JOURNAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA
Vol.94, September 2019, pp.238-244
A Field-scale Overview of Facies Architectures and Depositional
Environment Integrating Core and Geophysical Log Data:
Study from a Marginal Gondwana Basin, India
Souvik Sen1,* and Joyjit Dey2
1
Geologix Limited, Dynasty Building, Level-4, Wing-A, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri (E), Mumbai - 400 059, India
2
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
*E-mail: souvikseniitb@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Karanpura field is the western most member of the E-W
trending Damodar Valley basin, belonging to Indian Gondwana
sedimentation. This paper aims to provide a field-scale depositional
model of Permian Barakar Formation from Karanpura field in
order to enlarge the knowledge of stratigraphic and facies
architecture. The study reviews the findings from extensively
available cores. Four major facies were defined, which represented
a fluvial depositional environment. Observations from core analyses
were integrated with high resolution geophysical log data to
understand the stacking pattern and depositional cyclicity of
Barakar Formation. The lateral and vertical distributions of the
facies associations were highlighted by well correlations, which
established major fining upwards depositional cycles in the area.
The depositional model has been interpreted on a regional scale.
INTRODUCTION
Facies analysis helps to understand the sedimentary structures and
architectural elements, deciphers the depositional environment. This
is the basic building block for sub-surface characterization, which is a
primary step for any basin exploration work. Karanpura field is the
western most part of the large east-west trending Damodar valley b
asin, an important unit of Gondwana deposits in India (Dey and
Sen, 2018; Kumar et al., 2018). Middle Permian Barakar Formation
is the major stratigraphic unit. Few researchers (Casshyap and Kumar,
1987; Gupta, 1999; Hota, 2010; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2010;
Bhattacharya et al., 2012; Mendhe et al., 2016; Tewari et al., 2017;
Dey et al., 2018; Dey and Sen, 2018, Kumar et al., 2018) have
published their work on various aspects of Permian Barakar Formation
from various parts of Karanpura area and adjacent sub-basins belonging
to Gondwana (Raniganj basin, Durgapur depression etc.), but only a
few publications are available on field scale interpretation.
This paper aims to: (i) summarize the various sedimentary
architectures and facies associations from the Karanpura field, (ii)
establish a regional sub-surface correlation and (iii) unravel a
conceptual field-scale depositional model of Permian Barakar
Formation integrating the available dataset. To reach these objectives,
a coherent workflow combining extensively available core and
high resolution well log analysis was used (data from Dey et al., 2018;
Dey and Sen, 2018). Sedimentary structure and sub-surface facies
analysis and well log correlations (field scale, i.e. regional) were then
performed which shows a vertical and lateral facies variation and
depositional environment of the Barakar Formation throughout
Karanpura field.
GEOLOGY OF THE AREA
Karanpura field, one of the major coal bearing unit of Gondwana
238 DOI: 10.1007/s12594-019-1302-x
basins in peninsular India, spread over Hazaribagh, Ranchi and
Palamau districts of Jharkhand state, India (Sen and Dey, 2018), with
an area of about 2280 sq. km (Dey and Sen, 2018). This is the western
most part of the vast east-west chain of Damodar valley basin (Fig.1).
It is a saucer shaped basin, having a maximum length of 64 km in the
east-west direction and a width of about 36 km in the north-south
direction (Priyadarshi, 2004; Dey et al., 2018; Dey and Sen, 2018).
Stratigraphy of the Karanpura field consists of thick sedimentary
succession from Carboniferous to Cretaceous; lower to middle
Gondwana Group of rocks from Talchir to Mahadeva Formation (Dey
et al., 2018). Karharbari, Barakar, Barren Measures and Panchet
formations with thick shale beds with cumulative thickness of about
500-800 m are present in the Karanpura area (Mendhe, et al., 2016).
In the easternmost part of this coalfield, Precambrian basement rocks
(metamorphic rocks) and small patchy occurrence of Talchir formation
is noted. Barakar Formation occurs in north, south and western parts
of the basin with patchy occurrence in eastern part (Dey et al., 2018).
