DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

HOSTING COMPANY:-FE CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE

TITLE:-FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT
TYPES OF PROJECT:-COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA B+G+4

ADVISOR:- MSc. TESFA.

name id no year section

abebe manaye wu001130 4th year second semiester b

NEKEMT, ETHIOPIA

MAY, 4/2013E.C
 ABEBE MANAYE INTERN REPORT MAY, 2013E.C

DECLARATION
I declared that the following report paper of the internship period is my original work and has
not been presented earlier, after the completion of this period and that all sources of the material
used for report has been dully acknowledge from my company. It is well known that Wollega
University institute of technology wants to established sustainable network with private and
public sectors used to create better linkage between the industries and university. Due to this, all
4th year students of civil engineering and technology, starting from January 3/2013 to April
20/2013E.C were in practical work.
Thus, I want to certify that I have satisfactory completed my internship program. I am also
worked hard during internship period & I showed good performance and ethics towards my work
and assignment. (Amanuel.A, 2019E.C)

NAME SIGNATURE DATE

ABEBE MANAYE __________ __________

PLACE: WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY
DATE OF SUBMISSION: __________ __________

ADVISOR NAME:-
MSC. TESFA
SIGNATURE: __________ __________

EXAMINER
__________ __________
__________ __________
__________ __________
__________ __________
__________ __________

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report discusses our four month stay at FE construction enterprise.
The first part is about the general history; overall buildings, roads and build by the company
and work flow of my hosting company FE construction enterprise.
The second section talks about the overall internship experience, staring from how I have the
opportunity to intern at the company and going on to the main tasks I performed in an office; the
things that I observed on site; the challenges that I have faced throughout the experience and the
measures that I took to overcome these challenges.
The third section focuses on the benefits of this internship. The benefits that I gathered are
discussed on the paper as both theoretical and practically benefits and work ethics related
benefits.
The fourth and the last part is the recommendation that I have to the hosting company and
my conclusion. (Amanuel.A, 2019E.C)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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 ABEBE MANAYE INTERN REPORT MAY, 2013E.C

First of all I want to thank my GOD for helping me in preparing this report and in general for
the knowledge and strength GOD offered me in my life time. Also I would like to express my
heartfelt thanks and gratitude to Wollega University College of engineering and technology
Department of civil engineering and technology for linking me with such resourceful company to
upgrade my theoretical knowledge with practical skill and also my adviser MSc. Tesfa Next my
deepest great attitude goes to Engineer who is the manager of the site Zerisenay devote his time
to make me as much possible professional and I would like to thank all engineers and also the
workers of the project who helped me during the whole internship time. (Amanuel.A, 2019E.C)

UNIT CONVERSION

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 ABEBE MANAYE INTERN REPORT MAY, 2013E.C

LENGTH WIGHT LIQUID PRESSURE

1MM = 0.1CM 1G = 0.001KG 1M3 = 1000L 1KPA = 1KN/M2
1MM = 0.001M 1KG = 1000G 1L =0.001M3 1KN/M2 =
1000N/M2
1CM = 10MM
1CM = 0.01M
1M = 1000CM
1M = 100CM

ABBREVIATION
C.B.E………………..…………………………………….….Commercial Bank of Ethiopia
W.U…………………………………………………….……………..…Wollega University

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F.E………………………………………………………………………..Ftsum and Ermias

Hr………………………………………………………………………………………..hour
W.C……….….…………..……………………………………………...Water cement ratio
E.B.CS………..…………….……………………Ethiopia Building Construction Standard
E.C………......………………………………………………………….Ethiopian Calendar
P.L.C…….….…………….……………………………………..Private Limited Company
MSc….….….………….…………………………………………….Master Second degree
MM……..….…….………………………………………………….……….…...Millimeter
CM …….......….…………………………………………………………………Centimeter
M…….…..…….……………………………………………………………………...Meter
KG….…...……..………………………………………………………….………Kilogram
G….…….……..………………………………………………………………………Gram
L……..…....….…..……………………………………………………………..….….Liter
KN……....…..……………………………………………………….……….Kilo Newton
3D……………………………………………………………..Three dimensional drawing

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure1-1. Satellite location of FE construction PLC…………………………………….……….2
Figure1-2 Company flow chart………………………………………………………….………..3

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Figure1.1 project site set up

Figure2.1 Portland cement...............................................................................................................7
Figure2. 2 Fine aggregate................................................................................................................8
Figure2. 3 Course aggregate............................................................................................................8
Figure2. 4 volume gauge box..........................................................................................................9
Figure2. 5 Concrete mixer.............................................................................................................10
Figure2.6 Transportation of concrete............................................................................................11
Figure2.7 Compaction of concrete...............................................................................................12
Figure2.8 Show how spacer are prepare and placed......................................................................14
Figure2. 9 Bending plate and BEGA.............................................................................................15
Figure2. 10 Stirrup.........................................................................................................................15
Figure2. 11 positive bar.................................................................................................................16
Figure2. 12 Negative Bar...............................................................................................................17
Figure2. 13 Lap length...................................................................................................................17
Figure2. 14 Electrical installations................................................................................................18
Figure2. 15 Column form work and casting concrete...................................................................20
Figure2. 16 Stair case form work and casting concrete................................................................21
Figure2. 17 Shear wall form work and casting concrete..............................................................21
Figure2. 18 beam form work and casting.....................................................................................22
Figure2.19 slab form work and concrete casting..........................................................................23
Figure2. 20 solid slab reinforcement arrangement.......................................................................23
Figure2.21 Panel (Soffit form work)............................................................................................23
Figure2.22 Vibrator.......................................................................................................................25
FigureB-3 3D stair detail……………………………………………………………………..…..38
FigureB-4 Detail parts of stair……………………………………………………………..……..38

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Detail about my internship project..................................................................................2

Table2-1 The time of form work removal.....................................................................................24

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TableA-1 Slab related site word name...........................................................................................35

TableA-2 Beam related site word name........................................................................................35

Table A-3 Column related site word name....................................................................................36

Table A-4 Stair related site word name.........................................................................................36

Table A-5 Other related site word name........................................................................................37

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................III

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UNIT CONVERSION...................................................................................................................IV
ABBREVIATION..........................................................................................................................V
LIST OF FIGURE.........................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................VIII
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND HISTORY OF F.E CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE...................1
1.1.1 BRIEF HISTORY COMPANY.................................................................................1
1.2 DETAIL ABOUT MY INTERNSHIP PROJECT............................................................2
1.3 LOCATION FE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY............................................................2
1.4 ORGANIZATIONS AND WORK FLOW OF THE COMPANY...................................3
1.5 WORK FLOW OF MY INTERN SITE...........................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................5
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE................................................................................5
2.1 HOW TO GOT IN TO THE COMPANY.....................................................................5
2.1.1 Location of the site....................................................................................................5
2.2 STRUCTURE WORK TASKS.....................................................................................5
2.2.1 Supper structure.........................................................................................................5
2.3 CONCRETE WORK.....................................................................................................5
2.3.1 Lean concrete.............................................................................................................6
2.3.2 Reinforced concrete...................................................................................................6
2.3.3 Components of concrete............................................................................................7
2.4 BATCHING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS..............................................................9
2.5 MIXING OF CONCRETE............................................................................................9
2.5.1 Mixing time.............................................................................................................10
2.6 TRANSPORTING OF CONCRETE..........................................................................10
2.7 PLACING AND FINISHING CONCRETE...............................................................11
2.8 COMPACTION OF CONCRETE..............................................................................11
2.9 CURING OF CONCRETE.........................................................................................12

