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Sofie Lafranchise - N
Sofie Lafranchise - N
● She grew up on Six Nations Reserve in Ontario (near Brantford) as part of the Mohawk
tribe (her father was a chief) (“Emily Pauline Johnson”)
● Her mother was an English missionary (Robinson)
● She wrote poems and short stories, such as “A Red Girl’s Reasoning,” as well as
performed her work. For instance, she got her start in 1892, when she performed her
poem “A Cry From an Indian Wife” at an event in Toronto (Garvin and Ockerbloom)
Mohawk Culture
The culture of the Mohawk tribe, the eastern tribe of the Haudenosaunee territory, originated in
northern New York and southern Canada and Vermont Pauline Johnson. Image Courtesy of The
Canadian Encyclopedia
● The Mohawk prioritize maintaining their language, music, dances, and ceremonies even
in a changing society in the 20th century (“Cultural Preservation”).
○ They believe in the Peacemaker story, which describes the creation of the Great
Law of Peace, and explains how to treat one another and preserve peace and
democracy through reason (Tarbell and Perry).
○ They also value unity through organizing families into clans and providing
different roles, such as the Clan Mother, who ensures all clan members are fed, The Hiawatha Belt reflects the Haudenosaunee tribes
and the Hoyaneh (male leader) (Tarbell and Perry). belief that the Great Law of Peace connects them in
unity. Image courtesy of The National Museum of the
American Indian
❖ How does the concept of identity,
Charlie later tells her, “‘Christie—you are worse than blasphemous; such a profane remark shows how little you
understand the sanctity of the christian faith—’” (Johnson 10)
● Johnson reveals the complexity of cultural identity by expressing how others assign you an identity based on
how they want you to behave. Charlie wants Christine to embody the white cultural identity, so he puts
pressure on her to practice the “sanctity” of Christianity, and calls her actions “profane”
● However, Christine maintain respect for her family tradition surrounding marriage, despite her decision to
marry Charlie through the church with a priest
○ Christine defends her culture to Charlies by explaining, “‘Our priest is purity, and our law is honor’”
(Johnson 10).
○ Native American literature manifests culture identity by demonstrating Native Americans maintain their
strong devotion to their cultural roots, no matter how removed they are from their traditions.
❖ What is the role of historical
presented in contemporary
● Christine’s point of view as a Native American protagonist reveals generational trauma, including
the fear of:
○ the continuation of erasure their religious rites through Christianity,
○ accusations of their people committing a crime through practicing their traditions,
○ and future displacement, as white people “conquered” Native Americans years before
Image courtesy of RapidFireArt
Characterizations
● The description of Charlie’s face as having eyes with a “sunniness” which reflects his
“soul,” suggests Charlie has a welcoming and kind personality.
Charlie refuses to believe Christine ends their marriage, and “He caught her by the wrists;
his small white teeth were locked tightly, his blue eyes blazed into hers” (Johnson 10)
● However, Charlie is unable to control his anger and his violent side that emerges
which contrasts with the warm nature describe in the beginning, demonstrating the
impact of prejudice on his actions.
Christine Robinson
When the narrator introduces Christine, they note her “[...] olive-complexioned,
gray-eyed, black-haired, with figure slight and delicate, [...]” (Johnson 3)
● The physical description of Christine conveys her as stoic, vulnerable, and reserved.
● With her dull “gray” eyes, and small frame, she seems as though she would keep to
herself.
When Charlie tells Christine she has disgraced him, she says, “Why should I be ashamed
of the customs of yours—of a marriage more sacred and holy than half of your white
man’s mockeries” (Johnson 9).
● In contrast, Christine demonstrates her bravery and devotion to her family through
boldly confront Charlie and white society’s hypocrisy.
Joe McDonald
Joe explains to Charlie that Christine loves so easily, “‘Because that girl has but two possibilities
regarding humanity—love or hate’” (Johnson 5)
● Joe’s ability to recognize Christine’s difficult choice in trusting white society, and not
restorting to hatred, reveals his intuition of her family’s struggles
When Christine struggles to understand Charlie’s anger, Joe comforts her: “He tucked a poor
shivering, pallid little woman into a cab, and wound her bare throat up in the scarlet velvet cloak
that was handing uselessly over her arm [...]” (Johnson 8)
● Joe’s comforting actions towards Christine conveys his compassion and motivation to
protect her
● In addition, he takes on the role of her husband in his absence, making him a foil to Charlie
and revealing the impact of preconceptions on relationships
Image courtesy Shutterstock
Conflicts
● When the white American assume her parents could not be married
without a priest, they practice racism towards Christine
● So, Christine can not find acceptance because of the white people lack
of willingness to consider her culture as valid.
Christine vs. Charlie, and Internal Conflicts
As a result, Charlie tries to conform to white society’s social norm of a priest officiating a marriage, resulting in an
unhealthy relationship when he attempt to control Christine.
Charlie
Christine
As Charlie walks away from her one last time, after she Before Charlie attempts to reconcile with Christine, he thinks,
“She was simple-minded and awfully ignorant to pitch those
rejected his attempt of an apology, “She was conscious of but
old Indian laws at him in her fury, but he could not blame her;
two things, the vengeful lie in her soul, and a little space on
[...] He had been terribly severe and unreasonable, [...] and he
her arm that his wet lashes had brushed” (Johnson 16). loved her so” (Johnson 13).
● Although Christine makes the decision to stand up for
● While Charlie believes her family traditions are inferior
her family traditions, she struggles with the “lie” of her
to the Christianity, he also cares about her and begins
remaining love towards Charlie
to regret his aggression towards her
● Native Americans must end relationships with white
● Subordination of Native American culture in society
Americans when their culture is threatened, causing
results in turning white Americans against Native
them loss of potential happiness
Americans, regardless of their interaction with the
native people.
Symbolism
● In the case of “Red Girl’s Reasoning,” Johnson reveals how relationships between Native Americans and white
people, although tainted by racism, existed, and highlights the damage of ethnocentrism on that potential to
unify cultures.
● The dialogue offered in the story offers ample opportunity to address both the white and native perspectives on a
personal level. Hence, Johnson educates the reader on bias against Native Americans, and the ways ignorance
● The character of Christine empowers native people to stand up to racism, regardless of their personal loss, for the
possibility of changing the beliefs of white Americans, such as Charlie, and resolving social injustice
Works Cited
“Culture and History” Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe,
https://www.srmt-nsn.gov/culture_and_history#:~:text=The%20Mohawk%20are%20traditionally%20the,into%20southern%20C
https://www.srmt-nsn.gov/cultural_preservation#:~:text=The%20Mohawk%20people%20strongly%20believe,passed%20on%20
Garvin, John William and Mary Mark Ockerbloom. “E. Pauline Johnson.” A Celebration of Women Writers, McClelland, Goodchild &
Feb. 2024.
Robinson, Amanda and Andrew McIntosh. “Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake).” The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, 24 Jan