75 1.74 0.0 1.74
7.5 75 1.78 0.0 1.78
8.0 75 1.81 0.0 1.81
8.5 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
9.0 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
9.5 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
10.0 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
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1. Motor unit recruitment refers to

You correctly answered: a. an increase in the number of active muscle fibers to
increase the force developed in a muscle.
2. Active tension (or force) in a skeletal muscle fiber results from

You correctly answered: a. activation of cross bridge cycling via increased
intracellular calcium levels.
3. The is the minimal stimulus needed to cause a depolarization of the muscle

plasma membrane (sarcolemma).
You correctly answered: d. threshold voltage.
4. By definition, the is the amount of stimulus required to successfully recruit

all the muscle fibers intodeveloping active force.
You correctly answered: c. maximal voltage
5. Why was a maximal voltage observed in this experiment?

You correctly answered: b. At the maximal voltage, all the muscle fibers contained in
this muscle are depolarized and theyall develop active force (that is, they were all
successfully recruited).
6. A sufficiently strong electrical stimulus applied to an isolated, mounted skeletal muscle

induces the development of muscle force, or muscle tension. Which of the
following statements concerning this observation is true?
You correctly answered: c. The electrical stimulus mimics acetylcholine
release at a neuromuscular junction
11/08/23 page 18
1. Describe the effect of increasing stimulus voltage on isolated skeletal muscle.
Specifically, what happened to the muscle force generated with stronger electrical
stimulations and why did this change occur? How well did the results compare with
your prediction?
Your answer:
Peningkatan intensitas rangsangan listrik pada penelitian ini meniru cara sistem saraf
meningkatkan jumlah unit motorik yang diaktifkan. Rangsangan listrik yang lebih kuat
meniru mekanisme dari rekrutmen unit motorik. Kontraksi yang lebih kuat
membutuhkan lebih banyak unit motorik yang direkrut atau dirangsang untuk
berkontraksi. Sehingga, semakin besar rangsangan listrik maka semakin besar
juga kekuatan otot yang dihasilkan. Tegangan total otot yang semakin besar
disebabkan semakin besarnya jumlah serat otot yang berkontraksi. Karena itu, otot
yang lebih besar yang mengandung serat otot yang lebih banyak dapat menghasilkan
tegangan yang lebih besar daripada otot kecil dengan sedikit serat otot.
2. How is this change in whole-muscle force achieved in vivo? Your answer:

Satu potensial aksi di sebuah serat otot menghasilkan kontraksi singkat lemah yang
disebut kedutan, yang terlalu singkat dan terlalu lemah untuk dapat digunakan dan
secara normal tidak berlangsung di tubuh. Serat-serat otot tersusun membentuk otot
lengkap, tempat mereka berfungsi secara kooperatif untuk menghasilkan kontraksi
dengan kekuatan bervariasi dan lebih kuat
daripada kedutan. Dengan kata lain, otot yang sama dapat menghasilkan kekuatan
yang berubah-ubah. Dua faktor utama yang dapat diubah-ubah untuk menghasilkan
variasi tegangan otot utuh adalah: (1) jumlah serat otot yang berkontraksi di dalam
satu otot dan (2) tegangan yang dihasilkan oleh masing-masing serat yang
berkontraksi. Rekrutmen unit motorik itulah yang bisa mengubah jumlah serat otot
yang berkontraksi di dalam satu otot. Ini terjadi dengan adanya kerjasama antara
neuron dan saraf otot.
3. What happened in the isolated skeletal muscle when the maximal voltage was
applied? Your answer:
Seiring dengan potensial aksi yang meningkat, tegangan dalam komponen seri-elastik
yang ditransmisikan ke tulang secara progresif meningkat hingga tegangan mencapai
maksimal. Frekuensi potensial aksi yang meningkat juga menambah durasi
peningkatan konsentrasi Ca2+, dan karenanya aktivitas kontraktil meningkat hingga
kontraksi tetanik maksimal tercapai. Jika serat otot dirangsang sedemikian cepat
sehingga serat tersebut sama sekali tidak mendapat kesempatan untuk berelaksasi di
antara rangsangan, timbul kontraksi menetap dengan kekuatan maksimal yang dikenal
sebagai tetanus. Pada tetanus, jumlah maksimum tempat pengikatan jembatan silang
tetap terbuka sehingga dapat terjadi siklus jembatan silang, dan sebagai
konsekuensinya, pembentukan tegangan mencapai puncaknya.

