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2022年imo预选题及其解答 王正、陈晨 (学而思教育集团)
2022年imo预选题及其解答 王正、陈晨 (学而思教育集团)
2022年imo预选题及其解答 王正、陈晨 (学而思教育集团)
www.nsmath.cn/jszl
•š
(Æ g ˜8ì, 100080)
I. ¯ K
˜ ! “ ê (Algebra)
1 êÆ#(
A4. n ≥ 3 ´˜‡ ê, x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ´«m [0, 1] ¥ ¢ê. - s =
x1 + x2 + . . . + xn , …b s ≥ 3. y²•3 ê i Ú j, ÷v 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n, ¦
A6. R • ¢ ê 8 Ü. ½ Â F • ¤ k ÷ v e ª ¼ ê 8 Ü: é u ? ¿
x, y ∈ R ,
f (x + f (y)) = f (x) + f (y).
! | Ü (Combinatorics)
www.nsmath.cn 2
Ù, ¦ ²Lk•gÚ½ , z‡¯fÑTÐk˜‡M1.
, , ¨òù‡ | 3ç†þ.
¯¢y², ÏLù«•{, ³ÜŒ±3k•gÚ½ 3ç†þ e?Û ê
Š 2022− |. ¦³ÜЩ e | • ŒUêþ s.
n ! A Û (Geometry)
3 êÆ#(
G3. ABCD ´˜‡ S o>/. b : Q, A, B, P 3Ó˜^†‚þ…
UT^Sü , ¦ †‚ AC † ADQ ƒƒ, †‚ BD † BCP ƒƒ. M†
N ©O•‚ã BC Ú AD ¥:.
¦y: †‚ CD, L: A AN Q ƒ‚ÚL: B BM P ƒ‚ :.
o ! êØ (Number Theory)
www.nsmath.cn 4
N3. a > 1 ´˜‡ ê, d > 1 ´˜‡† a pŸ ê. - x1 = 1, é
u k ≥ 1, ½Â
xk + d XJaØU Øxk
xk+1 =
xk /a XJaU Øxk
N8. y²éu?Û ê n, 5n − 3n ØU 2n + 65 Ø.
III. ) ‰† µ5
˜ !“ ê (Algebra)
y² P 1 − an = bn , Kk bn ≤ 1, ^‡Œ±íÑ
an an+2 − an − an+2 + 1 ≤ 1 − a2n+1 ,
•=
bn bn+2 ≤ bn+1 (2 − bn+1 ). (∗)
- n → n + 1, k
bn+1 bn+3 ≤ bn+2 (2 − bn+2 ). (∗∗)
d (∗)(∗∗) üªŒ
bn+1 (2 − bn+1 − bn+3 ) + bn+2 (2 − bn − bn+2 ) ≥ 0,
5 êÆ#(
l é?¿ ê n, bn+1 , bn+2 ØÓž u 0. d (∗) Œ±íÑXJ bn+1 < 0,
@o bn < 0 ½ bn+2 < 0, l bn 31n‘ ÑŒu u 0, •= an ≥ 1, y..
) n • Š´ k + 4.
ù ê´ a1 < a2 < · · · < an , S = a1 + · · · + an .
˜•¡, n = k + 1 w,ؤá. e n = k + 2, ai = S − ai − af (i) , K
2an + 2a1 ≤ 2an + af (n) + ag(n) = S = 2a1 + af (1) + ag(1) < 2an + 2a1 ,
gñœ
,˜•¡, N´ y k = 2m ž,
−m − 2, −m − 1, −m, · · · , −1, 1, 2, 3, · · · , m
÷v‡¦; k = 2m + 1 ž,
−m − 2, −m − 1, −m, · · · , −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, · · · , m
÷v‡¦. y..
µ5 ;. Œ 'X?n.
l ,
xa xa
xa−1 ≤ , xa−2 ≤ , · · · , xa+1 ≤ 2xa , xa+2 ≤ 4xa , · · · ,
2 4
xb xb
xb+1 ≤ , xb+2 ≤ , · · · , xb−1 ≤ 2xb , xb−2 ≤ 4xb , · · · .
2 4
www.nsmath.cn 6
2α xa ≤ 1 < 2α+1 xa , 2β xb ≤ 1 < 2β+1 xb , e α + β ≥ b − a, K
gñœ α + β ≤ b − a − 1.
P A = 2α xa , B = 2β xb k = b − a − (α + β), K
A
xa+α ≤ A, xa+α−1 ≤ ,··· ;
2
B
xb−β ≤ B, xb−β+1 ≤ , · · · ; xi ≤ 1.