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2.10 SPACER......................................................................................................................13
2.11 REINFORCEMENT BAR..........................................................................................14
2.12 STIRRUPS (STAFFA):-.............................................................................................15
2.12.1 The uses of stirrup are:-.......................................................................................16
2.13 LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:-..................................................................16
2.13.1 Positive bars.........................................................................................................16
2.13.2 Negative bars........................................................................................................16
2.14 LAP LENGTH............................................................................................................17
2.15 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION..............................................................................17
2.16 FORM WORK............................................................................................................18
2.16.1 Requirements of good formwork.........................................................................18
2.16.2 Material for formwork.........................................................................................19
2.16.3 Column form work and casting concrete.............................................................19
2.16.4 Stair case form work and casting concrete...........................................................20
2.16.5 Shear wall form work and casting concrete.........................................................21
2.16.6 Beam form work and casting concrete.................................................................21
2.16.7 Slab form works and casting concrete.................................................................22
2.17 Removal of formwork and false work ........................................................................23
2.18 METHODOLOGY USED TO PERFORM THE PROJECT WORKS......................24
2.18.1 The tools, machines and equipment.....................................................................24
2.18.1.1 Machineries......................................................................................................24
2.18.1.2 Equipment........................................................................................................25
2.19 CHALLENGES FACED ME DURING INTERN PERIOD......................................25
2.20 MEASURE OF THE CHALLENGES........................................................................25
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................26
OVER ALL BENEFITIS I GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM..................26
3 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................26
3.1 INTERNS OF IMPROVING MY PRACTICAL SKILLS.........................................26
3.2 IN TERMS OF UPGRADING MY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE.....................26
3.3 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS..................................................27
3.4 TEAM PLAYING SKILLS ACQUIRED...................................................................27

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3.5 LEADERSHIP SKILLS ACQUIRED........................................................................28

3.6 WORK ETHICS AND RELATED ISSUES...............................................................29
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................................30
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION.............................................................................30
4.1 RECOMMENDATION...............................................................................................30
4.1.1 Recommendation to the company...........................................................................30
4.1.1.1 Health & safety regulations..............................................................................30
4.1.1.2 Efficient material utilization (wastage problem)..............................................30
4.1.1.3 During concrete batching.................................................................................31
4.1.1.4 Protection of material.......................................................................................31
4.1.2 Recommendation to university................................................................................31
REFERANCE................................................................................................................................33
GLOSSARY..................................................................................................................................34
APPENDEX A...............................................................................................................................35
NEW WORDS FROM THE SITE................................................................................................35
B.1. DEFINITIONS OF TERMINOLOGIES OF STAIR:........................................................38
B.2. REQUIREMENTS OF STAIRS IN BUILDING...............................................................39
B.3. COLUMNSREQUIREMENTS..........................................................................................40
B.4 SLABS REQUIRMENT.....................................................................................................40

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 CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND HISTORY OF F.E CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE
1.1.1 BRIEF HISTORY COMPANY
FE Construction PLC was established as a grade I construction firm in 1998 EC; it has grown
to be a very competitive grade with building contractor with favorable prospects for a role of
excellence in the construction industry.
At this time FE Construction p.l.c participating in many governmental and private projects.
Some of the products of this company are:
1) Non Residential building
2) Hospital
3) University building
4) Airport
5) Highway

Mission
 Satisfying the infrastructural development needs of National Defense
 To become the first choice and source of growth company to its customer through
the delivery of construction and infrastructural development projects at best customer
satisfaction, at highest level of quality, cost effective and within reasonable time frame.
Vision
 To be the first choice construction company and infrastructural development
industry both in domestic and neighboring countries.

Objectives
 Corporate objectives
• Sustainable growth and profitability
• Modern internal system
 Business objectives
• Sustain competitive advantage by undertaking construction and infrastructural
projects in general and projects that are difficult for rivals in particular.
 Resource objectives
• Improving efficient and effective resource utilization
 Operational system objectives
 ABEBE MANAYE INTERN REPORT MAY, 2013E.C

• Improve the construction project management operating system.

• Strengthen the construction equipment management system.
• Improve the financial management operating system.
• Improve the human resource management operating system.
• Establish information communication system.

1.2 DETAIL ABOUT MY INTERNSHIP PROJECT

Table 1-0-1 Detail about my internship project

Client Commercial Bank of Ethiopia
Contractor FE construction plc.
consultant BIY BONE Engineering and Architectural consulting
Supervision Commercial Bank of Ethiopia
Project location Weldia
Project area 1890m2
Project cost 94,087,557.00

1.3 LOCATION FE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

F E CONSTRUCTION PLC is located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and is part of the Nonresidential
Building Construction Industry. Specific location OF FE CONSTRUCTION PLC is Gerji next to
Unity University, Bawa center first floor, p.o.box 100671 Addis Ababa Bole Ethiopia.

Figure1-5. Satellite location of FE construction PLC

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1.4 ORGANIZATIONS AND WORK FLOW OF THE COMPANY

The organizations of the company fulfills class I contractor rules. According to its
organization, it enjoys a remarkable reputation in the construction industry. Having started
with regular staff members, it has now been able to create job opportunity for many
permanent skilled personals and daily labors,
The general manager has chief power among different employment. He controls all
activities in the company and makes decision in consultant with management and technical
advisors. The deputy general manager works under the general manager

General Manager

Manager advisor Deputy General Technical advisor

Secretary Manager
Transport & Legal advisor
Procurement
Engineering Finance Administration
Contract mechanical Human
Department Budget &
Department Dispatch & Department
Local purchase Department
administration Department
Maintenance resource
Disbursement Monitoring General
section Section & General
Planning & Section Manager Service section
controlling Property
section insurance
Accounts
Projects follow section Project
up Transportation
& mechanical. section

Projects

Figure1-6 Company flow chart.

1.5 WORK FLOW OF MY INTERN SITE

Work is very important for the project management of any site project. A good project
management will maximize efficient resource utilization, development of effective
communication and mechanization for resolving conflicts among participants and proper
coordination and control the entire process. The organization set up of FE Construction
company is shown in the background of the company, but when it comes to the work flow
at site i.e. project management and administration it can be narrowed down to the
following chart.

