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For instance if the sand I was dropping the marble into had already been disturbed, my results would
be different to what they should have been, therefore giving me an inaccurate datum. Any outliers
are highlighted in red; this helps me distinguish accurate results to inaccurate results. The only
alternative to explain the Moon’s craters was an impact origin. To show how you can tell a surface is
older by the increased number of craters, use three. He pointed out that the large lunar
craters—mountain-rimmed, circular features with floors generally below the level of the surrounding
plains—are larger and have different shapes from known volcanic craters on Earth. There will not be
the uplift that can be seen in larger craters, so there will be no central peak. It needed to be able to
alter its mass, but keep its diameter the same. Around the rim, landslides create a series of terraces.
Since impact craters are extremely rare on Earth, geologists did not expect them to be the major
feature of lunar geology. Meteor Crater is one of the youngest and best-preserved impact craters on
Earth. An Investigation to find out how Dropping Height affects size of a Crater c. Through filmed
footage of meteorite discoveries throughout the world, computer graphics, and astonishing. How
does the drop height of a small and a large marble affect the size of t. This meant that the entry
speed of the ball would be the same at each angle. I would have expected the craters to get shorter as
the vertical drop height increased (due the vertical component increasing), which has happened very
loosely. I have chosen to vary the height of the marble being dropper from. At full phase, it shows
almost no topographic detail, and you must look closely to see more than a few craters. The number
of craters made by the water droplets will be greatly. Calculations carried out for other planets (and
their moons) indicate that they also have been subject to about the same number of interplanetary
impacts during this time. Housen, Does Gravity Scaling Apply to Impacts on Porous Asteroids?,
Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIII, 2002. The size of the excavated crater depends primarily on
the speed of impact, but generally it is 10 to 15 times the diameter of the projectile. Only a frictional
force was available to stop the smooth ball. They have both been highlighted on the graphs with a
red circle. Binoculars on a tripod provide a spectacular view of lunar craters. Found in craters a few
tens of kilometers across on. Can the more complex equation be used in this case. The sand was very
good at stopping balls dropped vertically or from a steep angle, but the retardation of balls at a
shallow angle was much less. If the crater turns out to be gravity-dominated, this lends evidence to
the theory that the. By this I can decide not to use these outliers for my averages and my graphs, but
as they are not that major and wouldn’t make much a difference to the trend that is being spotted.
Investigate how impact speed and direction affects crater size and shape. These can be divided into
two main types: simple and complex. They have both been highlighted on the graphs with a red
circle. The contradiction is resolved if the impact rate varied over time, with a much heavier
bombardment earlier than 3.8 billion years ago (Figure). The vertical height above the landing tray
was kept constant so the GPE of the ball ( mgh ) remained the same. I have predicted this because
the higher the object is dropped from the more gravitational potential energy the. This would mean
that it is not the pristine, untouched material of. This increase in speed will cause the ball to hit the
ground harder. They use this scaling to produce mathematical models of impacts using computers.
Modeling. Did you know the moon’s surface has millions of craters, varying from just a few metres
across to hundreds of kilometres. Gravity and drag forces are involved in the dropping of the
marble, and then as it hits the sand, a small amount of kinetic energy is created. Simple Craters -
Bowl-shaped, smooth-walled craters of a small size (as with central. The majority (roughly 75%) of
the material will fall back. The curriculum link is: practicals skills, Energy transfers, Newtons laws.
The widths may have been easier to measure if larger equipment was used because then the range of
measurements would be greater. Investigate how mass affects the diameter of an impact crater.
Crater diameter has its anomalous result at the very lowest drop height. Although I have encountered
a few problems in this experiment I still believe that my data is reliable, but in order to achieve more
reliable results I could carry out the experiment again but also improving it using what I mentioned.
Binoculars on a tripod provide a spectacular view of lunar craters. Earth's surface and erase all but
the most recent impacts. If we can understand what has happened on the Moon, we may be able to
apply this knowledge to other worlds. Both the Earth and the Moon are the targets of a continuing
bombardment of meteoroids. Rock material excavated (or thrown out) of the crater is called ejecta.
