Salahaddin University-Erbil

College of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

Network Analysis II

Chapter Two

Non-Sinusoidal Waves

By: Azad N. Abdulla

1
 Chapter Two
Non-Sinusoidal Waves
2.1 Introduction
Harmonics are unwanted higher frequencies which superimposed on the fundamental
waveform creating a distorted wave pattern.

Example 2.1:A complex voltage wave is given by: v=200 sin100πt +80 sin300πt+40
sin500πt volts Determine (a) which harmonics are present, (b) the r.m.s. value of the
fundamental, (c) the frequency of the fundamental, (d) the periodic time of the
fundamental, (e) the frequencies of the harmonics, (f) the percentage third harmonic and
(g) the percentage fifth harmonic.

Solution:

a) Looking at v=200 sin100πt +80 sin300πt+40 sin500πt volts. We know Ꞷ = 100𝜋

hence, we can say the following harmonics are present:
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝝅 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝝅
Third Harmonic: 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅 = 𝟑 & Fifth Harmonic: 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅 = 𝟓

b) The fundamental voltage = 200𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚

𝑉 200
The r.m.s. value of the fundamental voltage = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑚 = = 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝟏 𝑽
√2 √2

ꞷ 100𝜋
c) ꞷ = 2𝜋𝑓1 ⟶ 𝒇𝟏 = 2𝜋 = = 𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒛
2𝜋

1 1
d) 𝑻 = 𝑓 = 50 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄
1

e) 𝒇𝟑 = 3𝑓1 = 3 × 50 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒛 & 𝒇𝟓 = 5𝑓1 = 5 × 50 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒛

200 100⁄ 200 100

100
f) Percentage of third harmonic: 80
= 𝑃3⁄ ⟶ 80
= 𝑃3
⟶ 200𝑃3 = 80 × 100
100
80
𝑷𝟑 = 200 × 100 = 𝟒𝟎%

40
g) Percentage of fifth harmonic: 𝑷𝟓 = 200 × 100 = 𝟐𝟎%

2
2.2 Source of Harmonics
➢ Harmonics may be produced in the output waveform of an AC generator.
➢ Rectifier is a device for converting an alternating current into a unidirectional or
approximate direct current.
➢ Transistor is non-linear device in that sinusoidal input results in different positive
and negative half-cycle amplifications.
➢ Ferromagnetic-cored coils are a source of harmonic generation in AC circuits.
➢ The amount of power delivered to a load can be controlled using a thyristor,
which is a semiconductor device.
➢ In microelectronic systems rectangular waveforms are common.

2.3 Harmonic Synthesis

3
4
2.4 r.m.s. value & Power of Complex Waves

5
Example 2.2: A complex voltage waveform which has an r.m.s. value of 240 V contains
30% third harmonic and 10% fifth harmonic, both of the harmonics being initially in
phase with each other. (a) Determine the r.m.s. value of the fundamental and each
harmonic. (b) Write down an expression to represent the complex voltage waveform if
the frequency of the fundamental is 31.83 Hz.

Solution:
(𝑉1𝑚 )2 +(𝑉3𝑚 )2 +(𝑉5𝑚 )2
a) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √
2
(𝑉1𝑚 )2 +(0.3𝑉1𝑚 )2 +(0.1𝑉1𝑚 )2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √
2
(𝑉1𝑚 )2 +(0.3𝑉1𝑚 )2 +(0.1𝑉1𝑚 )2
(𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 )2 =
2
2(𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 )2 = (𝑉1𝑚 )2 + (0.3𝑉1𝑚 )2 + (0.1𝑉1𝑚 )2
2(𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 )2 = (𝑉1𝑚 )2 + 0.09(𝑉1𝑚 )2 + 0.01(𝑉1𝑚 )2
2(𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 )2 = (𝑉1𝑚 )2 (1 + 0.09 + 0.01)
2(𝑉 )2
(𝑉1𝑚 )2 = 𝑟𝑚𝑠
(1+0.09+0.01)
2(𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠 )2 2(240)2
𝑉1𝑚 = √(1+0.09+0.01) = √(1+0.09+0.01) = 323.62 𝑉

