What happens when Magma is formed?
 Elongate – forms prismatic or prism-like crystals
Intrusion – this is magma that moves up into a volcano
without erupting. (Magma does not get out)
Extrusion – is an eruption of magmatic materials that
causes land formation on the surface of the Earth.
 Magma that came out to the surface of the
earth is called Eruption.
 Magma that came to the surface of the Earth is
called lava.
Plutonism - refers to all sorts of igneous geological
activities taking place below the Earth's surface.
When the process of crystallization takes place inside
the crust, the magmatic rocks produced are called
plutonites. Plutonites are igneous rock formations
created when the process of crystallization and
solidification of magma takes place below the Earth's
surface, particularly in the crust.
 In the lithosphere magma occupies a bag which
is called a magma chamber.
Volcanism is used to describe all geological phenomena
that occur on the natural terrestrial surface, such as the
creation of volcanoes and hot springs.
Volcanoes are created and formed when the energy
generated by inductive currents flowing from the
Earth's core towards the surface hits the upper layers in
the form of pressure and smashes the overlaying rock
formations.
Molten material in the form of lava that undergoes the
process of crystallization on the natural terrestrial
surface gives birth to rock formations known as
volcanites.
Volcanites are composed of gray, dull pink colored
trachibasaltic lava with large phenocrystal and
pyroclastic.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
1. Crystal Habit – refers to the overall shape or growth
pattern of the mineral. It can be described as equant,
elongate, and platy.
 Equant – three dimensions of the mineral have
about the same length, like that of a cube or
sphere. (ex. garnet)
that are thicker than the needle as in a pencil.
(ex. Indicolite)
 Platy – looks like a flattened and thin crystal
(like a plate). (ex. Wulfenite)
2. Luster - describes the appearance of a mineral when
light is reflected from its surface. It can be described as
opaque, transparent, dull, or shiny.
 Metallic luster - is opaque and very
reflective like gold and silver.
 Nonmetallic luster - dull, silky, greasy, and
pearly-like silicates.
3. Cleavage and Fracture – Cleavage refers to the
tendency of minerals to break along very smooth, flat,
and shiny surfaces.
4. Hardness – is a measure of the mineral’s resistance to
scratching. Harder minerals will scratch softer minerals.
5. Color - is one of the most obvious properties of a
mineral but not reliable alone.
6. Streak - refers to the color of the mineral in its
powdered form, which may or may not be the same
color.
7. Sectility - the ability of minerals to be sliced by a knife
8. Tenacity - describes the mineral’s reaction to stress.
 Brittleness- a mineral turns into powder.
 Malleability - a mineral can be flattened by
pounding with a hammer.
 Ductility- A mineral can be stretched into a
wire.
 Flexible but inelastic - Minerals are bent
but they remain in a new position.
 Flexible and elastic - Minerals are bent, and
they bring back to their original position.
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE OTHER PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS:
Magnetism - Magnetite is the only common mineral
that is always strongly magnetic.
Striations - the presence of very thin, parallel grooves.
Best seen with a hand lens.
Specific Gravity - the weight of that mineral divided by
the weight of an equal volume of water. The specific
gravity of water equals 1.0.
Taste, Odor, Feel
A. Chemical Properties - show the presence and
arrangement of atoms in minerals.
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
Native Elements - These minerals are naturally occurring
in nature in an uncombined form with a distinct mineral
structure. (ex. Silver)
Silicate - This is the largest group of minerals. (ex.
Feldspar)
Oxides - It is formed from the combination of a metal
with oxygen. (ex. Magnetite)
Sulfides - These are made of compounds of sulfur
usually with a metal. They tend to be heavy and brittle.
(ex. Pyrite)
Sulfates - These are made of compounds of sulfur
combined with metals and oxygen. Tends to be soft and
translucent. (ex. Gypsum)
Halides - They are very soft and easily dissolved in
water. (ex. Halite)
Carbonates - These are groups of minerals made of
carbon, oxygen, and metallic elements. (ex. Dolomite)
Phosphates - They are often formed when other
minerals are broken down by weathering. They are
often brightly colored. (ex. Apatite)
Mineraloid - It is the term used for those substances
that do not fit neatly into one of the eight classes. (ex.
Amber)
 Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.
 Rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of
one or more minerals.
3 TYPES OF ROCKS:
Geologists grouped rocks into three categories based on