Gastrocnemius dan Kadar Kreatin Kinase Serum Tikus Wistar [Skripsi]. Semarang:
Universitas Diponegoro; 2010.
11/08/23 page 19
Name: Kelompok D3
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 3: The Effect of Stimulus Frequency on

Skeletal
Muscle Contraction LabReport

1. During a single twitch of a skeletal muscle

You correctly answered: b. maximal force is never achieved.
2. When a skeletal muscle is repetitively stimulated, twitches can overlap each other and
result in a stronger muscle contraction than a stand-alone twitch. This
phenomenon is known as
You correctly answered: c. wave summation.
3. Wave summation is achieved by

You correctly answered: a. increasing the stimulus frequency (the rate of stimulus
delivery to the muscle).
4. Wave summation increases the force produced in the muscle. Another way to increase
the force produced by a muscleis to
You correctly answered: d. increase the number of activated motor units.
11/09/23 page 20
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: As the stimulus frequency increases, what will happen to the muscle force
generated with eachsuccessive stimulus? Will there be a limit to this response?
Your answer : b. As the stimulus frequency increases, the muscle force generated by each
successive stimulus willincrease. There will be a limit to this increase.
Predict Question 2: In order to produce sustained muscle contractions with an active force value
of 5.2 grams, do you thinkyou will need to increase the stimulus voltage?
Your answer : b. no

Was there any change in the force generated by the muscle during the second stimulated
twitch? You correctly answered: c. Yes, the second twitch generated more muscle force.
Is the total muscle force generated by the higher frequency stimulation greater than the force
generated in previousstimulations?
You correctly answered: a. Yes, it is greater than the previous stimulations.
Does the force generated by the muscle change with each additional stimulus?
You correctly answered: b. As the stimulus frequency increased, the muscle tension generated
by each successive stimulusalso increased, and a limiting maximum value was observed.
Experiment Data:
Passive Total
Voltage Length Stimulus Active Force
Force Force
8.5 75 Single 1.83 0.0 1.83
8.5 75 Single 2.40 0.0 2.40
8.5 75 Single 2.47 0.0 2.47
8.5 75 Multiple 4.65 0.0 4.65
10 75 Multiple 4.75 0.0 4.75
8.5 75 Multiple 5.72 0.0 5.72
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1. Which of the following is not one of the ways that the body can increase the force
produced by a skeletal muscle?
You correctly answered: d. application of higher voltages to the whole muscle
2. When a muscle receives a stimulus frequency that causes non-overlapping

twitches to follow each other closely in timesuch that the peak tension of each
twitch rises in a stepwise fashion up to a plateau value, the result is known as
You correctly answered: c. treppe.
3. In this experiment the isolated skeletal muscle was repetitively stimulated such that
individual twitches overlapped witheach other and resulted in a stronger muscle
contraction than a standalone twitch. This phenomenon is known as
You correctly answered: c. wave summation.
4. Wave summation is achieved by

You correctly answered: a. increasing the rate of stimulus delivery
(frequency) to the muscle.
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1. What is the difference between stimulus intensity and stimulus frequency? Your answer:
Stimulus intensity merujuk pada kekuatan stimulus yang dikirim ke otot, sedangkan stimulus
frequency merujuk pada kecepatan pengiriman stimulus ke otot.
Sumber: OpenStaxCollege. (2013). Nervous system control of muscle tension. In Anatomy &
Physiology.
2. In this experiment you observed the effect of stimulating the isolated skeletal muscle
multiple times in a short period with complete relaxation between the stimuli. Describe the force
of contraction with each subsequent stimulus. Are these results called treppe or wave
summation?
Your answer:
Ketika stimulasi diberikan dalam periode yang singkat dengan terjadinya relaksasi sempurna
otot rangka, sehinga ketegangan otot yang dihasilkan meningkat secara bertahap seperti
tangga. Hal ini disebut sebagai Treppe.
Physiology.
3. How did the frequency of stimulation affect the amount of force generated by the isolated
skeletal muscle when the frequency of stimulation was increased such that the muscle twitches
did not fully relax between subsequent stimuli? Are these results called treppe or wave
summation? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Frekuensi ditingkatkan sehingga kedutan otot tidak sepenuhnya rileks diantara rangsangan
berikutnya akan terjadi efek penggabungan eksitasi-kontraksi dari pensinyalan neuron motorik
berturut-turut ditambahkan bersama-sama yang disebut sebagai penjumlahan gelombang atau
wave summation. Semakin tinggi frekuensi yang diberikan, maka stimulus yang overlapping
juga akan meningkat. Hasil kurang sesuai dengan prediksi sebelumnya, dimana seiring
pemberian stimulus berulangkali tidak terjadi penurunan gaya.
Physiology.
4. To achieve an active force of 5.2 g, did you have to increase the stimulus voltage above 8.5
volts? If not, how did you achieve an active force of 5.2 g? How well did the results compare
with your prediction?
Your answer:
Hasil sesuai dengan prediksi saya, untuk mencapai gaya aktif 5.2 g dilakukan dengan
meningkatkan stimulus voltege. Frekuensi potensial aksi (impuls saraf) dari neuron motorik dan
jumlah neuron motorik yang mentransmisikan potensial aksi keduanya mempengaruhi
ketegangan yang dihasilkan pada otot rangka.
Physiology.
5. Compare and contrast frequency-dependent wave summation with motor unit recruitment
(previously observed by increasing the stimulus voltage). How are they similar? How was each
achieved in the experiment? Explain how each is achieved in vivo.
Your answer:
11/09/23 page 25
Frequency-dependent wave summation dihasilkan dengan meningkatkan frekuensi