2
Ù¥ a + α < i < b − β. ? ,
1 1
S < (k − 1) + A(1 + + · · · ) + B(1 + + · · · ) = k + 2A + 2B − 1.
2 2
2b−a xa xb = 2k AB, u´•‡
2k AB ≥ 2(k−1)+2A+2B−3 ⇔ AB ≥ 4(A−1)+(B−1) .
) ¤k n • 2, 3, 4.
√
˜•¡, n = 2 ž, 0, 1 ; n = 3 ž, 0, r, r3 = r + r2 , Ù¥ r = 5+1
2
;
n = 4 ž, 0, r, r4 = r + r3 , r6 = r4 + r3 = r5 + r ,Ù¥ r ´ r3 = r + 1
Š.
ai
,˜•¡, e n ≥ 5, P m = C2n , Ø” r > 1, ÄK^ rm+1
“O ai . P
aj − ai = rtj,i , K•3 j ≥ i + 2 ¦ tj,i ≤ n, dž
7 êÆ#(
rm ≤ rm−(n−2) + rm−(n−1) , •= rn−1 ≤ r + 1.
l , þ¡Ø ªÑ ¿… rn−1 = r + 1. dž, t2,1 , t3,2 , · · · , tn,n−1 =•
1, 2, 3, · · · , n − 1, u´
rm = r + r2 + · · · + rn−1 = r3 + r4 + · · · + rn
= r3 (r2 + r3 + · · · + rn−1 )
= r6 (r2 + r3 + · · · + rn−1 )
···
< r1+2+···+n = rm .
gñœ
A6. R • ¢ ê 8 Ü. ½ Â F • ¤ k ÷ v e ª ¼ ê 8 Ü: é u ? ¿
x, y ∈ R,
f (x + f (y)) = f (x) + f (y).
µ5 EI‡˜:Ž–å.
www.nsmath.cn 8
) ØŒU.
bX•3, Kéu ∀x ∈ Z B ∈ Z+ ¿©Œ, k
00
P (x)
P (x + 10B ) = P (x) + 10B P 0 (x) + 102B + ··· .
2!
l
! | Ü (Combinatorics)
) Cmax = 506.
˜•¡, +1, +1, −1, −1, +1, +1, −1, −1, · · · , ´• c ≤ 506.
,˜•¡, Ø” S oÚŒu u 0, K– k 1011 ‡ +1. Tê ©
ÙXe: (c0 ‡ −1), b1 ‡ +1, c1 ‡ −1, · · · , bm ‡ +1, ( cm ‡ −1). K·‚ Ñ
¤k +1, ±9zã −1 1óê‘, N´• ÷v‡¦, ¿… −1 ‡ê؇L
[ c21 ] + · · · + [ c2m ] ≤ 505, l ù ‘ƒÚŒu u 506. y..
9 êÆ#(
µ5 ©Û KÒê8, ëY −1 – ˜Œ.
µ5 l 3 ∗ 3 ‰å.
www.nsmath.cn 10
ØUöŠgñœ
µ5 ‰Y‰·‚±é« ( ).
µ5 l êm©ß‰Y.
11 êÆ#(
C7. ³ Ü m © ž 3 ç † þ es‡ êŠ 2022− |. , , ¨Œ
± À J ü ‡ (Ø ˜ ½ Ø Ó ) ¨®² e | v = (v1 , . . . , v2022 ) Ú w =
(w1 , . . . , w2022 ), ¿òùü‡ |A^ ±eöŠƒ˜¥±¼ ˜‡# |:
, , ¨òù‡ | 3ç†þ.
¯¢y², ÏLù«•{, ³ÜŒ±3k•gÚ½ 3ç†þ e?Û ê
Š 2022− |. ¦³ÜЩ e | • ŒUêþ s.
) ‰Y´ 3.
ky²Ð©k 2 ‡ |žØ1. ‡ , XJkЩ |ÎÜJÆ, •
Ø ” ´ 1 ˜ « œ ¹, K Ã Ø X Û ö Š, ê (c1 , c2 , . . . , c2022 ) [ ÷v
ci ≥ kcj , Ã{ N 2022 ê|.
e¡‰ÑЩž 3 ‡ | E:
α = (−1, −1, . . . , −1),
β = (1, 2, . . . , n),
Ù¥ f (n) = −ax2 + bx − c.
é u (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ), fi (x) = −Ni (x − i)2 + ai , Ù ¥ Ni v Œ, ¦
−Ni i2 + ai < 0 … Ni > max |ai − aj |, ´•
i,j
www.nsmath.cn 12
P vi = (fi (1), fi (2), . . . , fi (n)), éù vi ¦k•g•ŒŠŒ±
v1 ∨ v2 ∨ . . . ∨ vn = (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ).