Often the walls of the craters will collapse to from landslides. Overall in this experiment there is a
minimal chance of being injured. Messengers From Outer Space: Part 1, Menace from the Sky; Part
2, Witnesses from. Melosh, Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process, Oxford University Press, 1989
(pp. 46-47). Crater counts can be used to derive approximate ages for geological features on the
Moon and other worlds with solid surfaces. The scientific knowledge which supports this is that the
marble’s Gravitational Potential Energy and so when it is higher up it gains even more energy and
speed which has a greater force on the sand which will make the bigger crater. Thus, by inverting the
measured algebraic relationship, the results from simple, inexpensive, and safe experiments could be
used to make an independent prediction the Barringer crater’s impressive impact energy, 500 to 1000
times greater than that released by either of the atomic weapons that ended WW II in the Pacific.
In addition, he is currently revising his textbook to include the experimental process and the
development of the crater scaling law. This debris falls back to create a rough, hilly region, typically
about as wide as the crater diameter. The impact of asteroids, comets, and meteoroids onto the
surfaces of planets is a major. High-speed impacts produce explosions and excavate craters 10 to 15
times the size of the impactor with raised rims, ejecta blankets, and often central peaks. On the back
of this chart draw the craters you made on your simulated planetary. However, on the whole, I
believe that I done everything to a precise degree of accuracy and to my best ability. Most
researchers now believe that a large asteroid or comet hit the Earth at the. But, after all, if we could
predict it for certain, why would we be doing this? The. The crater’s rim diameter is about 1.2
kilometers. In real impacts the impacting object is destroyed or broken up. This is a layer of material
thrown out by the formation of a crater. In order to resolve this I would need to repeat the
experiment to obtain a wider range of results. The curriculum link is: practicals skills, Energy
transfers, Newtons laws. Although I have encountered a few problems in this experiment I still
believe that my data is reliable, but in order to achieve more reliable results I could carry out the
experiment again but also improving it using what I mentioned. Consequently the crater is relatively
small compared to one created from a higher dropped ball. If I repeated this experiment I think it
would be useful to use more scientific and reliable equipment. Because I am measuring the width of
the crater I need to keep the size of the ball bearing the same. The large depth for the drop from
50cm suggests that the sand might have been less compact than usual, as this would have meant that
the ball penetrated deeper than usual, with the grains being further apart. Measuring large heights
was impractical with metre rules, and only a certain number of balls were available at a good range
of diameters. Here, we account for two other effects: the density and gravitational accelerations of
the impactor and object. Vol. 1, Menace from the Sky; Vol. 2, Witnesses from Beyond the Times. On
this occasion there is no obvious and major outliers, which makes the graph very accurate and
reliable. This meant that the entry speed of the ball would be the same at each angle. Begin by
looking at craters in photographs of the Moon and asking students their ideas of. Photographs of
bomb and shell craters on Earth confirm that explosion craters are always essentially circular.
Because these sediments are less dense (that is, less. Reviews Select overall rating (no rating) Your
rating is required to reflect your happiness. Aronson, Billy. Meteors: The Truth Behind Shooting Stars
(First Book). I would have expected the craters to get shorter as the vertical drop height increased
(due the vertical component increasing), which has happened very loosely. This would mean that it is
not the pristine, untouched material of.
Now, many of these stray chunks of rock have been caught by the gravity of big planets.). To find
out if my graph would level off I tried dropping the ball bearing from 2 metres, twice my maximum
height of 1 metre. Less material (around 50%) will fall back to the surface of the. When it hits the
sand the kinetic energy is transferred into the sand as heat and more kinetic energy moving the sand
out of the way. The brightest lunar crater rays are associated with large young craters such as Kepler
and Tycho. The higher I drop the marble the more gravitational force and the more kinetic energy,
therefore increasing the diameter of the crater. The reflected sunlight is never bright enough to harm
your eyes. They use this scaling to produce mathematical models of impacts using computers.
Modeling. Complex Craters - Larger craters with more complicated morphology. This minor problem
could be a major problem for my results. The scientific knowledge which supports this is that the
marble’s Gravitational Potential Energy and so when it is higher up it gains even more energy and
speed which has a greater force on the sand which will make the bigger crater. Rays - Bright streaks
extending away from the crater sometimes for great distances. This stage is very quick, lasting an
amount of time on the order of. Callipers could be used to measure the width of the crater whereas
better technology could be used to drop the ball. I have considered this and decided that I would use
the formula anyway. This will vary my results, therefore making it easier and more reliable to make a
clear conclusion on my results. The sand must be also very flat seeing that I’m dropping a marble
and then measuring the crater, otherwise it wouldn’t be a fair test as the sand could be uneven.