rangsangan, sedangkan motor unit recruitment meningkatkan kekuatan dengan mengatur lebih
banyak serat otot melalui peningkatan tegangan (voltase).
Frequency-dependent wave summation dapat didapatkan melalui pemberian stimulus berkali-

kali, sedangkan pada motor unit recruitment didapatkan melalui meningkatkan voltase.
Dalam situasi "in vivo" (di dalam tubuh), hal ini dapat dicapai ketika otot-otot menahan beban
tubuh melawan gaya gravitasi. Tubuh akan secara bergantian mengaktifkan serat-serat otot
untuk menghindari kelelahan otot. Penjumlahan gelombang (wave summation) dapat terjadi
apabila potensial aksi (selang waktu dari 1 hingga 2 milidetik) jauh lebih singkat daripada durasi
kontraksi otot yang dihasilkannya (sekitar 30 hingga 100 milidetik). Setelah terjadi potensial
aksi, terjadi periode refrakter singkat di mana potensial aksi berikutnya tidak dapat terjadi. Oleh
karena itu, penjumlahan potensial aksi tidak dapat terjadi saat itu. Membran sel harus kembali
ke potensial istirahatnya dan pulih dari periode
11/09/23 page 26
tersebut mencakup: Frekuensi rangsangan; Panjang serat pada awal kontraksi; Tingkat
kelelahan; dan Ketebalan serat.
Sumber: Sherwood L. Fisiologi Manusia dari Sel ke Sistem. Ed 6. Jakarta: EGC; 2011.
5. Compare and contrast frequency-dependent wave summation with motor unit recruitment
(previously observed by increasing the stimulus voltage). How are they similar? How was each
achieved in the experiment? Explain how each is achieved in vivo.
Your answer:
Frequency-dependent wave summation dan motor unit recruitment, keduanya meningkatkan
intensitas tetapi dengan cara yang berbeda. Wave summation berarti menambahkan frekuensi
stimulus oleh sistem saraf untuk meningkatkan intensitas kontraksi otot secara keseluruhan.
Sedangkan motor unit recruitment menambah voltasi untuk meningkatkan gaya aktif.
Sumber:
1. Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th Ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier;
2016.
2. Sherwood L. Fisiologi Manusia dari Sel ke Sistem. Ed 6. Jakarta: EGC;
2011.
11/09/23 page 27
Name: Kelompok D3
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 4: Tetanus in Isolated Skeletal Muscle Lab
Report

1. Stimulus frequency refers to

You correctly answered: b. the rate that stimulating voltage pulses are applied to an isolated
whole skeletal muscle.
2. Which of the following distinguishes a state of unfused tetanus from a state of complete (fused)
tetanus?
You correctly answered: d. Muscle tension increases and decreases during a state of
unfused tetanus.
3. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases in force are
generated by the muscle,the muscle has reached its
You correctly answered: a. maximal tetanic tension.
11/09/23 page 28
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the stimulus frequency increases further, what will happen to the muscle
tension and twitch appearance with each successive stimulus? Will there be a limit to this
response?
Your answer : b. As the stimulus frequency increases, the muscle tension generated by each
successive stimulus willincrease. There will be a limit to this increase.

What begins to happen at around 80 msec?
You correctly answered: c. unfused tetanus develops
How does the trace at 130 stimuli/sec compare with the trace at 50 stimuli/sec?
You correctly answered: b. Fused tetanus develops at this greater stimulus frequency.
How do the traces with 146–150 stimuli per second compare with the trace at 130 stimuli per
second?
You correctly answered: d. Maximal tetanic tension develops with these very high stimulation
frequencies.
Experiment Data:
Voltage Length Stimuli/sec Active Force Passive Force Total Force

8.5 75 50 5.12 0.0 5.12
8.5 75 130 5.88 0.0 5.88
8.5 75 140 5.91 0.0 5.91
8.5 75 140 5.91 0.0 5.91
8.5 75 142 5.92 0.0 5.92
8.5 75 144 5.94 0.0 5.94
8.5 75 146 5.95 0.0 5.95
8.5 75 148 5.95 0.0 5.95
8.5 75 150 5.95 0.0 5.95
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1. The term tetanus refers to

You correctly answered: b. sustained muscle tension due to very frequent stimuli.
2. Which of the following distinguishes a state of unfused tetanus from a state of