how the rocks form: igneous sedimentary and
metamorphic rock.
Igneous- formed from the hardening and crystallization
of magma or molten material that originates deep
within the earth.
Two types of igneous rock:
A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when magma makes
its way to Earth’s surface as lava and then cools. The
crystals are very small (fine-grained) since the cooling
process is fast.
B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly beneath the
Earth’s surface and is created by magma. The intrusive
igneous rocks have very large crystals (coarse-grained).
Igneous rocks are classified based on:
1. Composition- it refers to the rock’s mineral and
chemical make- up.
 Felsic – igneous rocks that are light in colors;
feldspar and silicates
 Mafic – dark-colored igneous rocks made up of
magnesium, calcium, and iron.
 Intermediate – refers to igneous rocks between
mafic and felsic composition.
 Ultramafic – denotes igneous rocks that
composed chiefly of mafic minerals.
2. Texture – the overall appearance of a rock based on
the size, shape, and arrangement of interlocking
mineral crystals.
 Aphanistic – fine-grained rocks with crystals
seen with the aid of a microscope.
 Phaneritic - coarse-grained rocks
 Porphyritic – large crystals with small crystals
 Glassy - a rock that looks like colored glass with
no visible mineral crystal.
 Pyroclastic- results from explosive
fragmentation of volcanic material. Examples:
Obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite, diorite, and
gabbro.
Metamorphic - forms from pre-existing rocks: either
metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary or other
metamorphic rocks that have been altered by agents of
metamorphism. Examples: quartzite, marble, slate,
phyllite.
Metamorphism - transformation of one rock type into
another.
2 TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
1. Regional - due to changes in pressure and
temperature over large regions of the crust. It may
happen when rock is buried deep below the surface of
the earth.
2. Contact-the rock minerals and textures are changed
mainly by heat due to contact.
Classification:
Texture - refers to the size arrangement and grains
within the rock.
Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral grains or
structural features within the rock.
a. Foliated rocks – can be arranged in terms of
increasing metamorphism, and they appeared layered
or banded with compressed mineral grains. Example:
mica
b. Non-foliated rocks – usually made up of only a few
minerals.
III. Sedimentary rocks - provide information about
surface conditions that existed in the Earth’s past.
Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments
of materials are called sediments.
Three Types of Sedimentary Rocks
a. Clastic Sedimentary rock - formed from the
accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken rocks and
shells. Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone,
shale
b. Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals
precipitate from a solution. Examples: Halite - formed
when a body of seawater becomes closed off and
evaporates.
Magma is a rock that is hot to the point of being entirely
molten. This happens at between about 800° and
1300°C, depending on the composition and the
pressure, onto the surface and cools quickly (within
seconds to years) — forming extrusive igneous rock.
Magma can either cool slowly within the crust (over
centuries to millions of years) — forming an intrusive
igneous rock, or erupt onto the surface and cool quickly
(within seconds to years) — forming extrusive igneous
rock.
Once rocks are exposed, they are weathered, both
physically and chemically, and the weathering products
— mostly small rock and mineral fragments — are
eroded, transported, and then deposited as sediments.
Unless they are re-eroded and moved along, sediments
will eventually be buried by more sediments. At depths
of hundreds of meters or more, they become
compressed and cemented into sedimentary rock.
Again through various means, largely resulting from
plate-tectonic forces, different kinds of rocks are either
uplifted, to be re-eroded, or buried deeper within the
crust where they are heated up, squeezed, and changed
into metamorphic rock.

c. Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation of

animal debris. Examples: Coal - composed of organic
matter in the form of plants fragments

THE ROCK CYCLE

 Nearly everywhere, rocks are slowly changing as

they adjust to the conditions and environment
in which they are found. These changes are
shown in a model of Earth’s environments and
materials called the rock cycle.
 The rock cycle illustrates how geologic
processes occurring both at the surface and
underneath the Earth’s surface can change a
rock from one type to another as well as an
example of how Earth recycles itself.

The rock cycle is driven by two forces:

1. Earth’s internal heat engine

2. The hydrological cycle