Barren Measures Formation is exposed mainly in north and
west parts of the basin. Central part of the basin is occupied
with Panchet Formation. The study area lies between 23°43' N to
23°47' N and 84°47' E to 84°53' E (Fig.1, same as in Dey et al., 2018).
The coal bearing formation was deposited unconformably over
the Archean basement of quartzite and quartz mica schists. The
regional stratigraphic sequence of Karanpura coal field is presented
in Table 1.
BARAKAR FORMATION – LITERATURE STUDIES
The Gondwana group of basins of India are intra-cratonic basins
which occur along rifted grabens (Biswas, 1999). Approximately 5.5
km thick Gondwana sediments, mainly of fluviatile/lacustrine origin
were deposited from Upper Carboniferous to Lower Cretaceous and
are preserved in the linear rift basins (Hota, 2010; Tewari, 2005; Tewari
and Maejima, 2010, Kumar et al., 2018). The Damodar Valley
Gondwana basin of eastern India consists of a sequence of east-west
aligned sub-basins. Karanpura field is the western most member of
the set of sub-basins. The major part of Barakar Formation consists
of buff or dull brownish medium to coarse grained compact feldspathic
sandstone with interbedded clay bands, grey shale and coal seams
(Singh et al., 2003), the average thickness of coal seam varies from 1-
20 m and has its dip towards SE (Singh and Singh, 1996; Dey and
Sen, 2018). The occurrence of Glossopteris, Gangamopteris and
Cyclopteroids fossil leaves were also observed in their usual state of
preservation from the carbonaceous shale and clay band of Barakar
Formation (Srivastava and Agnihotri, 2010; Tewari et al., 2017).
Casshyap and Tewari (2001) have extensively worked on Barakar
Formation, especially coal seams. Their detailed studies from various
coal mines and surface exposures suggest that Barakar coals were
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Fig.1. Gondwana basins in Peninsular India. The basins along the Damodar valley trend are shown enlarged (adapted from Dey and Sen, 2018)
Study area - Karanpura field marked by ellipse with detailed map location
deposited in protected peat swamps and confined lakes in a meandering
river environment. The same has been supported by Dey et al. (2018),
based on the geophysical log based property characterization of middle
Permian Barakar coals from northern part of Karanpura field. Based
on the various coal assay parameters, Dey et al. (2018) concluded that
the middle Permian Barakar coals to be high volatile bituminous coal
of A-B rank. Another work published by Casshyap and Kumar (1987)
indicates a widespread flood deposits across western Bokaro and north
Karanpura coalfields. Gupta (1999) summarizes that in a few places
brackish water condition possibly existed along the meandering
channel system. Possible marine signatures/influences have been
reported from Barakar Formation of Ramgarh, West Bokaro coalfields
on the basis of trace fossil assemblages, sedimentation character
and trace element content (Tewari, 2005). Although definite
marine signatures have not been observed from Jharia and Raniganj
coalfields.
JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.94, SEPT. 2019
CORE ANALYSES
Various sedimentary structures have been identified on the cores
from Barakar formation of Karanpura area and used for interpreting
sedimentary architectures to depict depositional environment. Graphic
logs from few of the core holes have been presented in Figure 2
(adapted from Dey et al., 2018). Core analysis performed on about
1000+m of cores recovered from core hole drilling in Barakar
Formation of Karanpura field (as reported in Dey et al., 2018; Dey
and Sen, 2018) was used and they were analyzed for sedimentological
and stratigraphic perspectives focusing on lithologies, dominant
sedimentary structures, bed contacts etc. Important sedimentary
structures, as seen in cores, are presented in Fig.3. Table 2 summarizes
interpretations of identified sedimentary features.
WELL LOG ANALYSIS AND CORRELATION
Results from core analyses were integrated with geophysical well
239
Table 1. Regional stratigraphic sequence of Karanpura field (adapted from correlation purpose at the very first point to understand the lateral
Dey and Sen, 2018) distribution of various litho units and coal seams in the study area.