Coordinator
Secretary

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Office Engineer Construction Supply &

Administration.
Engineers purchase head
Finance Sector.
Head

Chief Quantity Construction Purchasers &

Surveyor Surveyor Foremen Store Keepers Accountants
& cashers

Site Engineers

Carpentry& Steel Structure& Masonry & Electrical Sanitary

Joinery Work Rebar preparation Work finishing works installation installations
Leader Leader team leader work leader work lead

Figure1.2 project site work break down

CHAPTER TWO
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1 HOW TO GOT IN TO THE COMPANY
Directly I go to Weldia municipal for the purpose of how to get or guide were found a good
or continuous worked site. They are guided for CBE Weldia branch building. The contracture is
FE Construction Company and I am goes to site manager office and giving my request paper,
given from Wollega university college of Engineering and Technology. To guided his office by
site guard. Then the manager told me that, possible you can do, your enter on our company site
and he writes acceptance paper to W.U. After some Weak I am back to the site. Before I began
practice I am asks the supervisor of the site told us what I have done on the site during our
internship period and he told us the way how to communicate workers, and how can I improve
my practical knowledge in the given period.
2.1.1 Location of the site
The project company of my internship is located in:-
Country: …………………………………………………………………….. Ethiopia
City; ……………………………………………………………………….…. Weldia

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Particular name…………………………………………………………………. Piasa

Project (building) name; ………………………………………..…. ……Institutional
Access road: …………………………………………...…………. Near to main road
2.2 STRUCTURE WORK TASKS
The term structure is a building or other constructed object. The structure of the building can
be categorized sub and super structure.
2.2.1 Supper structure
Super structure is part of building above ground surface such as typical columns, typical
beams, typical slabs, stair, roof, and contain grade beam and ground floor slab because they are
above GL. etc
2.3 CONCRETE WORK
Concrete or plain concrete is a material obtained by cementing and mixing of its ingredients
such as aggregates i.e. fine aggregate and coarse aggregate by cementing material which
commonly known as cement. Plain concrete which is very strong in compression but it has little
tensile strength. It is a basic material to make reinforced concrete. The reinforcement by itself
also has strong tensile strength but a little compression strength. Making a combination of the
concrete and the reinforcing steel, the reinforced concrete which is strong enough in both tensile
and compressive strength can be obtained. Therefore, in most structural elements such as
column, beam, slab, stair case and for any other the reinforced concrete (RC) is usually used.
This is why during the application of the load any section of structural element is either in
tension or compression therefore the compression zone is resisted by the compression concrete
while the tension zone is resisted by the reinforcing steel adequately. Properties and
characteristics of concrete mostly depend up on the ingredients used, their relative quantity,
amount of water, and cement the manner in which the concrete work is executed.
(MSc.Gemtesa, 2011E.C)
 It is highly resistance to compression force.
 It is highly resistance to fire
 It is good insulator
 It is easily moulded into any shape
 It is water proof.
2.3.1 Lean concrete
Lean concrete is concrete of 5mm thick with class, C-5 with minimum cement content of
150kg/m3 of concrete. Approximately at ratio of1:4:6.
I have informed this kind of concrete used under;
 Footing
 Grade beam

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 Floor slab mesh

 Masonry foundation
Advantages of lean concrete
 It protects all sub-structure element from extra moisture
 It act like hard stratum
 It prevents the soil particles that are present under substructure from any relative
movement
2.3.2 Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete is composite material made of concrete and steel. Plain concrete
possesses high compressive strength, but little tensile strength which makes it week in bending,
shear, torsion. Reinforced concrete is more advantageous than lean concrete because of its high
strength in both tension and compression. In RC the steel provides the tensile strength and
concrete provides the compressive strength. The tensile stresses developed in the section are
transferred to reinforcing steel by bond between the interfaces of the two materials.
(MSc.Kasahun, 2011E.C)
Reinforcing steel and concrete may work readily due to the following reasons;
 Bond between the bars and surrounding concrete prevents slip of the bars relative
to the concrete.
 Proper concrete mixes provide adequate impermeability of concrete against bar
corrosion.
 Sufficiently similar rates of thermal expansion for the two material s introduce
negligible stresses between steel and concrete under temperature changes.
Advantages of reinforced concrete
 Its durable(does not deteriorate with time)
 Its moldable into any desired shape
 Its fire, weather, and corrosion resistant.
 Its monolithic
 It can be water tight if proper proportioning of mix
 Maintenance cost is nil.
2.3.3 Components of concrete
I. Cement
II. Sand
III. Aggregate
IV. Wate
I. Cement

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It is one of row material used to produce concrete. It forms a paste which hardens and binds
the aggregate to make hard and durable concrete.
 Stored in dry, wooden floor30cm above the ground.
 More than 3 months ordered after production cement should be checked.
 Its type and quantity must be listed on the design

Figure2.1 Portland cement.

II. Sand/ fine aggregate
The sand may be from river or pit and must be qualified and cleaned. It is preferred to be stiff
and densely crushed. Soil, mould, dust and organic materials in any form can affect the quality of
concrete easily

Figure2. 2 Fine aggregate

III. Course aggregate

 Crushed, basaltic stone or gravel of approved quantity. Hard, dense, durable, non
Porous, rock.
 Free from impurities, such as clay, soft thin elongated or laminated rock, and any
organic matters.
 The quality of the aggregate must satisfy the working list instruction written on
the design.
 Stored on cleared and hard surface to prevent contamination to soil.

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Figure2. 3 Course aggregate

IV. Water
The water used to prepare concrete mix should be free from oils, acids, alkaline and organic
matter by products and other that could reduce the strength of concrete like salt. If there is no
varied quality based on water, the site engineer report to the designer and investigates the water
property.
2.4 BATCHING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS
Batching is the process of measurement of cement coarse aggregate fine aggregate and water
for concrete making.
Cement is always measured by weight or in bags. One bag of cement weights 50kg as a
volume of 35 litters. (0.035m3). batching of fine and coarse aggregate is done by volume gauge
box. The box size was determined after mix designs were conducted for the specified cement
type, aggregate quality and work class. 1 (Minstry.of.works.and.urban.development, 1995)

Table2. 1The most common used box sizes

Box size(cm) Grade concrete (cylindrical test) Mix ratio(cement :sand :aggregate)
50*40*20 C-20 1:2:3
50*40*18 C-25 1:2:3
50*40*16 C-30 1:2:3

1
From EBCS2 1995 Minimum Cement Content max.w/c, max. aggregate size

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Garila
(Satn)
Figure2. 4 volume gauge box
2.5 MIXING OF CONCRETE
The process of mixing cement, water, fine aggregate & coarse aggregate in suitable
proportion is known as mixing of concrete. Before the process of mixing has been started,
prepare:-
 One bag of cement ,
 Two boxes of sand, and
 Three boxes of aggregate.
The mixture should ensure uniform color, consistency, and homogeneity of the concrete.
Segregation should not take place during process of mixing. Concrete produced by machine
mixing is more homogeneous. The mixer shall be cleaned and wet before use. The volume of
concrete in any batch shall not exceed the rated capacity of the mixer.
(Minstry.of.works.and.urban.development, 1995)

Mixer

Concrete

Figure2. 5 Concrete mixer

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2.5.1 Mixing time

It is important to know the minimum mixing time necessary to produce a concrete of uniform
composition, and of reliable strength. The mixing time or period should be measured from time
all the cementing materials and aggregates are in mixer drum till taking out the concrete.
Mixing time depends on the type and size of mixer, on the speed of rotation, and on the
quality of blending of ingredients during charging of the mixer. Generally, a mixing time of less
than 1 to 1.25 minutes produces appreciable non-uniformity in composition and a significant
lower strength; mixing beyond 2 minutes causes no significant improvement in this project.
(Minstry.of.works.and.urban.development, 1995)
2.6 TRANSPORTING OF CONCRETE
Concrete has the setting time and it hardens quickly after mixing depending on the type of
cement and quantity of water added. If the water added is very low, the setting time is very short
and the concrete hardens quickly. Hence fresh concrete must be transported and placed on its
mold. In our site transportation is done by lateral force.