𝑉1𝑚 323.62
𝑽𝟏𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝟑 𝑽
√2 √2
𝑉3𝑚 0.3𝑉1𝑚 0.3×323.62
𝑽𝟑𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = = = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟔𝟓 𝑽
√2 √2 √2
𝑉5𝑚 0.1𝑉1𝑚 0.1×323.62
𝑽𝟓𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖 𝑽
√2 √2 √2

6
 b)
ꞷ = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2𝜋(31.83) = 200𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑉1𝑚 = 323.62 𝑉
3ꞷ = 3 × 2𝜋(31.83) = 600𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑉3𝑚 = 0.3𝑉1𝑚 = 0.3(323.62) = 97.09 𝑉
5ꞷ = 5 × 2𝜋(31.83) = 1000𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑉5𝑚 = 0.1𝑉1𝑚 = 0.1(323.62) = 32.36 𝑉

𝑣 = 𝑉1𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(ꞷ𝑡 + 𝜃) + 𝑉3𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3ꞷ𝑡 + 𝜃) + 𝑉5𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5ꞷ𝑡 + 𝜃) 𝑉

𝒗 = 𝟑𝟐𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒕) + 𝟗𝟕. 𝟎𝟗𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒕) + 𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕) 𝑽

Example 2.3:
𝝅 𝝅
A complex voltage 𝒗 given by 𝒗 = 𝟔𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏ꞷ𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟑ꞷ𝒕 + ) + 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟓ꞷ𝒕 − ) 𝑽
𝟒 𝟐
Is applied to a circuit and the resulting current 𝒊 is given by:
𝝅 𝝅 𝟖𝝅
𝒊 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 (ꞷ𝒕 − ) + 𝟎. 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟑ꞷ𝒕 − ) + 𝟎. 𝟏𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟓ꞷ𝒕 − ) 𝑨, determine:
𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟗
a) The total active power supplied to the circuit.
b) The overall power factor.

Solution:

a) To determine the total active power supplied to the circuit. We use the rms values
of currents and voltages. Peak(Maximum) values are not used because they don’t
represent the total active power supplied to the circuit.

𝑃 = 𝑉1𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼1𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф1 + 𝑉3𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼3𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф3 + 𝑉5𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼5𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф5

60 2 𝜋 15 0.3 𝜋 𝜋 10 0.1 𝜋 8𝜋
𝑃= × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0 − (− )) + × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − (− )) + × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− − (− ))
√2 √2 6 √2 √2 4 12 √2 √2 2 9

𝜋 𝜋 1 7𝜋
𝑷 = 60𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 2.25𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟐𝟔 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕
6 3 2 18

b) 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф

𝑃 53.26
𝒄𝒐𝒔Ф = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 602 + 152 + 102 √22 + 0.32 + 0.12
(√ )( )
2 2

7
2.5 Harmonics in Circuits

8
Example 2.4: A complex voltage waveform represented by
𝝅 𝝅
𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏ꞷ𝒕 + 𝟑𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟑ꞷ𝒕 + ) + 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟓ꞷ𝒕 − ) 𝑽
𝟑 𝟔
is applied across (a) a pure 40Ω resistance, (b) a pure 7.96mH inductance and (c) a pure
25μF capacitor. Determine for each case an expression for the current flowing if the
fundamental frequency is 1 kHz.

Solution: ꞷ = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2𝜋(1000) = 2000𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

a) Current flowing through the pure 40Ω resistance:

𝑣 𝑣 𝜋 𝑣 𝜋
𝑖𝑅 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ꞷ𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3ꞷ𝑡 + ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5ꞷ𝑡 − ) 𝐴
𝑅 𝑅 3 𝑅 6
100 30 𝜋 10 𝜋
𝑖𝑅 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2000𝜋𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 × 2000𝜋𝑡 + ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5 × 2000𝜋 − ) 𝐴
40 40 3 40 6
𝜋 𝜋
𝑖𝑅 = 2.5𝑠𝑖𝑛2000𝜋𝑡 + 0.75𝑠𝑖𝑛 (6000𝜋𝑡 + ) + 0.25𝑠𝑖𝑛 (10000𝜋 − ) 𝐴
3 6

b) Current flowing through the pure 7.96mH inductance:

𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 𝑗ꞷ𝐿 = 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 𝑗2𝜋(1000) × 7.96 × 10−3 = 𝑗50 Ω
𝑗3𝑋𝐿 = 𝑗3ꞷ𝐿 = 𝑗3 × 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 𝑗3 × 2𝜋(1000) × 7.96 × 10−3 = 𝑗3 × 50 Ω
𝑗5𝑋𝐿 = 𝑗5ꞷ𝐿 = 𝑗5 × 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 𝑗5 × 2𝜋(1000) × 7.96 × 10−3 = 𝑗5 × 50 Ω

𝑣 𝑣 𝜋 𝑣 𝜋
𝑖𝐿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ꞷ𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3ꞷ𝑡 + ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5ꞷ𝑡 − ) 𝐴
𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝑗3𝑋𝐿 3 𝑗5𝑋𝐿 6
100 30 𝜋 10 𝜋
𝑖𝐿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2000𝜋𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 × 2000𝜋𝑡 + ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5 × 2000𝜋 − ) 𝐴
𝑗(50) 𝑗3(50) 3 𝑗5(50) 6
−𝑗1 𝜋 −𝑗2 𝜋
𝑖𝐿 = −𝑗2𝑠𝑖𝑛2000𝜋𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 × 2000𝜋𝑡 + ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5 × 2000𝜋 − ) 𝐴
5 3 50 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑖𝐿 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2000𝜋𝑡 − ) + 0.2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 × 2000𝜋𝑡 + − ) + 0.04𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5 × 2000𝜋 − − ) 𝐴
2 3 2 6 2
𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝒊𝑳 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 − ) + 𝟎. 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 − ) + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝝅 − )𝑨
𝟐 𝟔 𝟑

c) Current flowing through the pure 25μF capacitor:

1 1 1 1 20
𝑗𝑋𝑐 = 𝑗ꞷ𝑐 = −𝑗 ꞷ𝑐 = −𝑗 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 = −𝑗 2𝜋(1000)×25×10−6 = −𝑗 𝜋 Ω
1 1 1 1 20
𝑗3𝑋𝑐 = 𝑗3ꞷ𝑐 = −𝑗 3ꞷ𝑐 = −𝑗 3×2𝜋𝑓𝑐 = −𝑗 3×2𝜋(1000)×25×10−6 = −𝑗 3𝜋 Ω
1 1 1 1 20
𝑗5𝑋𝑐 = 𝑗5ꞷ𝑐 = −𝑗 5ꞷ𝑐 = −𝑗 5×2𝜋𝑓𝑐 = −𝑗 5×2𝜋(1000)×25×10−6 = −𝑗 5𝜋 Ω

𝑣 𝑣 𝜋 𝑣 𝜋
𝑖𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ꞷ𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3ꞷ𝑡 + ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5ꞷ𝑡 − ) 𝐴
𝑗𝑋𝑐 𝑗3𝑋𝑐 3 𝑗5𝑋𝑐 6
100 30 𝜋 10 𝜋
𝑖𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2000𝜋𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 × 2000𝜋𝑡 + ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5 × 2000𝜋 − ) 𝐴
20 20 3 20 6
−𝑗 ( 𝜋 ) −𝑗 (3𝜋) −𝑗 ( )
5𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝑖𝑐 = 𝑗5𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛2000𝜋𝑡 + 𝑗4.5𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 × 2000𝜋𝑡 + ) + 𝑗2.5𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5 × 2000𝜋 − ) 𝐴
3 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑖𝑐 = 5𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2000𝜋𝑡 + ) + 4.5𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 × 2000𝜋𝑡 + + ) + 2.5𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5 × 2000𝜋 − + ) 𝐴
2 3 2 6 2
𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝝅
𝒊𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟏𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 + ) + 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 + ) + 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝝅 + ) 𝑨
𝟐 𝟔 𝟑

9
Example 2.5: A supply voltage v given by v = (240 sin314t +40 sin942t +30 sin1570t)
volts is applied to a circuit comprising a resistance of 12Ω connected in series with a coil
of inductance 9.55 mH. Determine (a) an expression to represent the instantaneous value
of the current, (b) the r.m.s. voltage, (c) the r.m.s. current, (d) the power dissipated and
(e) the overall power factor.