complete (fused)tetanus?
You correctly answered: d. Muscle tension increases and decreases between
different values for an unfused tetanus.
3. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases
in force are generated by the muscle,the muscle has reached its
You correctly answered: a. maximal tetanic tension.
11/09/23 page 33
1. Describe how increasing the stimulus frequency affected the force developed by the
isolated whole skeletal muscle inthis activity. How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
Hiperkontraksi pada serat otot dapat disebabkan oleh kontraksi yang berlangsung terus-
menerus akibat arus bolak-balik pada frekuensi tertentu yang melewati otot tanpa
memengaruhi perubahan potensial transmembran yang diperlukan untuk memicu
potensial aksi. Kenaikan dalam frekuensi rangsangan terjadi saat otot menghasilkan
tegangan dengan setiap gaya yang berurutan dan memiliki batasan seperti yang telah
diprediksikan sebelumnya.
Sumber: Sherwood, L. (2012). Case histories for sherwood’s human physiology: From
cells to systems, 8th (8th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing
2. Indicate what type of force was developed by the isolated skeletal muscle in this
activity at the following stimulus frequencies: at 50 stimuli/sec, at 140 stimuli/sec, and
above 146 stimuli/sec.
Your answer:
Jika serat otot dirangsang dengan frekuensi yang tinggi sehingga serat tersebut tidak
memiliki kesempatan beristirahat sama sekali di antara rangsangan, terjadi kontraksi
maksimal berkepanjangan yang dikenal sebagai tetanus. Ketika frekuensi stimulus 50
stimulus per detik, otot mengalami siklus kontraksi cepat dengan fase relaksasi singkat
pada masing-masing siklus. Hal ini mengakibatkan tidak terjadi relaksasi total (tetanus
tidak sempurna), dan tegangan otot naik dan turun pada tingkat yang berbeda. Namun,
ketika frekuensi stimulus mencapai 140 stimulus per detik, serat-serat otot tidak
mengalami relaksasi antarstimulus, dan tetanus menjadi sempurna. Pada tingkat ini,
tegangan otot tetap konstan. Dengan meningkatnya frekuensi stimulus di atas 146
stimulus per detik, gaya yang dihasilkan menyebabkan tegangan otot mencapai
maksimum pada tingkat tertinggi.
cells to systems, 8th (8th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing.
3. Beyond what stimulus frequency is there no further increase in the peak force? What
is the muscle tension called at thisfrequency?
Your answer:
Pada saat frekuensi mencapai 146, ketegangan otot mencapai tegangan maksimumnya.
Ketersediaan Ca2+ di sitosol yang berkepanjangan memungkinkan penambahan
jembatan silang yang ikut serta dalam proses siklus untuk waktu yang lebih lama.
Akibatnya, tegangan yang terbentuk semakin tinggi. Seiring dengan meningkatnya
frekuensi potensial aksi, durasi peningkatan konsentrasi Ca2+ sitosol bertambah, dan
karenanya aktivitas kontraktil meningkat hingga kontraksi tetanik maksimal tercapai.
Pada tetanus, jumlah maksimum tempat pengikatan jembatan silang tetap terbuka
sehingga dapat terjadi siklus jembatan silang dan, sebagai konsekuensinya,
pembentukan tegangan mencapai puncaknya. Tegangan otot dinamakan sebagai
tegangan maksimum tetanus. Pada saat ini, otot
cells to systems, 8th (8th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing.
11/09/23 page 34
Name: Kelompok D3
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 5: Fatigue in Isolated Skeletal Muscle Lab
Report

1. When skeletal muscle twitches fuse so that the peaks and valleys of each twitch become
indistinguishable from eachother, the muscle is in a state known as
You correctly answered: d. complete (fused) tetanus.
2. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increase of skeletal
muscle force can occur, themuscle has reached its
You correctly answered: c. maximal tetanic tension.
3. A decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant level of force, or tension, after prolonged,
repetitive stimulation iscalled
You correctly answered: c. fatigue.
4. Which of the following is not thought to be a contributing factor to the development of fatigue?
You correctly answered: a. buildup of Ca2+ in the muscle fibers
11/09/23 page 35
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: If the stimulator is briefly turned off for defined periods of time, what will
happen to the length of time that the muscle is able to sustain maximal developed tension when
the stimulator is turned on again?
Your answer : b. The length of the rest period will proportionately increase the length of time
for sustained muscle tension.

Why does the stimulated muscle force begin to decrease over time despite the maintained
stimuli? (Note that a decrease in maximal force indicates muscle fatigue is developing.)
You correctly answered: d. More than one of these answers could be correct.
Why did the length of the intervening rest period affect the length of time the skeletal muscle can
maintain maximum tension once the stimulator is turned on again?
You correctly answered: c. Intracellular concentrations of ADP and Pi declined during the
rest
period. Experiment
Data:
Voltage Stimuli/sec Rest Period (sec) Active Force (g) Sustained Maxim
8.5 120 0 5.86

8.5 120 0 5.86
8.5 120 12 5.86
8.5 120 22 5.86
11/09/23 page 36
11/09/23 page 37
1. During cross bridge cycling in skeletal muscle, force is created by the

You correctly answered: c. power stroke of the myosin heads.
2. The term tetanus refers to

You correctly answered: b. sustained muscle tension due to repetitive stimuli.
3. A decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant level of force, or tension, after

prolonged, repetitive stimulation iscalled
You correctly answered: c. fatigue.
4. During fatigue
You correctly answered: c. the number of active cross bridges begins to decline although
the rate of stimulus delivery (frequency) remains constant.
5. If an intervening rest period is imposed on active skeletal muscle

You correctly answered: c. the development of fatigue will be delayed.
11/09/23 page 38
1. When a skeletal muscle fatigues, what happens to the contractile force over time?
Your answer:
Ketika otot rangka mengalami fatigue atau kelelahan, kekuatan kontraktil akan berkurang
seiring waktu. Fatigue atau kelelahan otot terjadi ketika otot mencapai tegangan
maksimumnya, tidak akan ada lagi peningkatan kekuatan kontraksi otot.
Sumber: Wan JJ, Qin Z, Wang PY, Sun Y, Liu X. Muscle fatigue: general understanding and
treatment. Exp Mol Med. 2017
Oct 6;49(10):e384. doi: 10.1038/emm.2017.194. PMID: 28983090; PMCID: PMC5668469.
2. What are some proposed causes of skeletal muscle fatigue?

