Class Rules

• Raise your hand if you wish to answer and wait for your
name to be called.
• Stand-up when called to recite.
• Listen attentively when someone is talking.
• Do not let the session end without sharing and learning.
Unit 3: Earth and Space
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the discussion:
• the learners can characterize a volcano and its parts.
• the learners can create a concept map of a volcano and its parts.
• the learners can cite practical ways on what to do before, during
and after volcanic eruption.
 Word Search
1. The game will be played individually
with the use of pen and paper.

2. In a span of 2 minutes, students are

tasked to find the 9 words on the word
search.

3. Student/s who can find all 9 words will

be receiving an extra 2 points that will be
added for the used for future purposes.
Volcanoes &
Its Parts
Volcanoes &
Its Parts
 What is a volcano?
A volcano is a crack, opening or hole that
occurs in the earth’s crust, which allows
its magma be expelled from its interior
combined with molten rocks, hot gases,
smoke, and gases.
 How are volcanoes are formed?
Collision of two tectonic plates

Separation of two tectonic plates

 Parts of a Volcano
1. Crater - The circular shaped area at the top of a volcano.

2. Vent - A opening where molten rock and gas leave the volcano.

3. Throat - Entrance of a volcano; the part of the conduit that ejects the lava and volcanic ash

4. Magma Chamber - A pocket beneath a volcano where magma collects.

5. Lava - Molten rock that erupts from a volcano that solidifies as it cools.

6. Magma – Hot molten liquid material beneath the Earth's surface.

7. Volcanic Ash - a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from a volcano during a volcanic eruption.

8. Summit - summit is the highest point on the apex of a volcano that has an either a crater or a caldera.

9. Slope - are the sides or flanks of a volcano that radiate from the main or central vent.

10. Base - the lowest bottom or supporting layer of the volcano.

Some Known Volcanoes in the Philippines
Mayon Taal Pinatubo
Volcanoes &
Its Parts
 Features of volcanoes
1. The formation of a volcano can take thousands of years. It is a very slow process.
2. There are different forms of volcanoes, but most of them have in common the
opening from where they expel different liquid, solid and gaseous materials.
3. The materials that form the volcano can be varied since this will depend on the
terrestrial crust where it is produced.
4. The fact that a volcano is inactive does not guarantee that it will not be able to
start a volcanic eruption process.
5. The temperature of the lava expelled by the volcano can reach up to 700 to 1,200
°C (1,300 to 2,200 °F).
Review Time!
 Learning Objectives

• classify a volcano based on its history of eruption (active or inactive)

• locate and plot the volcanoes in the Philippine Map
• cite practical ways on what to do before, during and after volcanic
eruption
Classification
of Volcanoes
 Carousel Type of Discussion
1. The class will be divided in three groups. Each group will be receiving a reading
material consisting of data and information needed in accomplishing the second
activity.
2. One member of the group will serve as the representative who will be
explaining the given material to their other members. In span of 5 minutes, all
groups will be reading their assigned reading material. Members should take note
all information from the reading material.
4. After 5 minutes, each representatives will move to other group to explain their
assigned reading material to them. Members will take note of the information and
data explained by the representative of other groups.
5. The process will repeat until each representative will be back from their original
group.
Group 1: Luzon Group 2: Visayas Group 3: Mindanao
Daniel Xymon Matthew,
Ken Miel Ava
Narold Johann Carl
Michelle Yanna Gab
Andrea Ariane Chester
Liam Chaps Zoe
Razelee Rapha
 Activity 2: Volcanoes in the Philippines
• Objective: Classify volcanoes as active and inactive

• Materials: Ruler, Red Pen, and Green Pen

• Procedure: Using the Philppine Map, plot the location of the

following volcanoes using the gathered information from the
carousel discussion. Used red pen for active volcanoes and blue
pen for inactive volcanoes. Answer the following guide quiestions
that can be found at the back of the Philippine map.
 Classification of Volcanoes
There are different types of volcanoes and the best
known are classfied according to:
• Record of Eruption – as active or inactive
• Shape of Volcanic Cone - composite volcanoes or
stratovolcanoes, cinder or scoria cones, shield
volcanoes.
 Classification of Volcanoes: According
to Record of Eruption
• PHILVOCS have adapted a system where the Phillpine
volcanoes are classified as active or inactive.