Solution:
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 𝑅 + 𝑗ꞷ𝐿 = 12 + 𝑗(314) × 9.55 × 10−3 = 12 + 𝑗3 = 12.37∠14.04˚ Ω
3𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗3𝑋𝐿 = 𝑅 + 𝑗3ꞷ𝐿 = 12 + 𝑗3(314) × 9.55 × 10−3 = 12 + 𝑗9 = 15∠36.87˚ Ω
5𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗5𝑋𝐿 = 𝑅 + 𝑗5ꞷ𝐿 = 12 + 𝑗5(314) × 9.55 × 10−3 = 12 + 𝑗15 = 19.21∠51.34˚ Ω

240 40 30
a) 𝑖 = sin314𝑡 + 3𝑍 sin942𝑡 + 5𝑍 sin1570𝑡 𝐴
𝑍

240 40 30
𝑖 = 12.37∠14.04˚ sin314𝑡 + 15∠36.87˚ sin942𝑡 + 19.21∠51.34˚ sin1570𝑡 𝐴

𝑖 = 19.4∠ − 14.04˚ sin314𝑡 + 2.67∠ − 36.87˚ sin942𝑡 + 1.56∠ − 51.34˚sin1570𝑡 𝐴

𝒊 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟏𝟒𝒕 − 𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟒˚) + 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟒𝟐𝒕 − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟕˚) + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟎𝒕 − 𝟓𝟏. 𝟑𝟒˚) 𝑨

(𝑉1𝑚 )2 +(𝑉3𝑚 )2 +(𝑉5𝑚 )2 (240)2 +(40)2 +(30)2

b) 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 = √ =√ = 𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟑𝟓 𝑽
2 2

(𝐼1𝑚 )2 +(𝐼3𝑚 )2 +(𝐼5𝑚 )2 (19.4)2 +(2.67)2 +(1.56)2

c) 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = √ =√ = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟗 𝑨
2 2

d) 𝑷 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅 = (13.89)2 × 12 = 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟑𝟓 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕

𝑃 2315.535
e) 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф ⟶ 𝒄𝒐𝒔Ф = 𝑉 = 173.35×13.89 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔
𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠

10
Example 2.6: The voltage applied to a particular circuit comprising two components
connected in series is given by v = (30+40 sin𝟏𝟎𝟑 t +25sin2×𝟏𝟎𝟑 t +15sin 4×𝟏𝟎𝟑 t) volts
and the resulting current is given by
i = 0.743sin (𝟏𝟎𝟑 t +1.190) +0.781sin (2×𝟏𝟎𝟑 t +0.896) +0.636sin (4×𝟏𝟎𝟑 t +0.559) A
Determine (a) the average power supplied, (b) the type of components present, and (c) the
values of the components.
2𝜋 360 180(𝑟𝑎𝑑)
Solution: To convert radians into degrees: 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑔 ⟶ 𝑑𝑒𝑔 = 𝜋

a) 𝑃 = 0 + 𝑉1𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼1𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф1 + 𝑉2𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼2𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф2 + 𝑉4𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼4𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф4 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
40 0.743 25 0.781 15 0.636
𝑃= × 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0 − 1.190) + × 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0 − 0.896) + × 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0 − 0.559) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2

𝑃 = 14.86𝑐𝑜𝑠(−1.190) + 9.7625𝑐𝑜𝑠(−0.896) + 4.77𝑐𝑜𝑠(−0.559) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝑃 = 14.86𝑐𝑜𝑠(−1.190) + 9.7625𝑐𝑜𝑠(−0.896) + 4.77𝑐𝑜𝑠(−0.559) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝑷 = 14.86𝑐𝑜𝑠(−68.2˚) + 9.7625𝑐𝑜𝑠(−51.3˚) + 4.77𝑐𝑜𝑠(−32˚) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕

b) The elements present are resistor and capacitor.

𝑃 𝑃 15.7
c) 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅 ⟶ 𝑹 = 𝐼 2 = (𝐼 )2 +(𝐼2𝑚 )2 +(𝐼4𝑚 )2
= (0.743)2 +(0.781)2 +(0.636)2
= 𝟐𝟎 Ω
𝑟𝑚𝑠 ( 1𝑚 ) ( )
2 2

𝑍1 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑐 2 ⟶ (𝑍1 )2 = 𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑐 2 ⟶ 𝑋𝑐 2 = (𝑍1 )2 − 𝑅 2 ⟶ 𝑋𝑐 = √(𝑍1 )2 − 𝑅 2