Your answer:
Penyebab dari kelelahan pada otot rangka yaitu adanya penumpukan ADP, Pi, dan asam
laktat di otot sebagai hasil dari penggunaan ATP yang diperlukaan saat kontraksi.
Penggunaan otot yang terus-menerus memerlukan pasokan oksigen dan glukosa agar dapat
terjadi respirasi aerobik yang menghasilkan ATP untuk kontraksi otot. Apabila kontraksi otot
terjadi terus-menerus, energi akan dihasilkan melalui proses respirasi lain, yaitu respirasi
anaerob. Respirasi anaerob inilah yang akan menghasilkan penumpukan asam laktat pada
otot.
Sumber: Wan JJ, Qin Z, Wang PY, Sun Y, Liu X. Muscle fatigue: general understanding and
treatment. Exp Mol Med. 2017 Oct 6;49(10):e384. doi: 10.1038/emm.2017.194. PMID:
28983090; PMCID: PMC5668469.
3. Turning the stimulator off allows a small measure of muscle recovery. Thus, the muscle will
produce more force for a longer time period if the stimulator is briefly turned off than if the
stimuli were allowed to continue without interruption. Explain why this might occur. How well
did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Ketika stimulator dimatikan, akan terjadi fase istirahat antara stimulus satu dengan stimulus
selanjutnya, sehingga akan mengulur terjadinya kelelahan atau fatigue pada otot, sehingga
tidak terjadi penumpukan ADP, Pi, dan asam laktat. Oleh karena itu, tegangan pada otot
terus-menerus dapat dipertahankan lebih lama.Sehingga, sesuai dengan prediksi yang telah
dibuat, durasi waktu istirahat akan berbanding lurus dengan waktu yang digunakan untuk
tegangan otot yang
terus-menerus.
Sumber: Sherwood L. Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning; 2015.
4. List a few ways that humans could delay the onset of fatigue when they are vigorously using
their skeletal muscles. Your answer:
Dengan latihan fisik yang cukup, kapasitas metabolisme otot dapat berubah sehingga
menunda timbulnya kelelahan otot. Otot yang digunakan untuk latihan anaerobik intensitas
tinggi akan mensintesis lebih banyak enzim glikolitik, sedangkan otot untuk latihan aerobik
dengan daya tahan lama akan mengembangkan lebih banyak kapiler dan mitokondria.
Latihan dengan repetisi ringan juga dapat melatih ketahanan otot, karena terdapat jarak
antar kontraksi otot.
11/09/23 page 39
Sumber: Wan JJ, Qin Z, Wang PY, Sun Y, Liu X. Muscle fatigue: general understanding
and treatment. Exp Mol Med. 2017 Oct 6;49(10):e384. doi: 10.1038/emm.2017.194.
PMID: 28983090; PMCID: PMC5668469.
11/09/23 page 40
Name: Kelompok D3
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 6: The Skeletal Muscle Length-

Tension
Relationship Lab Report

1. During an isometric contraction

You correctly answered: d. the skeletal muscle is generating force, but it remains at a fixed
length.
2. The force that results from muscles being stretched is

You correctly answered: a. passive force.
3. Active force
You correctly answered: b. is determined by the amount of myosin bound to actin.
4. When you generate the isometric length-tension curve, which of the following forces
will not
be indicated on your
screen?
You correctly answered: c. tetanic force
5. Passive force in skeletal muscle is largely caused by

You correctly answered: c. the protein titin.
11/09/23 page 41
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the resting length of the muscle is changed, what will happen to
the amount of total force the muscle generates during the stimulated twitch?
Your answer : d. An increase in muscle length will decrease the total force.

Note the dip in total force at a muscle length of 90 mm as compared to the total force at
a muscle length of 80 and 100 mm. Why does this occur?
You correctly answered: d. At this muscle length, active force has decreased in value
and passive
force has not yet increased to a significant value. Experiment Data:
Voltage Length Active Force Passive Force

8.5 75 1.82 0.0
8.5 50 0.11 0.0
8.5 50 0.11 0.0
8.5 80 1.75 0.02
11/09/23 page 42
11/09/23 page 43
11/09/23 page 44
11/09/23 page 45
1. When a skeletal muscle is stimulated and generates force but remains at a fixed length
You correctly answered: d. the muscle is contracting isometrically.
2. Which protein is mostly responsible for the development of passive force in a

muscle? You correctly answered: d. titin
3. In skeletal muscle, active force stimulated through a range of muscle lengths

