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Moltke crater Moltke crater, a simple crater on the Moon photographed by Apollo 10 astronauts in
1969. The volume of same is measured by pouring it into a beaker and then weighed on an electronic
weighing balance for further accuracy. I am not sure how scientists tell the age of craters, but I am
guessing that they can use the ejecta, to see how old it is, etc. This means the higher the position of
the ball, the deeper crater formed. If the graph were continued for greater heights, I expect it would
begin to level off as the drag on the ball would cause it to decelerate. Some other factors that also
may play a factor is the strength of the material of both the meteor and the ground. Again,
suggesting that having more mass is what allows the ball to penetrate through even deeper. If a ball
doesn't move very fast, there is no way that it would be able to penetrate through very far. The
widths may have been easier to measure if larger equipment was used because then the range of
measurements would be greater. The measurements of the tin are roughly 7x4 centre metres large.
The graph produced was not straight however and had a number of different details to its shape. I
dropped the ball using the same technique each time, making sure minimal force was subjected to the
ball. Join our team of reviewers and help other students learn. I had to balance it on a ruler, which
was horizontal to its axis, on the point of which I was measuring it from. This was because when the
ball was placed on the surface of the sand it creates a small crater as its weight compacted the sand.
When it hits the sand the kinetic energy is transferred into the sand as heat and more kinetic energy
moving the sand out of the way. This meant that the entry speed of the ball would be the same at
each angle. To investigate the height dropped from a crater and the affect in the size. However I
cannot be 100% sure that it was flat, and this is why it was the most inaccurate and unreliable part of
the experiment. This shows that the current method is not extremely reliable and changes can be
made to improve the experiment. This could be due to the masses of the balls being slightly
different. The sand was very good at stopping balls dropped vertically or from a steep angle, but the
retardation of balls at a shallow angle was much less. This is because between the particles of non-
compacted sand, there will be spaces of air. I will use a compass to measure from one side of the
crater to the other; this would allow me to get an accurate reading when I put the compass against
the standard ruler. The only disadvantage is that by using this formula, the crater has to be a perfect
semi-sphere, however by eye the crater was obviously not a perfect semi-sphere. The semi-log graph
should be a straight line, if the relationship is exponential. It was useful to see how different factors
affect the size of craters. The measurements of the tin are roughly 7x4 centre metres large. So from
this information it would prove my hypothesis, as you increase the height of the marble being
dropped from the diameter of the crater increases as well. Compare balls that have the same volume
but different mass, like the golf ball v.
Using a compass would not cause disturbance in the sand but a ruler might, this is why it is a more
accurate way of measuring the diameter. The marble will be dropped from various heights to cause a
crater. There were a few which were not accurate and this was probably due to the ball being
dropped with force or at an angle. In the comment section of each txt file header, there is a new
variable called exposureSecs in the following format. Adjust it until the edges of the caliper touches
the surface of the sand. One thing I can predict with my graph is that there is a limit to how big the
crater can become this is clear from the graph because on both graphs there is a slight curve near to
the end which I predict that will level off at some point due to the fact the it will not be able to gain
anymore speed at some point onwards. I dropped the ball using the same technique each time,
making sure minimal force was subjected to the ball. I think it would be worth making a contraption
for realises the ball to ensure no pressure is inflicted on the ball when dropped. The higher you drop
the marble the bigger the diameter and the bigger the volume, and vice versa. The diameter of the
pendulum ball was measured before the start of the experiment and noted down. Join our team of
reviewers and help other students learn. Also with more averages, it would make it far more accurate,
thus giving me a more reliable conclusion and graphs. However this still leaves the question of those
early angles, why aren’t they following any kind of trend. I had to be extremely accurate with my
compass, and had to make sure I measured from the very end of the crater to the other. When the
height at which the pendulum ball increases, the depth of the crater also increases. I used data on the
graph (the steepest and least steep). As you increase the height of the marble being dropped from,
the diameter of the crater increases too. The higher you drop the marble the bigger the diameter of
the crater will be. If I were to go from 5cm straight to 20cm, I would have missed a lot of important
information, and therefore making my experiment all the more accurate. For such craters the
parabolic hole is apparently too large to support itself, and it collapses in a process that generates a
variety of features. I will only change the height of which I will be dropping the marble, for example
dropping the marble at multiples of ten. If all goes according to plan then the higher i drop the
marble the bigger the effect of gravity and kinetic energy therefore causing a bigger crater. This
shows that the graph would eventually level off. At each height both balls were let freely and the
depth of the crater formed was measured. This collapse process is called the modification stage, and
the final depression is known as a complex crater. I have considered this and decided that I would
use the formula anyway. There are Four forces that are involved in this experiment; gravity and air
resistance are the main two which both affect the marble when it is being dropped, the other two
forces are produced when the marble collides with the tin of sand are on is much smaller scale than
the other two but there is still amount of it created on impact which is kinetic energy. This is the
perfect scale and size for me because I need it to go up to at least 60 cm and am planning to use
increments of 5 cm. This will be very accurate and reasonable for this experiment. Therefore I could
have instead of simply levelling the sand after every experiment I could have emptied it out and then
replaced it in the tray meaning that it would not have been compressed by the balls previously
dropped on the sand.