𝑉 2 40 2
𝑿𝒄 = √( 𝐼1𝑚 ) − 𝑅 2 = √(0.743) − 202 = 𝟓𝟎 Ω
1𝑚
1 1 1
𝑋𝑐 = ⟶𝑪= = 3 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑭
ꞷ𝑐 ꞷ𝑋𝑐 10 (50)

11
Example 2.7: In the circuit shown in figure below, the supply voltage is given by
v = 300 sin314t+ 120 sin(942t +0.698) volts. Determine (a) an expression for the supply
current, i, (b) the percentage harmonic content of the supply current, (c) the total power
dissipated, (d) an expression for the p.d. shown as v1 and (e) an expression for current ic.

Solution:
Elements
1 1
𝑗𝑋𝑐1 = 𝑗ꞷ𝑐 = −𝑗 314×2.123×10−6 = −𝑗1500.1 Ω
1 1
𝑗𝑋𝑐3 = 𝑗3ꞷ𝑐 = −𝑗 3×314×2.123×10−6 = −𝑗500.03 Ω
2000(−𝑗1500.1) 3000200∠−90˚
𝑍1 = 560 + 2000‖ − 𝑗1500.1 = 560 + 2000+(−𝑗1500.1) = 560 + 2500.06∠−36.87˚
𝑍1 = 560 + 1200.05∠ − 53.13˚ = 560 + 720.03 − 𝑗960.04 = 1280.03 − 𝑗960.04
𝑍1 = 1600.05∠ − 36.87˚Ω = 1600.05∠ − 0.644 Ω
2000(−𝑗500.03) 1000060∠−90˚
𝑍2 = 560 + 2000‖ − 𝑗500.03 = 560 + 2000+(−𝑗500.03) = 560 + 2061.56∠−14.04˚
𝑍2 = 560 + 485.1∠ − 75.96˚ = 560 + 117.68 − 𝑗470.61 = 677.68 − 𝑗470.61
𝑍2 = 825.1∠ − 34.8˚Ω = 825.1∠ − 0.607 Ω
300 120
a) 𝑖 = 1600.05∠−0.644 𝑠𝑖𝑛314𝑡 + 825.1∠−0.607 𝑠𝑖𝑛(942𝑡 + 0.698) 𝐴
300 120
𝑖= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(314𝑡 + 0.644) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(942𝑡 + 0.698 + 0.607) 𝐴
1600.05 825.1
𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟏𝟒𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟒) + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟒𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟓) 𝑨
0.187 100 0.145
b) Percentage harmonic: 0.145 = ⟶ 𝑥 = 0.187 × 100 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟒%
𝑥

300 0.187 120 0.145

c) 𝑷 = × 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0 − 0.644) + × 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0.698 − 1.305) = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝟖 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕
√2 √2 √2 √2

d) 𝑉1 = 560[0.187𝑠𝑖𝑛(314𝑡 + 0.644) + 0.145𝑠𝑖𝑛(942𝑡 + 1.305)] 𝑉

𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟕𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟏𝟒𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟒) + 𝟖𝟏. 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟒𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟓) 𝑽

𝑅 𝑅
e) 𝑖𝑐 = 𝑖1 (𝑅+𝑗𝑋 ) + 𝑖3 (𝑅+𝑗𝑋 ) 𝐴
𝑐1 𝑐3
2000 2000
𝑖𝑐 = 0.187𝑠𝑖𝑛(314𝑡 + 0.644) (2000−𝑗1500.1) + 0.145𝑠𝑖𝑛(942𝑡 + 1.305) (2000−𝑗500.03) 𝐴
2000 2000
𝑖𝑐 = 0.187𝑠𝑖𝑛(314𝑡 + 0.644) (2500.06∠−36.87˚) + 0.145𝑠𝑖𝑛(942𝑡 + 1.305) (2061.56∠−14.04˚) 𝐴
𝑖𝑐 = 0.15𝑠𝑖𝑛(314𝑡 + 0.644 + 0.644) + 0.14𝑠𝑖𝑛(942𝑡 + 1.305 + 0.245) 𝐴
𝒊𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟏𝟒𝒕 + 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖𝟖) + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟒𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓) 𝑨