You correctly answered: b. will utilize ATP hydrolysis to drive the cross bridge cycle.
4. Which of the following is not depicted in a typical skeletal muscle isometric length-
tension curve?
You correctly answered: a. time
5. Maximal active tension will be produced in a skeletal muscle fiber when
11/09/23 page 46
1. What happens to the amount of total force the muscle generates during the stimulated
twitch? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Jumlah usaha yang dikeluarkan oleh otot dipengaruhi oleh waktu istirahat otot mula-
mula. Baik pada pemanjangan maupun pemendekan otot, keduanya akan mengubah
jumlah usaha yang dihasilkan oleh otot. Jika otot diperpanjang maka aktivitas otot pasif
meningkat, sementara jika otot diperpendek maka aktivitas otot aktif meningkat. Oleh
karena itu, sesuai dengan hasil prediksi, dengan adanya usaha dari otot aktif dan pasif,
total usaha akan berubah naik atau turun tergantung pada panjang otot mula-mula.
Sumber: Moo EK, Leonard TR, Herzog W. The sarcomere force–length relationship in an
intact muscle–tendon unit. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2020 Mar
15;223(6):jeb215020.
2. What is the key variable in an isometric

contraction of a skeletal muscle? Your
answer:
Variabel kunci pada kontraksi otot isometrik adalah panjang otot. Pada kontraksi
isometrik, panjang otot tidak mengalami perubahan.
Sumber: Gash MC, Kandle PF, Murray IV, et al. Physiology, Muscle Contraction. Treasure
Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
3. Based on the unique arrangement of myosin and actin in skeletal muscle sarcomeres,
explain why active force varies with changes in the muscle's resting length.
Your answer:
Gaya aktif dihasilkan dari filamen tebal miosin yang berikatan dengan filamen aktin tipis,
mengaktifkan siklus jembatan silang dan hidrolisis ATP. Usaha otot aktif bergantung pada
panjang istirahat otot. Ketika panjang istirahat otot diperpendek, jumlah usaha aktif
meningkat. Ketika panjang istirahat otot diperpanjang, jumlah usaha aktif berkurang.
Perubahan besaran usaha ini tergantung pada jumlah miosin yang terikat pada aktin.
Semakin pendek panjang istirahat otot, semakin banyak filamen miosis yang berikatan
dengan filamen aktin.
4. What skeletal muscle lengths generated passive

force? (Provide a range.)
Your answer:
80, 90, dan 100
5. If you were curling a 7-kg dumbbell, when would your bicep muscles
be contracting isometrically?
Your answer:
Saat lengan diangkat ke atas dari posisi lurus ke bawah dan juga saat lengan
dibalikkan ke posisi ke bawah dari posisi lurus.
11/09/23 page 47
Name: Kelompok D3
Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 7: Isotonic Contractions and the Load-
Velocity
Relationship Lab Report

1. During an isotonic concentric contraction, the

You correctly answered: b. force generated by the muscle is greater than the weight
of the attached load.
2. During an isotonic concentric contraction

You correctly answered: b. the latent period increases with heavier loads.
3. During the latent period for an isotonic concentric contraction

You correctly answered: c. cross bridges cycle and, when muscle tension exceeds
the load, muscle shortening occurs.
4. Muscle shortening velocity

You correctly answered: a. decreases with heavier loads.
6. An isotonic contraction of a muscle is one in which
11/09/23 page 48
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the load on the muscle increases, what will happen to the latent
period, the shortening velocity, the distance that the weight moves, and the contraction
duration?
Your answer : b. The latent period will increase, the shortening velocity will decrease, the
distance will decrease, and the contraction duration will decrease.

What kind of contraction did you observe when you attached the 2.0 gram weight to the
skeletal muscle and stimulated a contraction?
You correctly answered: c. isometric
Experiment Data:
Velocity Twitch Duration Distance Lifted

Voltage Length Weight
(mm/msec) (msec) (mm)
8.5 75 0.5 0.100 78.00 4.0
8.5 75 1.0 0.057 49.00 2.0
8.5 75 1.5 0.022 30.00 0.5
8.5 75 2.0 0.000 0.00 0.0
11/09/23 page 49
11/09/23 page 50
11/09/23 page 51
1. Which of the weights allowed the fastest muscle shortening

velocity? You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight
2. Which of the weights induced the longest latent period of the muscle
contraction? You correctly answered: c. 1.5-g weight
3. Which weight did the muscle contraction move the greatest

distance? You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight
4. Which of the weights allowed the longest duration of muscle

contraction? You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight
5. An isotonic contraction of a muscle is one in which

You correctly answered: a. the length of the muscle changes.
6. When lifting a heavy load