Investigate how impact speed and direction affects crater size and shape. There are three likely
scenarios that the crater formation can. Meteor Crater near Winslow, Arizona. It is 1.2 kilometers
(0.75 miles) across and 200. Aronson, Billy. Meteors: The Truth Behind Shooting Stars (First Book).
If the crater turns out to be gravity-dominated, this lends evidence to the theory that the. The number
of craters made by the water droplets will be greatly. Since the spacecraft took the image from a
position inside the orbit of Earth, we see both objects fully illuminated (full Moon and full Earth). I
would guess that this is what the author means by the crater collapse factor i.e. it describes the
increase in the crater size due to subsidence of the ground outside the initial excavation crater. Show
students a crater with different features - Rampart Craters on Mars ( ). By “age” here we mean the
time since a major disturbance occurred on that surface (such as the volcanic eruptions that produced
the lunar maria). I have chosen to vary the height of the marble being dropper from. A Cooperative
Project of the Lunar and Planetary Institute, NASA's. At full phase, it shows almost no topographic
detail, and you must look closely to see more than a few craters.
Aronson, Billy. Meteors: The Truth Behind Shooting Stars (First Book). These lighter features are
ejecta, splashed out from the crater-forming impact. Meteor Crater is one of the youngest and best-
preserved impact craters on Earth. I very carefully removed the ball from the crater every time,
without affecting the size of the diameter. A fairly small amateur telescope easily shows craters and
mountains on the Moon as small as a few kilometers across. Any sort of precautions has to be kept
the same otherwise it could disturb any pattern on my results and therefore giving me a false
interpretation on the experiment. Crater diameter has its anomalous result at the very lowest drop
height. Possibly a rake or a large flat object could have been used to level the sand and break up any
clumps. In this series installment, NASA scientists and other sky watchers consider the possibility of
an asteroid's. So if the mass of the ball bearing were greater the G.P.E would be greater so therefore
the K.E would be higher so the crater would be larger. Years later, Dowling’s third son, Thomas,
decided to quantitatively recreate the experiment for a science fair project during his sophomore year
of high school. This supports what I predicted using the knowledge I already had. There will not be
the uplift that can be seen in larger craters, so there will be no central peak. Most researchers now
believe that a large asteroid or comet hit the Earth at the. On Earth, this long history has been erased
by our active geology. Scientists record the number, size, and extent of erosion of impact craters on a
planetary. Collapse of the hole pushes up the mound that forms. By “age” here we mean the time
since a major disturbance occurred on that surface (such as the volcanic eruptions that produced the
lunar maria). I also chose to do this because if I found a way of carrying out the experiment using a
better technique to gather more reliable results, I also did a preliminary test in order to choose
suitable heights for the experiment and to decide to what degree I will be measuring the diameter
with e.g. 2 D.P. The crater’s rim diameter is about 1.2 kilometers. The curriculum link is: practicals
skills, Energy transfers, Newtons laws. Much of the material ejected from the crater is deposited in
the area surrounding the. Craters on the Moon with diameters larger than about 15 kilometers have
more complex. Although the Moon looks bright in the night sky, its surface is, on average, much less
reflective than Earth’s, with its atmosphere and white clouds. If the potential energy is bigger,
therefore the kinetic energy is bigger when the ball reaches the sand, resulting in the crater having a
large size diameter. Here, we account for two other effects: the density and gravitational accelerations
of the impactor and object. There are several actions that could trigger this block including
submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Investigate how mass
affects the diameter of an impact crater. This was based on the scientific knowledge that as the
Marble is dropped at a higher point it gains more Gravitational Potential Energy, therefore there is a
bigger force which in turn will make the size of the crater bigger. Although with the rest of the graph
there is a strong positive correlation with my results which relates back to the prediction and theory
of gravity ( the higher I drop the marble the bigger the effect of gravity and kinetic energy therefore
causing a bigger crater ).
But you can try this fun experiment at home to understand why our Moon looks as it does. Overall
in this experiment there is a minimal chance of being injured. This will make my results all the more
reliable and accurate. Earth and life Science (Origin of the Universe and Star System, Earth System.