Barila

Figure2.6 Transportation of concrete.

2.7 PLACING AND FINISHING CONCRETE
Concrete mix has been placed in the designed formwork constructed for its purpose. There is
also the reinforcement inside the form works to form reinforced concrete of footings, columns or
beam etc. The reinforcement steel bar has been set, tied, and fastened in its position in the forms.
The materials for the concrete have been prepared, and the concrete has been mixed. We are now
ready to place the concrete in the forms. The concrete should be placed and vibrated before its
setting starts. Following precautions should be taken while placing the concrete:-
 Concrete should be laid continuously.
 To avoid sticking of concrete with form work, formwork should be oiled before placing
of concrete.

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 When placing concrete, the position of formwork and reinforcement should not be
disturbed.
 To avoid segregation, concrete should not be dropped height not more than 1.5m.
 Concrete should not be placed in rains.
2.8 COMPACTION OF CONCRETE
Compaction is done by vibrating machine or vibrator which releases or avoids the voids and
air inside the fresh concrete. During the process, a vibrator is inserted into the fresh concrete
immediately after depositing concrete. Over vibration should not be allowed as otherwise coarse
aggregate particles will get concentrated at the lower layers and only mortar will be left at the top
surface. This is known as segregation. Cement materials are lift up to the top and aggregates are
deposited to the bottom. (Minstry.of.works.and.urban.development, 1995)
The purpose of compaction is to get rid of the air voids that are trapped in loose concrete.
Compaction of concrete is used to:-
 Reduce the air content in the concrete,
 Reduce the voids in the concrete,
 To keep the concrete components distribution constant,
 To increase the bondage of concrete
When the concrete doesn’t compact properly that results:-
1. Air voids reduce the strength of the concrete
2. Air voids increase concrete's permeability. That in turn reduces its durability. If the
concrete is not dense and impermeable, it will not be watertight. It will be less able to withstand
aggression and its exposed surfaces will weather badly.
3. Moisture and air are more likely to penetrate to the reinforcement causing it to rust. The
required bond will not be achieved and the reinforced member will not be as strong as it should
be.

Figure2.7 Compaction of concrete

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2.9 CURING OF CONCRETE

During the setting and hardening of concrete, heat is generated and this would result in rise in
the temperature of the concrete. It is therefore necessary that during the period of setting and
hardening of cement concrete is kept moist. The former one is setting time from placing of
concrete up to dismantling of the formwork. (Minstry.of.works.and.urban.development, 1995)
The purpose of curing can be summarized as:-
 To prevent rise in temperature on account of the heat of hydration developed during
hardening of cement.
 To prevent drying of the concrete this might result in contraction crackers.
The most commonly used methods of curing are:-
 Spraying the concrete surface with water.
 Covering the surface with absorbent material and keeping it wet constantly by spraying
with water from time to time.
 After moistening the surface, it is sometimes covered with water proof paper which will
prevent evaporation of moisture from the surface to be cured.
2.10SPACER
It is a concrete cover to the outside of reinforcements according the design. It has a purpose
of: The cover to reinforcement is required for the following reasons:
 To protect the steel against corrosion.
 To provide sufficient bond or adhesion between steel and concrete.
 To ensure sufficient protection of the steel in a fire. Fire resistance
 Stabling the structure.
That means different size spacers were used for different parts. In our site
Spacers used for:-
 For beam 25mm.
 For column 25mm.
 For slab 15mm
 For shear wall 25mm e.t.c
They are used to maintain uniform thickness of clear cover throughout the structure by
in sorting them between the form work and rebar’s attaching it to the rebar and the remaining
structural part during concrete cast.
The thickness of clear cover provided is based on to which structural component it has to be
applied. Accordingly, the provided clear cover for foundation and grade beam is 50mm and for
other structural members such as columns, beams, shear wall and slab is 25mm.This difference

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in thickness for different structural members is based on the exposure conditions of the members
to the environment which adversely affects the reinforcement and thus the strength of member.
The procedures to construct spacers in the site.
 Mix the mortar 1:4 (one bag of cement and four box of sand) and added pure water
 Select wide and level surface and place the mortar
 Level the mortar by 2.5 cm height by using trowel
 Smooth the mortar by using any suitable material.
 Divided the mortar by 5cm gap and erect thin (black) wire to the fresh mortar
 Supply water for seven respective days

Figure2.8 Show how spacer are prepare and placed

2.11REINFORCEMENT BAR
In reinforced concrete structures steel bars are provided to resist stress due to flexure,
shear and tension. This is because concrete is weak in tension. Steel is jointly constructed with
concrete the Reinforcement bar will resist tension stress and concrete will resist compression
stress. Reinforcement for this project is prepared in the site. According to the design my intern
site the maximum bar diameter is 24mm. That is why the “FEYAROO” {(bar bender)
accomplish the task by using hand tool like “BEGA” and “PLATE” If there is a bar having a
diameter greater than 24 mm it is difficult to bend it with “BEGA” so only machine is capable
of doing this. Unfortunately I haven’t got a chance to saw it.
 Bars used in the site
The size of bars used for different structural part of the structure was different the designer
uses six size type deformed bars as shown below.

Table2. 2 Bar used in my site

No Diameter(mm) Part used

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1 8,10 For stirrup purpose

2 10,12,14 Slabs
3 14,16,20.24 Columns ,beam
4 10,12,14,16,20,24 Shear wall

Plate
BEGA

Figure2. 9 Bending plate and BEGA.

2.12STIRRUPS (STAFFA):-
They are placed to provide diagonal shear resistance. The diameter and spacing of
stirrups at the site for column Ø8/200 and for beams is Ø8/180. But practically,
stirrups were provided with uniform spacing throughout the beam section in order to
increase the safety of structure.

Stirrup

Ties

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Stirrup

Figure2. 10 Stirrup
2.12.1 The uses of stirrup are:-
 ⦁ Resist shear,
 ⦁ To restrict the growth of diagonal tension cracks,
 ⦁ Tie longitudinal bars,
 ⦁ Carry shear above the capacity of concrete.
2.13LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:-
 Reinforcement placed to resist forces longitudinally
2.13.1 Positive bars
These kinds of bars are mainly used to resist the positive moment. This moment is mostly
developed at the mid span on the beams and these positive bars are placed at the mid span.

Positive bars

Figure2. 11 positive bar

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2.13.2 Negative bars

These are bars used to resist negative moment. Mostly they are found at the support of the
beams. They are placed on 1/3 of span length from the center of the column at top where
maximum bending moment is occurs.