• Active Volcanoes are those that have a record of

eruption within the last 600 years or those that erupted
10,000 years ago based on analyses of their material.

• Inactive Volcanoes are those not erupted for the last 10,
000 years and their physical form is being changed by
agents of weathering and erosion through formation of
deep and long gullies.
Active Inactive

Lack of recent Geological

volcanic activity Dormant Potential stability
Volcanic ash fall reactivation

Magma Lava flow Volcanoes Eruption

Review Time!
 Learning Objectives

• classify volcanoes based on the shape of the volcanic cones

• compare-and-contrast the three types of volcanic cones
• cite practical ways on what to do before, during and after volcanic
eruption
Ball + Can + No

Volcano
Shield + Bull + Canyon

Shield Volcano
Seen + There + Cone + Volcano

Cinder Cone Volcano

Comb + Pooh + Seat + Volcano

Composite Volcano
Types of
Volcanic Cones
 Activity 3: Compare & and Contrast on Tripled Venn Diagram

Cinder Volcano

Shield Volcano Composite Volcano

 Classification of Volcanoes
There are different types of volcanoes and the
best known are classfied according to:
• Record of Eruption – as active or inactive
• Shape of Volcanic Cone - shield volcanoes,
cinder volcanoes and composite volcanoes.
 Shield Volcano
Shield volcanoes are usually formed
almost entirely of basaltic and/or andesitic
lava flows which were very fluid when they
erupted. This type of volcano is formed by
the accumulation of lava oozes out from
the volcano.
Kilauea

Mauna Loa
Cinder Volcano
Cinder refers to the pyroclastic
fragments, which is composed of rock.
This type of volcano is also known as
ash cone. The formation of the cinder
cone volcanoes is influenced by the
environmental conditions of the place.
Paricutin

Cerro Negro
Composite Volcano
A classic composite volcano is conical with
a concave shape that is steeper near the
top. This type of volcano is generally
composed of lava flows, pyroclastic
deposits, and mudflow (lahar) deposits, as
well as lava domes.
Mayon

Fuji
Review Time!
Types of Volcanic
Eruptions
 Learning Objectives

• differentiate the types of volcanic eruptions

• demonstrate the viscosity of magma through viscosity race
• cite practical ways on what to do before, during and after volcanic
eruption
 Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic eruption is the violent expulsion
of different liquid, solid and gaseous
materials (lava, magma, gases, rocks, etc.)
from the interior of the earth’s crust to the
earth’s surface.
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
• Phreatic – is a steam-driven eruption as the hot rocks come
in contact with water. It is short-lived, characterized by ash
columns but may be an onset of a large eruption.
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
• Phreatomagmatic – is a violent eruption due to the contact
between water and magma. As a result, a large column of very fine
ash and high-speed and sideway emission of pyroclastic called base
surges are observed
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
• Strombolian – a periodic weak to violent eruption characterized
by fountain lava just like the Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica.
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
• Vulcanian – characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up
to 20km high with pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra. This type of
eruption is more explosive than Strombolian, and sometimes destroy
part of the volcanic edifice.
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
• Plinian – excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and
pyroclastic just like the Pinatubo Volcano in Zambales. These large
eruptions produce widespread deposits of fallout ash.
Activity 4: Viscosity Race
Activity 4: Viscosity Race
Review Time!
Geothermal
Energy
 Learning Objectives

• explain the concept of geothermal energy of the volcano

• compare and contrast geothermal power plant and geothermal
heat pump using venn diagram
• identify environmental benefits brought by geothermal energy
 Have you
ever been to
a hot spring?
 Geo (Earth)
Thermal (Heat)
- it is the heat energy from the Earth
 Geothermal Energy
• The Earth is believed to be extremely hot from within.
This heat from the Earth’s interior is a source of energy
called geothermal energy.