) N • !•ŒŠ©O• 2500!7500.
w, i, j ≥ 0 ž, f (x + i, y + j) > f (x, y).
ai •¦ f (ai , 0) < f (0, i) •Œ ê. ·‚k j ≤ ai ž, f (x + j, y) <
f (x, y + i) ; j ≥ ai + 1 ž, f (x + j, y) > f (x, y + i).
bi •¦ f (i, 0) < f (0, bi ) •Œ ê. ·‚k j ≤ bi ž, f (x + i, y) <
f (x, y + j) ; j ≥ bi + 1 ž, f (x + i, y) > f (x, y + j).
dd, ¼êŠ u u f (x, y) : k
y x
X X
(x + 1)(y + 1) + ai + bj
i=1 j=1
‡,
y x
X X
f (x, y) = (x + 1)(y + 1) + ai + bj − 1.
i=1 j=1
13 êÆ#(
µ5 ¢SþŒ±y², α H Ãnêž, þã E¥ f (x, y) =
nx,y − 1 CX 0 ≤ x, y < 100 ž f (x, y) ¤kŒU œ¹.
n ! AÛ (Geometry)
A0 B · A0 X = A0 C · A0 Y.
www.nsmath.cn 14
nþ, B, X, C, Y , y..
µ5 \Ã:´ DA = DX du BD ²© ∠ABX.
y² X´ AN Q 3: A ? ƒ‚Ú BM P 3: B ? ƒ‚ :.
BC ¥: L, Äk5y: LABX o: .
5¿ ∠DQA = ∠DAC = ∠DBC, … ∠DQA = ∠DCB. ¤± 4AQD ∼
4CBD, Ón 4BP C ∼ 4DAC
(Ü L ´ BC ¥:, M ´ BC ¥:, N ´ AD ¥:, k
¤±
∠LAX =∠DAX − ∠DAL
=∠N QA − ∠M P B
=∠CBL − ∠CBX
=∠XBL,
=y LABX o: .
e55y X 3 CD þ.
dþãy²,
15 êÆ#(
¤± L, X, C n: ‚.
nþ¤ã, X 3 CD þ. y..
µ5 g´´ŠÑ CD ¥: y² , T:Œd‰ƒqŽ .
y² ky: DOZ n: ‚.
dK¿, H •n / ABC R%, @o AH = 2 · dis(O, BC) = DW , q
AH W D, ¤±²1o>/ AW DH,
∠ABZ = ∠B − ∠C.
¤±,
ø
∠AOZ = 2 · (∠B − ∠C) = 2 · AZ = ∠AOZ = ∠ODW + ∠OW D,
D, O, Z ‚. • , ∠BAO = π
2
− ∠C = ∠CXD = ∠AXY , ¤± OA †
AXY ƒƒ, qÏ• OA = OZ, ¤± OZ •Ú AXY ƒƒ, y..
www.nsmath.cn 16
µ5 ¢Sþ D † A 'u BC ¥R‚é¡.
17 êÆ#(
G6. n / ABC ´˜‡b n /. AH •n / p. P ´˜‡Ä
:, ¦ ∠P BC Ú ∠P CB ²©‚ k Ú l :3 AH þ. k † AC u E,
l † AB u F , EF † AH u Q.
¦y: P Czž, †‚ P Q ²L˜‡½:.
BP − P C = BH − HC = BS − SC,
www.nsmath.cn 18
y²
AH ∩ BC = D, AH ∩ B 0 C 0 = S, BC ∩ AA0 = X,
A0 H ∩ B 0 C 0 = D0 , A0 H ∩ BC = S 0 , B 0 C 0 ∩ AA0 = Y.
KA X · KA Y = KA D · KA D0 = KA A · KA A0 .
S S
éu Γ1 = O, Γ2 = B 0 C 0 BC, Γ3 = BB 0 CC 0 . ¦^(â‚éܽn, •3é
Ü¥%: KA0 .
dþã•7k KA = KA0 , Ón½Â KB , KC • n ˜.
n C1 = O, C2 = Ê: K (duÊ: ´ 'uR%± 1
2
q , n / ABC †n / A0 B 0 C 0 kƒÓ Ê: ), C3 = P QR
M ¶.
nþ, OXM ‚, = OHM ‚.y..