12
2.6 Resonance due to Harmonics
➢ In industrial circuits at power frequencies the typical values of L and C involved
make resonance at the fundamental frequency very unlikely. However, if the
voltage waveform is not a pure sine wave it is quite possible for the resonant
frequency to be near the frequency of one of the harmonics.
➢ In this case the magnitude of the particular harmonic in the current waveform is
greatly increased and may even exceed that of the fundamental. The effect of this
is a great distortion of the resultant current waveform so that dangerous volt drops
may occur across the inductance and capacitance in the circuit.
➢ When a circuit resonates at one of the harmonic frequencies of the supply voltage,
the effect is called selective or harmonic resonance.
➢ For resonance with the fundamental, the condition is ωL = 1/(ωC)
➢ For resonance with the third harmonic, the condition is 3ωL = 1/(3ωC)
➢ For resonance at the nth harmonic, the condition is nωL = 1/(nωC)

Example 2.8: A voltage waveform having a fundamental of maximum value 400 V and a
third harmonic of maximum value 10 V is applied to the circuit shown in figure below.
Determine (a) the fundamental frequency for resonance with the third harmonic, and (b)
the maximum value of the fundamental and third harmonic components of current.

Solution:
1 1 1 1
a) 3𝑋𝐿 = 3𝑋𝐶 ⟶ 3ꞷ𝐿 = 3ꞷ𝑐 ⟶ ꞷ2 = 9𝐿𝐶 ⟶ ꞷ = 3√𝐿𝐶 =
3√0.5×0.2×10−6
𝒓𝒂𝒅 ꞷ 1054.1
ꞷ = 1054.1 , 𝒇= = = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟕𝟔 𝑯𝒛
𝒔 2𝜋 2𝜋
1
b) 𝑍1 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 − 𝑗𝑋𝑐 = 𝑅 + 𝑗 (ꞷ𝐿 − ꞷ𝑐)
1
𝑍1 = 2 + 𝑗 (1054.1 × 0.5 − ) = 2 − 𝑗4216.3
1054.1 × 0.2 × 10−6
𝑍1 = 4216.3∠ − 1.57˚ Ω
𝑍3 = 𝑅 = 2 Ω

𝑉1 400
𝑰𝟏𝒎 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓∠𝟏. 𝟓𝟕˚ 𝑨
𝑍1 4216.3∠ − 1.57˚
𝑉3 10
𝑰𝟑𝒎 = = =𝟓𝑨
𝑍3 2

13
Example 2.9: A voltage wave has an amplitude of 800 V at the fundamental frequency of
50 Hz and its nth harmonic has amplitude 1.5% of the fundamental. The voltage is
applied to a series circuit containing resistance 5Ω, inductance 0.369 H and capacitance
0.122μF. Resonance occurs at the nth harmonic. Determine (a) the value of n, (b) the
maximum value of current at the nth harmonic, (c) the p.d. across the capacitor at the nth
harmonic and (d) the maximum value of the fundamental current.

Solution:
1 1 1
a) 𝑛𝑋𝐿 = 𝑛𝑋𝐶 ⟶ 𝑛ꞷ𝐿 = ⟶ 𝑛2 = = 𝑛 = √(2𝜋𝑓)2
𝑛ꞷ𝑐 ꞷ2 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶
1
𝒏 = √(2𝜋×50)2 = 𝟏𝟓
×0.369×0.122×10−6

800 100 800

b) = ⟶ 𝑉15𝑚 = × 1.5 = 12 𝑉
𝑉15𝑚 1.5 100
12
𝑖15𝑚 = = 2.4 𝐴
5
1 1
c) 𝑽𝟏𝟓𝒄 = 𝑖15𝑚 × 𝑋15𝑐 = 𝑖15𝑚 × = 2.4 × = 𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝑽
𝑛ꞷ𝑐 15×100𝜋×0.122×10−6

1
d) 𝑍1 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 − 𝑗𝑋𝑐 = 𝑅 + 𝑗 (ꞷ𝐿 − )
ꞷ𝑐
1
𝑍1 = 5 + 𝑗 (100𝜋 × 0.369 − )
100𝜋 × 0.122 × 10−6
𝑍1 = 5 − 𝑗25975.05 = 25975.05∠ − 1.57˚ Ω
𝑉1𝑚 800
𝒊𝟏𝒎 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏∠𝟏. 𝟓𝟕˚ 𝑨
𝑍1 25975.05∠ − 1.57˚Ω

14