Negative
bars

Figure2. 12 Negative Bar

2.14LAP LENGTH
When a column is too long to be built or transported in one piece, it has to be
extended or spliced at the construction site. A reinforced concrete column is extended
by having the steel reinforcing bars protrude (extend) a few centimeter (40*Φ mm of
bar) above the top of the concrete, then placing the next level of reinforcing bars to
overlap, and pouring the concrete of the next level.

Lapping

Lapping

Figure2. 13 Lap length

2.15 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

Electrical installation starts parallel with ground slab work by installing
conduits. Starting from first floor we install the conduits according to the design,
before slab is filled with concrete. By using sand & plastic the conduits are covered

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before concrete is filled to prevent blocking of cables. At site, electrical installation is

done for different kinds of utilities such as light bulbs, switches, sockets &air
condition.
At site, they have some check list for electrical installation:
● Electrical installation is approved by designated professional.
● Material to be used for installation strictly follow the specifications and the
drawings
● When if compaction is done by using vibrator.
After placing the concrete proper compaction using vibrator takes place. In this
process, efforts are only directed to reduce the voids in the compacted concrete.
During vibrator and immediately after depositing, concrete shall be thoroughly
compacted by a means of mechanical Vibration. Vibrators produce vibrations which
when transmitted to Plastic concrete make it to flow and affect compaction.
N: B Over vibration should not be allowed otherwise coarse aggregate particles will
get concentrated at the lower layers and only mortar will be left at the top surface.

Figure2. 14 Electrical installations

2.16FORM WORK
Formwork is temporary structure that is required to support & form concrete members.
Sometimes it is known as shuttering or casing is the boarding or sheeting which is erected to
contain & mould the wet concrete during placing &the initial hardening period. Formwork used
to give the required shape and size of the construction desired. It’s made from wood, steel and
plastic. Concrete when first mixed is a fluid and therefore to form any concrete member the wet
concrete must be placed in a suitable form work or mould to retain its shape, size and position as

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it sets. It is important to appreciate that the actual form is the reverse shape of the concrete
member which is to be cast.
Proper selection of formwork has greater influence:
 On reducing material & labor cost
 Improving the quality of the produced concrete &
 Saving the leading to smooth running of the project
2.16.1 Requirements of good formwork
 The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout
 It should be constructed in such manner that it may permit the removal of various
parts in desired sequence without damaging the concrete.
 The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available & should be
suitable for reuse several times.
 It should be set accurately to desired line & levels & should have plain surface.
 It should be light as possible.
 The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to
sun, rain, or water during casting concrete.
A good formwork should be satisfying the following.
Strength
Surface finish
Rigidity
Tightness
Good alignment
Durability
Accuracy
2.16.2 Material for formwork
Form work can be mainly made up of
I. Timber
 The timber used for the formwork should be satisfying the following
requirements:
 light in weight,
 It should be well seasoned,
 be easily workable with nails without splitting, and
 It should be free from knot.
2.16.3 Column form work and casting concrete
Column is as a structural part of a building which is a vertical member that support vertical,
horizontal and moments coming from the beam, slab, stair and other member of the structure and
transfer in to sub structure that is foundation.

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I was able to see the methodology to check column verticality. Plumb bobs in site word
TUMBI (Suspended weights of brick were used to measure the deviations from vertical line).
The principle behind is that any weight is pulled exactly vertically by gravity. Reading
differences between top and bottom column height and the string for the bobs and making sure
that the difference was kept within the allowable range was the main task expected from the site
engineers for column construction. And make horizontal alignment used for SIBAGO is a site
word but its thread.

Chrachary

Stanga(kist)

Keravat
Side form
Gendela Tumbi work

Figure2. 15 Column form work and casting concrete

2.16.4 Stair case form work and casting concrete
Stairs are the most useful vertical movement devices in buildings. Stairs are set of steps
leading from one floor to another and are provided in building to offer a means of
communication between various floors.

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Stair

Figure2. 16 Stair case form work and casting concrete

2.16.5 Shear wall form work and casting concrete
Shear wall is as a structural part of a building which is a vertical member that support vertical,
horizontal and moments coming from the beam, slab, stair and other member of the structure and
transfer in to sub structure that is foundation.

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Long, rein.

Shear rein.

Figure2. 17 Shear wall form work and casting concrete

2.16.6 Beam form work and casting concrete

Beams are structure that used to transfer the loads that come from slab or from stepped seats
to the column constructed under it.

Dmdmat
Positive bar
Joro

Negative bar

Yeguroro mager cristy

Figure2. 18 beam form work and casting

2.16.7 Slab form works and casting concrete
The slab form work have to retain wet concert and able to with stained the initial hydrostatic
pressure of wet concert where as the form work soffit it appear from retaining the concrete has to

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support the initial loads of the wet concrete and live load finally the set concrete until it has
ginned sufficient strength to be self supporting. The vertical structure can support soffit is props
the props can be short used for “KUGNO”.
Slab horizontality was checked by Using water and in tubes( the principle behind is that water
leis stay the same under the same atmospheric pressure). Among the things I learned about slab
construction is the use of mortar made blocks to give minimum concrete cover for the
reinforcement bars and the use of 3 dimensionally folded bars, ‘KEBELETOS’ to keep the
negative bars in position when direct loads was applied on them.
Whenever electrical junction boxes or mechanical ducts had to pass through slabs or shear
walls which are both designed to be load carrying, the effect of such discontinuities in the
negative reinforcement bars was minimized by bracing the boxes (ducts) from both sides by
pieces of steel bars at the top & bottom reinforcements.

Modino Kugno

Props

Figure2.19 slab form work and concrete casting

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Positive bar
Negative bar

Figure2. 20 solid slab reinforcement arrangement.

Figure2.21 Panel (Soffit form work)

2.17Removal of formwork and false work 2
The formwork shall be removed slowly, as the sudden removal of wedges is equivalent to a
shock load on the partly hardened concrete.
The- time at which formwork and false work is removed shall be determined by
consideration of. The following criteria:
 The stresses that will be induced in the concrete when the formwork/false work
has been removed;
 The concrete strength at the time of removal;
 Table2-0-2 The time of form work removal
Type of structure After form work can remove
Vertical structure 16_24hr
 Column, shear wall…etc
Slab(soffit), beam(fondo) 21 days
Slab(props) beam(cristy) 14 days
 The ambient climatic conditions and the measures available to protect the
concrete once the formwork is removed;
The formwork shall not be removed before the structure has gained enough strength to safely
carryall the possible loads.
The time at which formwork is struck will be influenced by the following factors:
2
From EBCS2 1995 page 95

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concrete strength
stresses in the concrete at any stage in the construction period
curing (EBCs2 1995 Section 8.4.7)
subsequent surface treatment requirements
Presence of re-entrant angles requiring formwork to be removed as soon as
possible after concrete has set to avoid shrinkage cracks.
Provided the concrete strength is confirmed by tests on cubes stored as far as possible under
the same conditions, formwork supporting cast-in-situ concrete may be removed when the cube
strength is 50% if the nominal strength or twice the stress to which it will then be subjected
whichever is greater, provided that such earlier removal will not result in unacceptable
deflections such as due to shrinkage and creep.