• The heat of the Earth warms up water which is trapped

in rock formations beneath its surface
 Geothermal Energy is generated in two ways:
1. Geothermal Power Plant 2. Geothermal Heat Pumps
 Geothermal Energy is generated in two ways:

1. Geothermal power plants

use steam to produce
electricity. The steam comes
from reservoirs of hot water
found a few miles or more
below the earth's surface.
 Geothermal Power Plant Flow Chart

Heat from Mechanical Mechanical Electrical

inside the Energy in a Energy of a Energy
Earth Turbine Generator
 Geothermal Power Plants in the Philippines

Tiwi Geothermal Power

Plant in Tiwi, Albay
 Geothermal Power Plants in the Philippines

Makiling Banahaw
(Mak-Ban) Geothermal
Power Plant in Calauan,
Laguna
 Geothermal Power Plants in the Philippines

Maibarara
Geothermal Power Plant
in Sto. Tomas, Batangas
 Geothermal Power Plants in the Philippines

Nasulo Geothermal
Power Plant in
Valencia, Negros
Occidental
 Geothermal Power Plants in the Philippines

Palinpinon Geothermal
Power Plant in Valencia,
Negros Occidental
 Geothermal Energy is generated in two ways:

2. Geothermal Heat Pump

functions like a
conventional heat pump,
by using high-pressure
refrigerant to capture and
move heat between
indoors and out.
 Activity 5: Compare and Contrast in a Venn Diagram

Geothermal Geothermal
Power Plant Heat Pump
Review Time!
Volcanic Hazards
 Learning Objectives

• can describe volcanic hazard associated with an eruption

• create a precautionary measure brochure about volcanic hazards
• cite practical ways on what to do before, during and after volcanic
eruption
 Volcanic Hazards

• Hazard – It is a condition or physical situation with a

potential for an undesirable consequence.

• Volcanic Hazard – It is referred to as any potentially

harmful volcanic process that endangers people's lives,
their means of livelihood, and different infrastructure.
 Volcanic Hazards

Lava Flow
• Lava flows are flows of magma
extruded onto the surface of a
volcano. Lava may destroy buildings
and infrastructure, but it moves
relatively slowly so is rarely a direct
threat to people.
 Volcanic Hazards
Tephra and Ash Fall
• ‘Tephra’ is used as the catch-all term to
describe all erupted clasts regardless of
size, while the term ‘ash’ describes
particles of less than 2 mm in size.

• The spread of tephra and ash has serious

economic effects because the tiny ash
particles can ruin machinery,
contaminate water, damage power
supplies, cause severe damage to
agricultural sites, and endanger aviation.
 Volcanic Hazards
Volcanic Gases
• Various gases can be emitted by active
volcanoes before, during or after an
eruptive event and can cause various
health hazards locally, but also have the
potential to affect the climate globally.

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2) can irritate the skin,

eyes, and respiratory system. Carbon
dioxide (CO2) is denser than air, and large
releases of CO2 can be lethal if
breathable air is displaced.
 Volcanic Hazards
Pyroclastic Flow
• It is a turbulent mass of ejected
fragmented volcanic materials (ash, rocks,
and pumice) mixed with hot gases that
flow downslope at a very high speed.

• Serious injuries and deaths are often

associated with pyroclastic flows due to
their high speeds and destructive effects.
 Volcanic Hazards
Lahar
• It is a hot or cold mixture of water
and rock fragments that flows down
the slopes of a volcano and typically
enters a river valley.

• Lahar have the potential to impact

residential buildings and critical
infrastructure as well as to disrupt
critical services, especially in the
absence of hazard-based land-use
planning.