You correctly answered: d. the muscle shortening velocity is decreased in comparison
with lighter loads.
11/09/23 page 52
1. If you were using your bicep muscles to curl a 7-kg dumbbell, when would your muscles
be contracting isotonically?
Your answer:
Saat seseorang mengangkat lengan ke atas dari posisi lurus ke bawah(fleksi), dan juga saat
seseorang mengembalikan lengan ke posisi ke bawah(ekstensi). Kontraksi isotonik adalah
kontraksi otot di mana tegangan menyebabkan panjang otot berubah (memanjang atau
memendek) dan benda/beban mengalami pergerakan. Ketika mengangkat dumbbell seberat
7 kg dengan posisi fleksi, otot bicep akan memendek, sudut sendi berkurang, dan dumbbell
terangkat. Sebaliknya, otot bicep akan memanjang ketika menurunkan dumbbell dengan
posisi ekstensi, tetapi dalam kondisi otot masih berkontraksi.
Sumber:
1. Tortora GJ, Derrickson B. Dasar Anatomi & Fisiologi: Sistem Organisasi, Sistem
Penunjang & Gerak, dan Sistem Kontrol. Jakarta: EGC; 2016.
2. Padulo, J., Laffaye, G., Ardigò, L. P., & Chamari, K. (2013). Concentric and eccentric:
muscle contraction or exercise?. Journal of human kinetics, 37(1), 5-6.
2. Explain why the latent period became longer as the load became heavier in the experiment.
How well did the resultscompare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Prediksi saya benar, periode laten akan meningkat. Periode laten adalah penundaan singkat
yang
terjadi di antara potensial aksi otot (stimulus) dan awal dari kontraksi otot yang mewakili
waktu yang diperlukan untuk pelepasan Ca2+ dari retikulum sarkoplasma dan difusinya ke
filamen kontraktil. Pelepasan Ca2+ tersebut berperan penting dalam proses kontraksi otot
selanjutnya, di mana semakin banyak Ca2+ yang dilepaskan maka semakin banyak pula
yang berikatan dengan troponin membentuk cross bridge untuk menahan gerakan beban
dan memperlambat proses pemanjangan otot. Hal ini yang menyebabkan periode laten akan
semakin lama ketika beban bertambah berat karena lebih banyak Ca2+ yang harus dipompa
keluar untuk menghasilkan kontraksi otot yang cukup untuk menahan beban.
Sumber:
1. Tortora GJ, Derrickson B. Dasar Anatomi & Fisiologi: Sistem Organisasi, Sistem Penunjang
& Gerak, dan Sistem Kontrol. Jakarta: EGC; 2016.
2. Silverthorn DU, Johnson B. Human Physiology : An Integrated Approach. 6th ed. USA:
Pearson Education; 2013.
3. Explain why the shortening velocity became slower as the load became heavier in this
experiment. How well did theresults compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Prediksi saya benar, shortening velocity atau kecepatan kontraksi akan menurun. Otot
rangka akan lebih cepat berkontraksi dalam kondisi tanpa adanya beban. Kecepatan
kontraksi menjadi semakin berkurang seiring bertambahnya beban. Ketika beban
ditingkatkan hingga mencapai maksimum kekuatan yang dapat diberikan oleh otot,
kecepatan kontraksi menjadi nol dan tidak ada kontraksi yang dihasilkan, meskipun serat
otot telah diaktifkan. Penurunan kecepatan kontraksi ini disebabkan oleh kenyataan bahwa
beban pada otot adalah gaya balik yang melawan gaya kontraktil yang dihasilkan oleh
kontraksi otot. Oleh karena itu, besarnya kekuatan beban dapat menyebabkan shortening
velocity atau kecepatan kontraksi otot menjadi berkurang.
11/09/23 page 53
Sumber: Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th Ed.
Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016.
11/09/23 page 54
4.Describe how the shortening distance changed as the load became heavier in this experiment.
How well did the resultscompare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Prediksi saya benar, kecepatan pemendekan berkurang dengan peralatan yang lebih berat.
Kontraksi otot terdiri atas pemendekan filamen kontraktil, tetapi karena otot memiliki elemen
elastis yang terlibat dalam mekanisme kontraksi sehingga kontraksi dapat muncul tanpa
penurunan panjang otot yang signifikan, seperti pada kontraksi isometrik. Kontraksi isometrik
terjadi ketika beban ditingkatkan hingga mencapai maksimum kekuatan yang dapat diberikan
oleh otot sehingga kecepatan kontraksi menjadi nol dan tidak terjadi pergerakan pada beban.
Kontraksi otot terhadap beban konstan dengan adanya penurunan panjang otot disebut
kontraksi isotonik. Kontraksi isotonik dapat terjadi karena kerja adalah produk dari gaya yang
dihasilkan oleh otot dikali dengan jarak pergerakan benda sehingga kontraksi isotonik
melakukan kerja (dapat menggerakkan benda), sedangkan kontraksi isometrik tidak.
Sumber: Barrett KE, Barman SM, Brooks HL, Yuan J. Ganong's Review of Medical
Physiology.
26th Ed. USA: McGraw-Hill Education;
2019.
5. Explain why it would take you longer to perform 10 repetitions lifting a 10-kg weight than it
would to perform the samenumber of repetitions with a 5-kg weight.
Your
answer:
Pengangkatan beban 10 kg dengan 10 kali pengulangan akan membutuhkan waktu lebih
lama dibanding pengangkatan beban 5 kg dengan 10 kali pengulangan karena terkait
dengan berat beban. Semakin bertambah berat beban maka periode laten akan meningkat,
shortening velocity/kecepatan kontraksi akan berkurang, distance lifted/jarak pergerakan
benda juga akan berkurang, dan durasi kontraksi otot akan menjadi lebih lama. Periode laten
akan semakin lama ketika beban bertambah berat karena lebih banyak Ca2+ yang harus
dipompa keluar untuk menghasilkan kontraksi otot yang cukup untuk menahan beban.
Shortening velocity/kecepatan kontraksi akan berkurang karena beban adalah gaya balik
yang melawan gaya kontraktil yang dihasilkan oleh kontraksi otot. Otot rangka akan lebih
cepat berkontraksi dalam kondisi tanpa adanya beban. Kecepatan kontraksi menjadi
semakin berkurang seiring bertambahnya beban. Beban yang lebih berat akan sulit
diimbangi oleh gaya kontraktil otot sehingga dapat berujung pada berkurangnya pergerakan
beban dan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk otot berkontraksi dapat menjadi lebih lama.
Sumber:
1. Tortora GJ, Derrickson B. Dasar Anatomi & Fisiologi: Sistem Organisasi, Sistem
Penunjang & Gerak, dan Sistem Kontrol. Jakarta: EGC; 2016.
2. Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th Ed. Philadelphia:
Elsevier; 2016.
6. Describe what would happen in the following experiment: A 2.5-g weight is attached to the
end of the isolated whole skeletal muscle used in these experiments. Simultaneously, the
muscle is maximally stimulated by 8.5 volts and the platform supporting the weight is
removed. Will the muscle generate force? Will the muscle change length? What is the name
for this type of contraction?
Your answer:
11/09/23 page 55
Nama kontraksinya adalah kontraksi isometrik. Otot akan tetap menghasilkan kekuatan
karena energi akan tetap dikeluarkan sebagai upaya untuk menopang beban yang turun
pada posisi terfiksasi (tidak digerakkan). Panjang otot tidak mengalami perubahan karena
kontraksi otot yang ada tidak digunakan ataupun di luar kemampuan untuk menggerakkan
beban.
Sumber: Tortora GJ, Derrickson B. Dasar Anatomi & Fisiologi: Sistem Organisasi,
Sistem Penunjang & Gerak, dan Sistem Kontrol. Jakarta: EGC
11/09/23 page 56