2.18METHODOLOGY USED TO PERFORM THE PROJECT WORKS

2.18.1 The tools, machines and equipment
2.18.1.1 Machineries
Mixer-it is used to mix the ingredients of concrete and when it mix at least one up two minute.
Vibrator-it is used to compact concrete to reach the required strength and to remove voids in
the mix.
Trucker it is used to transport materials from source to site. Like
 Sand
 Cement
 Aggregate
 Rebar
 Form work or play wood

Vibrator

Figure2.22 Vibrator
2.18.1.2 Equipment
Tape (meter)-is an instrument used to measure vertical & horizontal distance form one point
to another point.
Rubber Tube Water level and rule– is an instrument used to indicate different points are equal
level in horizontally.

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Thread (“sibago”) – is an instrument to keep or show the alignment between different points
that is marked by peg.
Batching box (Gariela):- is an instrument used to measure the proportioning of aggregate its
size is determined from mix design that is 18cm x 40cm x 50cm
Black wire- is a reinforcement used for tying the bottom reinforcement with the top
reinforcement in the foundation pad & the stirrup with column & beam reinforcement.
Stone – is a material that is sued for making masonry work like foundation wall, hard core
and retaining wall.
2.19CHALLENGES FACED ME DURING INTERN PERIOD
Challenges that have been faced during intern period are:
 of time to Lack of understanding site language after I began the internship
 Identifying the job classification of the person in the site
 Lack of willingness of some skilled and professional person when I asked them
 Shortage stays on the internship and shortage of money to stay on the site.
2.20MEASURE OF THE CHALLENGES
Measures (solutions) I have taken to achieve my goal
 Making god interaction with workers
 Trying to adopt the site language
 Studying reference books
 Asking engineers and workers for difficulties
Being voluntary for professionals (engineers) to do what they asking me
CHAPTER THREE
OVER ALL BENEFITIS I GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
3 INTRODUCTION
For something that takes inputs there is something in return, a benefit. In my internship too,
there were some benefits those are gained accordingly. The benefits are:
 Practical skills
 Theoretical knowledge
 Interpersonal communication skills
 Leadership skills
 Work ethics related issues
 Entrepreneurship skills
These aspects are discussed below.

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3.1 INTERNS OF IMPROVING MY PRACTICAL SKILLS

During my internship experience, I have been able to gain a lot in improving my practical
skills as I have been observing, learning and practicing:
The communication language used at construction site.
The use of ancillary items and the way they were applied to different building parts.
Different problems that can occur during construction and the possible ways to address
those problems. (Biruktawit.T, 2009E.C)
3.2 IN TERMS OF UPGRADING MY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
This goes hand in hand with the practical skills I was able to gain from the internship
experience. Besides accomplishing my practical tasks, I had been learning the need, the objective
behind, the definition and uses of the things I was doing. One of the main things I have been able
to realize working in the construction site is the fact that building designs need to consider the
practical construction situations and restrictions.
For instance the case where a deep beam was having 7 Ǿ 24 ( width of 25cm) re –bars for
longitudinal reinforcement was having little open space for vibrator hoses to reach the bottom.
Besides the weight of the rebar was crashing the mortar spacer down. Another problem was the
aggregate size was much larger than the actual spacing between the bars and fear that
segregation could occur. The suggested solutions were to use needle vibrator, and to lower the
aggregate size.
Regarding design considerations, I have been able to learn that the design of spiral stair is
similar to that of a normal slab of equal length with the need for additional torsion reinforcement.
I was able to see slab depth estimation from serviceability requirement. Regarding theoretical
aspects of project management, I have been allowing my self to be familiar with what is meant
by planning, organizing, evaluating and controlling different tasks of a project.
3.3 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Interpersonal communication is the ongoing process of interaction between individuals who
build the personal knowledge of one another as they create a meaning or work out put. From my
internship experience I have been able to realize interpersonal communication skills necessary to
lead and manage others successfully. In a dyadic relationship where communication takes place
between two people self disclosure and respect are important because this becomes the basis of
effective work relationship.
The role of such communication focuses on interactions that are:
Truthful and honest
Integrated
Fair

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Respectful and most importantly

Inter dependant
While accomplishing my task at the project site I have been able to increase my interpersonal
communication competence.
Also when I was working in the project office I had the responsibility to collect daily data
from data collectors, weekly reports from the time keepers and sub- store keepers on time and
make sure that the concerned site engineers get the productivity evaluation reports on time every
week. This was one if the situations where I was required to give directions and acknowledge the
rules of communication specially being fair when expecting information & reports on time.
In general, I now understand that the construction workplace relationships will be maintained
mainly because individual employees find that they have compatible needs and goals that can
only be met through interpersonal interactions that are highly interdependent. I believe that I
have improved my interpersonal communication skill as I have learned the barriers of effective
communication lies in the difference between interpersonal needs and failures to acknowledge
the rules associated with interpersonal communication. I am surprised to learn that one of the
most significant ways to influence others in a positive way is by effectively listening to them. I
have also seen that listening can let a person earn respect end, trust and sense of concern while
receiving better quality of information.
3.4 TEAM PLAYING SKILLS ACQUIRED
Team building is a process where a group of people analyze their group strengths and
weakness, capacity and potential in order to achieve and improve effectiveness. I can also be
defined as a structured attempt to develop the effectiveness of a group of people. Team playing
and trust go hand in hand; once a person has earned trust from his/her colleagues by being
responsible can be able to build stronger teams by:
Clarifying team goals.
Identifying the issues that prevent the team from achieving its goals.
Addressing those issues and removing them so that the goals can be achieved.
I have learned that a team works best when:
 Each member is capable and willing to contribute their information skills and
experience
 Both team and individual members are prepared to take risks
 Team member roles are defined
 Team members know how to examine team and individual errors without making
personal attacks

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During the times I was involved as an intern in the project, I have been learning and
practicing the above requirements while working with and assisting the site engineers, office
engineers, data collectors and other staff members.
3.5 LEADERSHIP SKILLS ACQUIRED
Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an organizational
goal or mission. Being a technical profession student, this was the most challenging aspect of
project management for me. However, as I grew in the project I was able to seek the project
management responsibilities.
Finally I am able to realize that leadership is a process that is not a one time fire and forget
evolution. To be an effective leader one must continually exercise good leadership skills. One
does not need to be perfect but should always strive to apply sound leadership principles to their
leadership skills which are mentioned below.
– If a team leader is not responsible nothing else matters because little else will happen by
accident. A leader should continually ask how can I do better rather than automatically blaming
others.
A good Leadership should be:-
1, Positive expectations about team members – a leader should start with a positive mind
set about his/her people based on people dignity and self worth. The expectation is that when
people are treated well they do well.
2, Informed judgment – a leader should not rush to judgment must have the ability to stay
calm in stressful circumstances when chaos and confusion are swirling all around. This results in
every one being able to focus their energies on finding the best solutions.
3, Conceptualization – This behavior says that if something happens on the project the leader
seeks more than seemingly obvious reasons. For instance, if a person in a team misses deadlines
regularly instead of assuming he/she does not appreciate. The importance of deadlines the leader
will dig in the why of the behavior and the reasons may include:
 The person is over loaded with work
 The leader has not explained the importance of the dead line
 The person is not properly trained
 There is shortage of working aids
3.6 WORK ETHICS AND RELATED ISSUES
Since each individual has different back ground he/she perceives things differently from
others. Nevertheless, the presence of some ethical values shared by all workers is a must. One of
the ethical values one finds everywhere in professional career is punctuality. A worker is said to

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be punctual not only when he/she comes to work place on the time but also when he/she meets
deadlines and is always available in working hours.
In addition; working in cooperation with colleagues is the most important conduct for any
worker. A worker should make sure that he/she has a good relationship with the other workers by
being open minded and this creates a productive working environment. I have been able to
understand that it’s only when the above mentioned three conducts together with honesty and
respect for others are fulfilled that an effective output can be created.

CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION
IV.1 RECOMMENDATION
When I was in the company of FEC in Weldia town, I have gained unlimited practical
knowledge what I had not before. During that time all sides of the construction trying to
overcome their duties for success. Even though they done everything well, I tried to recommend
what I have seen on the site which it may be an input for the company to meet their goal.
The problem can I see in my internship site FECPLC in woldia CBE B+G+4 building are:-
 Health & safety regulations.
 Efficient material utilization.
 During concrete batching,
 Protection of material

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IV.1.1 Recommendation to the company

I am recommended to the company as followings: (Biruktawit.T, 2009E.C).
IV.1.1.1 Health & safety regulations
Health and safety are the responsibilities of everyone at work it is of particular importance to
the construction industry where it is one of the major employers of the work force of the country.
The rules and regulations for safety of workers should be strictly implemented once they are
written. I recommend that the top management and those who are concerned including the Site
engineers and the Forman should strictly reinforce the rules to wear helmets and the company
should provide safety shoes and other healthy working conditions and services like. Include daily
labours can wear safe shoes.
IV.1.1.2 Efficient material utilization (wastage problem)
I suggest that everyone be responsible for the proper utilization of materials because they are
usually costly and expensive, imported with huge amount of money (materials like cement),
easily perish or loose their value and quality unless taken good care of. The company should
have strong proper material utilization regulations and have a strict and binding agreement with
its sub contractors by which they will be held accountable whenever there is improper use of
material or unreasonable wastage.
To minimize material wastage during preparations of concrete mix:
 The company should have batching plant that can supply the needed amount of
concrete volume with the needed strength.
 The company should use tower crane instead of movable one so that materials are
dumped only at one place.

IV.1.1.3 During concrete batching

When the supervisors are not on the site contractors do not use exactly designed ratio of
concrete. I recommend that it is better to attained contractors for all work time on the site to
reduce dispute due to construction problem.

IV.1.1.4 Protection of material

Due to absence of store on the site, reinforcement bars are exposed for rain and sunlight, and
sometimes used directly without treatment. To avoid this, supervisors should enforce to treat the
steel before use and should built material store house. (Amanuel.A, 2019E.C)
IV.1.2 Recommendation to university
 It should include some software courses in to the whole department programs of
construction courses.

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 The teaching learning method shall be more practical other than theoretical, for
that to make the study.
 When I join the company, I didn’t have enough orientation about internship
program. Therefore I recommend the university to arrange a strong orientation
program.
 The supervision and assistant from the department was not sufficient.
Therefore I suggest the department to arrange more frequent contact time between the
university advisors and the intern student.
 During intern time, I have faced financial problem as the ongoing inflation
outpaced the allocated budget. Therefore I recommend the budget allocation
inconsideration with the broad economic instability.
 The department arranges internship program students to know not only one
project. But as much as possible two month like building projects and the remaining
month on highway, hydraulic structure, or water supply projects.
(Abdulber.E, 2009E.C)

IV.2 CONCLUSION
Universities play a great role for the developments of countries by producing
educated man power to industries according to this WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY
offered me join to the constriction companies to practice the theoretical knowledge
in to practical way so I have gained a lot of knowledge’s in the site and office such
as:-
 How to relate drawing with site activities
 How I should if I face construction problem and find the solutions
 The flow of work on the construction
 How to use and manage time effectively
 Proper using of construction materials
 Good and smooth communication with site workers.
According to my conclusion this internship program is essential and important
for students like engineers because it helps me to fulfill practical knowledge and it
develops my theoretical skill. I have seen what I am going to do and well informed
about construction sites. (Abdulber.E, 2009E.C)
I found the intern very helpful program for engineering student to get acquainted
with practical experience. Therefore I conclude the department to give its great effort
on the continuation of this program

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REFERANCE
1) Abdulber.E. (2009E.C). Final internship report G+1 Residentialbuilding and related
works. Wollega.
2) Amanuel.A. (2019E.C). Final internshipe report APPARTAMENT BUILDING G +9.
Wollega.
3) Biruktawit.T. (2009E.C). Final internshipe report a main building block which consists of
8 blocks . Addis Ababa.
4) Minstry.of.works.and.urban.development. (1995). E.B.Cs. Addia Ababa.
5) MSc.Gemtesa. (2011E.C). Renforced concrete I. Wollega.
6) MSc.Kasahun. (2011E.C). Renforced concrete.II. Wollega.
7) Roger.G, R. a. (1988G.C). BUILDING construction handbook tenth edition. British.

8) https://ethioconstruction.net/?q=contact-address/fe-construction-plc-0

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GLOSSARY
BERGA: Is a piece of reinforcement bar with length of 12 meters.
KEBELETO: It is Z shaped bar used to keep the space between positive and negative bars.
CRISTY: Is called props applied in the formwork of beam and slab.
CHRACHARY: Is a wood tied on the surface of the concrete pad in each side of the column
surface.
GENDELA: Is a wood located horizontally on the desired surface during formwork for the
purpose of fixing STANGA.

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KERAVAT: Is a wood with a formwork width and length of column tied on the middle end
of the column side.
KIST: Wood applied as a support during formwork specially, grade beam in each exterior
side of the panel with an inclined position.
STANGA: A piece of wood located starting from the formwork of the column to GEDELA
with an inclined position.
PANEL: Rectangular metal or wooden formwork.
STAFFA: So-called stirrups and its name is given to site workers.

APPENDEX A
NEW WORDS FROM THE SITE
TableA-0-3 Slab related site word name
SLAB RELATED SITE WORD NAME
1 FORMWORK
SITE SCIENTIFIC NAME DESCRIPTION
NAME
PROPS Vertical member To carry any load until the story can be

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finished.
KUGNO A short cut wood or plate It is used to when the props can be short,
used in at the base of the props or top.
MODIN Horizontal member This used to transfer load to props, set as
(MODINO) a like beam means at the top of props.
SOFFIT Flat panel To make the surface can be smooth and
reedy to cast concrete. It is strong

TableA-0-4 Beam related site word name

BEAM RELATED SITE WORD NAME
1 FORMWORK
SITE NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME DESCRIPTION
CRISTY Vertical member To carry any load until the story can be
finished.
DMDMAT Horizontal member This used to transfer load to props, set as a
like beam means at the top of props.
FONDO Flat panel To make the surface can be smooth and
reedy to cast concrete. It is strong
SPONDA Beam side form work It is used to control drop down of concrete
at the two side of beam during casting and
make shape of beam and prepared as depend
on beam depth.
KIST Inclined member To support sponda
JORO Inclined member Two inclined member in each cristy to
support dmdmat or make control width of
beam
YE GURORO Middle horizontal It is around the middle of the cristy set
MAGER member above two the joro can be fix from cristy.
Used to join one cristy to the other and from
column and make strength or stable of cristy.
KUGNO A short cut wood or plate It is used to when the cristy can be short,
used in at the base of the cristy or top.