This minor problem could be a major problem for my results. I also chose to do this because if I
found a way of carrying out the experiment using a better technique to gather more reliable results, I
also did a preliminary test in order to choose suitable heights for the experiment and to decide to
what degree I will be measuring the diameter with e.g. 2 D.P. They are thought to be huge lava flows
that spread over an area after most of the craters have already been formed. Attracted by the gravity
of the larger body, the incoming chunk strikes with at least escape velocity, which is 11 kilometers
per second for Earth and 2.4 kilometers per second (5400 miles per hour) for the Moon. However I
cannot be 100% sure that it was flat, and this is why it was the most inaccurate and unreliable part of
the experiment. However when dropping the marble I did not measure the volume manually. Comet
Tempel 1? And - what will it look like as we observe it. The air resistance involved in this experiment
does not affect the marble as much as the gravity involved but can still limit the amount of speed the
marble can gain which puts a limit on the height of which the marble can be dropped from in order to
achieve accurate results. Granowsky, Alvin. The Dinosaurs' Last Days (World of Dinosaurs Series).
Steck-. Branley, Franklyn M. What Happened to the Dinosaurs? (Let's-Read-And-Find-Out. This
meant that the entry speed of the ball would be the same at each angle. This will be very accurate
and reasonable for this experiment. This “heavy bombardment” produced most of the craters we see
today in the highlands. Earth's surface is less than 200 million years old, while more than 99% of the
Moon's. The ejecta patterns created by the colored paint or sand are dramatic. The results were more
significant than expected, as Dowling realized that the simple high school project could serve as a
shockingly accurate predictor of the impact energy that created the Barringer Meteor Crater in
Northern Arizona. As the sand is pushed down it has nowhere else to go but out, this means the
diameter of the crater increases. Can the more complex equation be used in this case. It has shattered
and been distributed with the ejecta. Using a ruler I flattened the sand until it was smooth and level.
Many of the smaller ones - those measuring less than 1km (0.6 mile) across could have been formed
by explosive volcanic activity. The large amount of energy goes into making several things happen.
The higher the drop height, the greater the velocity of the. On the Earth impact craters are harder to
recognize. When it hits the sand the kinetic energy is transferred into the sand as heat and more
kinetic energy moving the sand out of the way. Carr Earth Science. Geosphere, Plate Tectonic Notes
Earth Science.
They use this scaling to produce mathematical models of impacts using computers. Modeling. Again
the drop height was kept constant at 35cm and the balls were dropped 3 times. Among other things,
it will allow us to understand better than ever before how galaxies like our Milky Way have formed.
Dr. NN Chavan Keynote address on ADNEXAL MASS- APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT in the.
A huge meteorite or asteroid created this giant crater 2.02 billion years ago. Typically, there are 10
times more craters on the highlands than on a similar area of maria. In this 2015 image from the
Deep Space Climate Observatory spacecraft, both objects are fully illuminated, but the Moon looks
darker because it has a much lower average reflectivity than Earth. This is due to the gravitational
potential energy being bigger at a higher point. Some endothermic chemical reactions (ones which
require energy) may be driven to occur, if they can happen fast enough. Science Sparks assume no
liability with regard to injuries or damage to property that may occur as a result of using the
information and carrying out the practical activities contained in this resource or in any of the
suggested further resources. Complex Craters - Larger craters with more complicated morphology.
Unleashing the Power of AI Tools for Enhancing Research, International FDP on. The depth once
again has not been affected by the velocity of the ball, so this is encouraging. The reason lies in the
escape velocity, the minimum speed that a body must reach to permanently break away from the
gravity of another body; it is also the minimum speed that a projectile approaching Earth or the Moon
will hit with. This stage is very quick, lasting an amount of time on the order of. The marble will be
dropped from various heights to cause a crater. If I were to drop it with my hand using the naked
eye, this would make my results unreliable. Posner, Jackie. The Magic School Bus Out of This World:
A Book About Space Rocks. It was useful to see how different factors affect the size of craters.
What happened when you changed the angle of impact? If I repeated this experiment I think it
would be useful to use more scientific and reliable equipment. What happened to the craters as you
dropped the balls from a higher distance? They reasoned (perhaps unconsciously) that since the
craters we have on Earth are volcanic, the lunar craters must have a similar origin. This pattern of
ejected material can be used as a way to identify areas with possible water or ice in the surface layers
of a planet. The small increments of 5cm allowed me to work with a lot of results and a lot more
accurate results. However this is why I took many readings of every diameter, which would lower
the amount of outliers and giving me more reliable results to work with. The widths may have been
easier to measure if larger equipment was used because then the range of measurements would be
greater. Before deciding to study fluid mechanics academically, Dowling enjoyed water sports as a
child; hence, he had already gained some knowledge of the topic before learning how to tackle the
complicated mathematical problems that would inevitably come along later in his education. Comets
and asteroids strike the Moon at a wide range of impact speeds, with 20.