PhysioEx Musket - Kelompok D3

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LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM

Wanda Ayuditha Noor Alifia I1011221013

PROGRAM STUDI KEDOKTERAN FAKULTAS

DAFTAR ISI ..............................................................................................................................i

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 3: The Effect of Stimulus Frequency on

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 6: The Skeletal Muscle Length-Tension

Pre-lab Quiz Results

1. Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by

2. Skeletal muscles are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual cells called

3. The term motor unit refers to

4. The motor neuron and muscle fiber intersect at what is called

Stop & Think Questions:

What occurs during the latent period of these isometric contractions?

1. An action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of which

2. The term skeletal muscle fiber refers to

4. Which of the following is not a phase of a skeletal muscle twitch?

5. A skeletal muscle twitch is

Sumber: Sharewood 8th edition

2. What is the role of acetylcholine in a skeletal muscle contraction? Your answer:

Sumber: Sharewood 8th edition

3. Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibers. Your

4. Describe the three phases of a skeletal muscle twitch. Your answer:

Sumber: Sharewood 8th edition

Sumber: Sharewood 8th edition

Sumber: Sharewood 8th edition

Pre-lab Quiz Results

1. Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by

2. A single action potential propagating down a motor axon results in

4. During the latent period for an isometric contraction

Stop & Think Questions:

What is the lowest stimulus voltage that induces

1. Motor unit recruitment refers to

2. Active tension (or force) in a skeletal muscle fiber results from

3. The is the minimal stimulus needed to cause a depolarization of the muscle

4. By definition, the is the amount of stimulus required to successfully recruit

5. Why was a maximal voltage observed in this experiment?

6. A sufficiently strong electrical stimulus applied to an isolated, mounted skeletal muscle

Sumber: Sharewood 8th edition

2. How is this change in whole-muscle force achieved in vivo? Your answer:

Sumber: Sharewood 8th edition

Sumber: Sharewood 8th edition

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 3: The Effect of Stimulus Frequency on

Pre-lab Quiz Results

1. During a single twitch of a skeletal muscle

3. Wave summation is achieved by

Stop & Think Questions:

2. When a muscle receives a stimulus frequency that causes non-overlapping

4. Wave summation is achieved by

Frequency-dependent wave summation dihasilkan dengan meningkatkan frekuensi

Frequency-dependent wave summation dapat didapatkan melalui pemberian stimulus berkali-

Pre-lab Quiz Results

1. Stimulus frequency refers to

Stop & Think Questions:

Voltage Length Stimuli/sec Active Force Passive Force Total Force

1. The term tetanus refers to

2. Which of the following distinguishes a state of unfused tetanus from a state of

Pre-lab Quiz Results

Stop & Think Questions:

8.5 120 0 5.86

1. During cross bridge cycling in skeletal muscle, force is created by the

2. The term tetanus refers to

3. A decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant level of force, or tension, after

5. If an intervening rest period is imposed on active skeletal muscle