This could have been counteracted by dropping the ball down a pipe which was clamped above the
centre of the tray of sand. Also associated with the modification stage is downward fault ing, which
forms terraces of large blocks of material along the inner rim of the initial cavity. I have chosen to
vary the height of the marble being dropper from. However, on the whole, I believe that I done
everything to a precise degree of accuracy and to my best ability. Thus giving me a more accurate
picture of what was occurring. This will make my results all the more reliable and accurate. So from
this information it would prove my hypothesis, as you increase the height of the marble being
dropped from the diameter of the crater increases as well. To investigate the height dropped from a
crater and the affect in the size. This is due to the gravitational potential energy being bigger at a
higher point. Luckily, Wolfram already did the hard work and we can start with their result. As the
shock waves expand into the planet and the meteorite, they dissipate energy and form zones of
vaporized, melted, and crushed material outward from a point below the planet’s surface that is
roughly as deep as the meteorite’s diameter. There are Four forces that are involved in this
experiment; gravity and air resistance are the main two which both affect the marble when it is being
dropped, the other two forces are produced when the marble collides with the tin of sand are on is
much smaller scale than the other two but there is still amount of it created on impact which is
kinetic energy. I have also found that 100cm is not too high to be accurate with where the ball will
land and it does not splash too much sand out of the tray. To do this and obtain a high quality of
results I would have to use new sand every time and pour water into the sand to make it denser. This
was because the higher the object was dropped from the more gravitational potential energy the
object gathered, increasing the speed of the ball, concluding the ball had more of an impact on the
surface, creating a bigger crater as the gravitational energy was transferred as kinetic energy to the
sand. A lot more reasonable than holding the ruler upright with my hand. I have predicted this
because the higher the object is dropped from the more gravitational potential energy the object will
gather, therefore increasing the speed of the ball, concluding the ball will have more of an impact on
the surface as the gravitational energy is transferred as kinetic energy to the sand. Crater diameter
has its anomalous result at the very lowest drop height. I should have just left it in the crater and
measured around it. Consequently the crater is relatively small compared to one created from a
higher dropped ball. Using a compass would not cause disturbance in the sand but a ruler might, this
is why it is a more accurate way of measuring the diameter. So if the mass of the ball bearing were
greater the G.P.E would be greater so therefore the K.E would be higher so the crater would be
larger. The ruler has increments of millimetres; this is useful because I expect craters to be small
enough to measure in millimetres. The science behind this experiment is quite simple. The higher I
drop the marble the more gravitational force and the more kinetic energy, therefore increasing the
diameter of the crater. A collision at such extreme speeds is called a hypervelocity impact. This will
be very accurate and reasonable for this experiment. How does the drop height of a small and a large
marble affect the size of t. I also chose to do this because if I found a way of carrying out the
experiment using a better technique to gather more reliable results, I also did a preliminary test in
order to choose suitable heights for the experiment and to decide to what degree I will be measuring
the diameter with e.g. 2 D.P.
However if you were to drop the marble from a high distance, the gravitational potential energy is
much higher, as it has more time to build up this energy, which gives you a bigger crater and more
kinetic energy. This would allow me to remove the ball with the magnet and thus measure the depth
of the crater. It needed to be able to alter its mass, but keep its diameter the same. Immediately after
the impact various processes can occur, including a subsidence of the ground immediately outside
the initial crater. The only disadvantage is that by using this formula, the crater has to be a perfect
semi-sphere, however by eye the crater was obviously not a perfect semi-sphere. I suspect that the
height the ball is dropped will influence the speed of the ball when it hits the flour - so we will need
to examine to see if height really does influence the final speed prior to impact. The material being
excavated resembles an outward-slanted curtain moving away from the point of impact. The higher I
drop the marble the more gravitational force and the more kinetic energy, therefore increasing the
diameter of the crater. Although I have encountered a few problems in this experiment I still believe
that my data is reliable, but in order to achieve more reliable results I could carry out the experiment
again but also improving it using what I mentioned. Therefore, a smaller crater would be formed
because the pendulum ball has less energy. A longer tray would have been able to produce a wider
range of results. I would have expected the craters to get shorter as the vertical drop height increased
(due the vertical component increasing), which has happened very loosely. Can the more complex
equation be used in this case. Geologists have recognised almost 200 craters over the planet. As for
the depth of the crater, I think that I was correct, because, when the meteor is hitting the Earth, moon
or any other planet in the universe from a large distance, it goes faster, because inertia has a greater
impact on it. I believe I gained enough results in order to make an accurate conclusion on my
hypothesis. I had to be extremely accurate with my compass, and had to make sure I measured from
the very end of the crater to the other. I used data on the graph (the steepest and least steep). As the
speed of the meteor increases, so will its ability to penetrate the ground, spread out the ejecta and
resulting crater. Simultaneously, the crater was also slightly bigger as well. To reduce the uncertainty
I suggest to use the same equipment during the whole experiment; therefore there would be no
disparity between the measuring scales. So therefore the more energy the ball bearing has when it
hits the sand the wider the crater it should make. The higher you drop the marble the bigger the
diameter and the bigger the volume, and vice versa. In my prediction I stated that the higher up the
Marble greater the size of the crater. With that caveat, I would guess the factor of 1.3 is the ratio of
the rim diameter to the excavation diameter. However, if I could I would like to use a ruler with an
even smaller scale, maybe with tenths of millimetres on as this would allow me to be more precise
and accurate when I measure the diameter of my crater. I used data on the graph (the steepest and
least steep). A generally accepted model of impact cratering postulates the following sequence of
events, which for purposes of illustration refers to a planet as the impacted body. When comparing
the large and small marbles, the density was about the same, but the larger marble clearly had more
mass and was able to penetrate much deeper.

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