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Table A-0-5 Column related site word name

COLUMN RELATED SITE WORD NAME
1 FORMWORK
SITE NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME DESCRIPTION
CHRACHARY Base of the column To make the alignment of column.
Control column horizontal stability.
CRABAT Above chrachary To fixe column side formwork
KIST(STANGA) Inclined member To support column side formwork and
make column vertical stability.
Side formwork To included RC make strengthen vertical
structure.
GENDELA , Is fix in slab and to fix stanga to control
vertical alignment of column

Table A-0-6 Stair related site word name

STAIR RELATED SITE WORD NAME
1 FORMWORK
SITE SCIENTIFIC NAME DESCRIPTION
NAME
PROPS Vertical member To carry any load until the story can be
finished.
KUGNO A short cut wood or plate It is used to when the props can be short,
used in at the base of the props or top.
DMDMAT Horizontal /horizontal This used to transfer load to cristy/props,
AND MODINO member set as a like beam means at the top of
cristy/props.
SOFFIT Flat inclined panel To make the surface can be smooth and
reedy to cast concrete. It is strong.
SPONDA Side formwork It is used to control drop down of concrete at the
side of stair during casting and make shape of stair
and prepared as depend on stair depth.

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Table A-7 Other related site word name

OTHER RELATED SITE WORD NAME
1 FORMWORK
SITE NAME SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION
NAME
BARILA - Used to transport concrete.
GARILA(SATN) Box Used to beaching of concrete.
BEGA - Used to bend re-bares or to make straight bended
bars.
BERGA Re-bare 12 meter re-bare
STAFFA Stirrup/ties Used to shear resistance.
FERAYO Bar bender To prepare a desired shape of bare for a given
purpose.
TUMBI plum bob Used to make vertical alignment.
KEBELITO Used to separate top and bottom bare

APPENDX B
STRUCTURAL DETAIL AND STANDARDS (Roger.G, 1988G.C)

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FigureB-7 3D stair detail

FigureB-8 Detail parts of stair

B.1. DEFINITIONS OF TERMINOLOGIES OF STAIR:

1. Step: is a portion of stair which permits ascent or descent. It is comprised of a tread and a
riser.
2. Tread: is the horizontal member of stair.
3. Going: is the horizontal distance b/n the nosing’s or front edges of two consecutive steps. It is
usually 30cm for public buildings so that it is wide enough to provide safe footings.
4. Riser: is the vertical member of a stair.
5. Rise: Is the vertical distance b/n the upper surface of two consecutive steps. The rise of public
building is about 15cm while a higher value can be used for private buildings.
6. Nosing: it is the projecting part of the tread beyond the face of the riser. It is usually rounded
off from the architectural point of view.
7. Flight: is a continuous set of steps b/n floors and/or landing.

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8. Landing: is a platform b/n two flights.

9. Baluster: is the vertical member which supports the hand rail. The combined framework of
hand rail and baluster is known as balustrade.
10. String or stringer: is the structural member which supports the steps and act as inclined
beams.
11. Hand rail: is a rounded or molded member of wood or metal fixed on the top of balusters.
12. Head room: is the minimum clear vertical distance b/n the tread and overhead structure.
13. Soffit: It is the underside of the stair.
14. Run-Total length of stairs in a horizontal plane, including landings.
15. Newel post- vertical member placed at the ends of flights to connect the ends of strings
16. Winders: are tapering steps which are provided for changing the direction of stair.

B.2. REQUIREMENTS OF STAIRS IN BUILDING.

1. Width of stair: It should be wide enough to carry the user without much crowed or
inconvenience.
 width of tread for public buildings is 1.5m- 1.8m and for residential buildings 1.0m-1.4m
2. Length of Flight: The maximum number of stairs in a flight is preferably 10-12 but should not be
more than 15. Minimum number of stairs should not be less than 3
4. Pitch of Stair: its ascent should relatively be easy. The angle of stair way with the horizontal
should not be more than 420 or less than 200.
 The preferred angle is 300-350.
 Apply 2R+G =50-70cm rule. (R = rise, G = going)
5. Step Dimension: The rise and tread should be so selected that it will ensure comfortable ascent or
descent on stairs.
 The minimum width of landing should be equal to the width of the stair. - The rise should be
between 10cm to 15 cm
6. Head room: The clear distance b/n the tread and soffit of the flight immediately above it should
not be less than 2.1-2.3m
7. Dimensions of a step
 The going should not be less than 25cm, though the 30cm is quite comfortable.
 The rise should be b/n 10cm (for hospitals, etc) to 15cm.
The following rules are used as a guide line to obtain satisfactory proportion of steps in a stair.
i) 2* Rise + Going = 50 -70 [cm]
ii) Rise + Going = 40-45 [cm]
iii) Rise * Going = 400-450 [cm2]
iv) Adopt Rise= 14cm and Going= 30 cm as standard; then for every 20mm subtract from
going, add 10mm to the rise.
 For example, 15cm x 28 cm, 16cm x 26 cm, 17cm x 24cm etc.

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B.3. COLUMNSREQUIREMENTS3
A. Size
The minimum lateral dimension of a column shall be at least 150 mrn.
B. Longitudinal Reinforcement
 The area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.008Ac nor more than
0.08Ac'
 The minimum number of longitudinal reinforcing bars shall be 6 for bars in a circular
arrangement and 4 for bars in a rectangular arrangement.
 The diameter of longitudinal bars shall not be less than 12mrn.
C. Lateral Reinforcement
The diameter of ties or spirals shall not be less than 6 mrn or one quarter of the diameter of the
Longitudinal bars.
Center-to center spacing of lateral reinforcement shall not exceed:
 12 times the minimum diameter of longitudinal bars.
 least dimension of column
 300mrn

B.4 SLABS REQUIRMENT4

A. Thickness
The following minimum thicknesses shall be adopted in design:
 60 mm for slabs not exposed to concentrated loads (e.g. inaccessible roofs)
 80 mm for slabs exposed mainly to distributed loads.
 100 mm for slabs exposed to light moving concentrated loads (e.g. slabs accessible to
light motor vehicles)
 120 mm for slabs exposed to heavy dynamic moving loads (e.g. slabs accessible to heavy
Vehicles.
 150 mm for slabs on point supports (e.g. flat slabs)
B. Flexural Reinforcement
The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least equal to 0.2.
The spacing between main bars for slabs shall not exceed the smaller of 2h or' 350rnm.
The spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400 mm.

3
Page 86 EBCS2 -1995
4
Page 84 EBCS2 -1995
Page 76 EBCS 2 -1995 minimum cover
Page 77EBC5 2 -1995 Spacing of Reinforcement

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