19 êÆ#(
y² M, N ©O´ A
ù ø
0 C 0 , AC ¥:.
ky M N IJ, w, M JB 0 , N IB ©O ‚, •^y IJB 0 B o: .¯¢
þ, BI Ú IJ Y •
1 1
360◦ − ∠ABC − hA0 C 0 , ACi − hA0 C 0 , ABi
2 2
1 1
=360◦ − AC
ø
− (Aø ø0
0 C + AC ø
) − (A0 A + BCù0
)
2 2
1 ù0 ù
=180◦ − (BC + A0 B) = 180◦ − ∠BB 0 J.
2
¤± BIJB 0 , MN IJ, K = B 0 M ∩ BN , K AB, BY ålP•
B0K
x = rI · BK
BI
, K A0 B 0 , B 0 Y ålP• y = rJ · B0J
.
@o
x rI BK B 0 J rI M K B 0 J rI M J B 0 J rI 2R · rJ
= · 0 · = · · = · · = · = 1.
y rJ B K BI rJ N K BI rJ N I BI rJ 2R · rI
Ù¥1n‡ Ò^ MN IJ, 1o‡ Ò^ î.úª í (Ø: I
O ˜• 2R · rI .
¤± x = y, nþ, ± K • %, x •Œ» ´ XBY B 0 Sƒ .y..
o ! ê Ø (Number Theory)
) • é%ê• 1344.
˜•¡, 1344 + 672 + 6 = 2022, 1344 ÷v‡¦.
,˜•¡, Ðê• n, Ïê• na , nb , nc (a < b < c).
www.nsmath.cn 20
e a ≥ 2, K b ≥ 3, c ≥ 4, l
n n n 12
2022 ≥ + + ⇒n≥ · 2022 > 1344.
2 3 4 13
e a = 1, b ≥ 4, K c ≥ 5, aq/, n > 3
2
· 2022 > 1344.
e a = 1, b = 3, c = 4, 5 žŒ±• Ã), l c ≥ 6, Ó , n >
3
2
· 2022 > 1344.
e a = 1, b = 2, K n = 1
2022
+ 21 + 1c
= 4044c
3c+2
, (3c + 2, c) = 1, 3c + 2 | 4044, ?
1
µ5 ~5 Œ O¯K, ?ؘÙ=Œ.
µ5 Ø%´uyI‡ p|
Q
(p + q).
p<q≤n,p,q Ÿê
) Äky² xk < ad é?¿ k ¤á. ^8B, CÄw,, e xk < ad(k < m),
xt−1
K t•1 k − 1 ¥•Œ ¦ xt = a
ê (evk, ½Â t = 1 ),Kd8B
b ´• xt < d, 5¿ xt , xt + d, · · · , xt + (a − 1)d ¥7k a ê, ¤±
k ≤ t + (a − 1), •= xk ≤ xt + (a − 1)d < ad.
21 êÆ#(
l , n ≤ dloga de. ´5¿ Tê Œ±_í, •= xk ŒíÑ xk−1 (e
xk < d, K xk−1 = axk , ÄK xk−1 = xk − d), l Tê ´X±Ï . l , l1
m©_팱• adloga de 3ê ¥, n •ŒŠ´ dloga de.
N5.éuz‡ 1 ≤ i ≤ 9 Ú T ∈ N, ½Â di (T ) •0u 1 Ú T ƒm ¤k
1829 ê3›?›e¤kêi¥êi i Ñy gêƒÚ.
y²: •3áõ‡ T ∈ N, ¦ d1 (T ), d2 (T ), · · · , d9 (T ) ¥TÐkü‡ØÓ
Š.
www.nsmath.cn 22
8, 18k + 2, 24k + 3 ¥– k˜‡Ðê.
k = 1 Œ±• 1 100 S– k˜‡Ðê, N
k = 1, 2, · · · , [ 100 ], Œ±
EÑ [ 100
N
] ‡Ø‡L N Ðê, …z˜‡ê–õ-EÑy 10 g, ¤±Ø‡L N
Ðê– k [ 1000
N
] ‡. (Ü 1 100 S– k˜‡Ðê, N´• c= 1
2000
÷v
‡¦.
µ5 Ï L = • Ä p(n) + p(n + 1) • ó ê { ü œ ¹, Œ ± u y K
Ø%´ Eüüƒ'• r : r + 1 ê|^ÄT n. ù ê E
^8B E g´´Ù• . ´3 K¥XJ¦^8B E, ¬
360k, 360k + 8, 360k + 9, 360k + 10, 360k + 12 E, K é N œ¹„
I‡?1?n. (Œ±ÃÄ E u 100 Ðê, ´e p •aqu q E, =
é,‡8ÜOŽ, ÃÄ E¬••E,).
N8. y²éu?Û ê n, 5n − 3n ØU 2n + 65 Ø.
23 êÆ#(