Age Formation Gross Lithology Thickness Packet to packet approach has been followed to establish regional
(m) correlation. Coal seams, being laterally continuous and easily
Tertiary Clay, Sand 8-17 identifiable in geophysical well logs, act as very good marker horizons
in the correlation process. Gamma ray curve acts as primary lithology
Unconformity
identification tools, with sands and shales displaying low and high
Barren Medium grained sandstones; gamma ray values respectively. The major benefit of Gamma ray curve
Measure siltstones; micaceous and 20-200 is its shape which strongly correlates to the grain size variation and
carbonaceous shales; ironstone
hence been extensively used (Sen et al., 2016), i.e. a fining upward
shales.
sequence will show gamma values increasing from bottom to top.
Permian Barakar Fine to medium grained sandstone; 400 Coals are characterized by low gamma value, high resistivity and
siltstone; shale; heteroliths; coals
low density values in geophysical logs, which easily distinguish coals
Talchir Green mudstones; fine to medium- Rarely from other associated lithologies (especially from sandstones) and this
grained sandstones; conglomerate; encountered is the reason why combination of multiple curves becomes always
rhythmites and diamictite. crucial and helpful in comparison being only dependent on gamma.
Unconformity Figure 4 presents regional correlation established in the study area.
Pre- Basement Mica-schist, Quartzite Sandstone units of Barakar Formation from study area shows two
Cambrian distinctive log signatures – cylindrical low gamma response and second
one with low gamma resting at the base of fining upward sequence
(with gamma value increasing towards top). Variation in thickness
logs (logs are shown in Dey and Sen, 2018; Dey et al., 2018) available and gamma signatures as well as their placement in the log with
from all the studied wells. The gamma ray, resistivity (shallow, associated lithologies have been crucial to interpret different
medium and deep), density logs were taken into account to identify sedimentary architectures. In geophysical logs, serrated gamma
and interpret major facies associations, their thicknesses; calibrated response indicates sand-silt/silty sand intercalations (Bridge and Tye,
 the findings from core. Well logs have been used for regional
with 2000). High gamma shales, being laterally and vertically consistent,

Fig.2. Graphic logs of five core holes, drilled in Permian Barakar formation, Karanpura field (adapted from Dey and Sen, 2018). All the graphic
logs display a general fining upward trend

240 JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.94, SEPT. 2019

 
Fig.3. Core photographs of various sedimentary architectural elements, as interpreted from the cores of study area (adapted from Dey and Sen,
2018), a. Channel sand with sharp base and basal feldspathic lags, b. trough cross stratification in channel sand body, c. current ripple laminations
with silty intercalations within channel, d. heterolith facies – levee, e. laminated shale – floodplain/overbank deposits, f. coal and g. shaley coal
indicates extensive floodplain deposits. Usually the floodplain deposits
sit on top of the channel sands. Thin sandstone bodies within the
floodplain shale sections can be interpreted as crevasse splay/ levee
deposits (Bridge, 1984; 1993).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Facies Associations
In this work, a facies is defined by its lithology, texture, components
and primary sedimentary structures. Subsequently the different facies
were spatially and genetically assembled in facies associations that
represent unique depositional environments. The well log peaks and
shapes, and the vertical facies recurrence were fundamental to identify
the key stratigraphic surfaces. Overall four major facies sets have
been established in the Permian Barakar Formation in Karanpura area
– (a) sandstone dominated facies (SSF), (b) shale dominated facies
(SHF), (c) sandstone-shale heterolith facies (SSHF) and d) coal facies
(CF).
— SSF: SSF is characterized by cross stratified sandstones (Figure
3b) and massive sandstones (devoid of any primary sedimentary
structures) with sharp erosive bases with basal feldspathic lags
(Figure 3a). These are primarily the product of high energy
environment and interpreted as channel flow deposits (Allen,
1970; Tye et al., 1991; Lunt et al., 2004). Flat laminations and
current ripple laminations interbedded with silty units (Figure
3c) associated with SSF might result from variations in flow
velocity/energy and sediment load within the channel.
— SHF: Thick laminated shales (Figure 3e) are abundantly found
throughout Karanpura area, as identified in cores and correlated
in well logs. Shales are carbonaceous and ferruginous in nature
at frequent intervals. SHF sits on top of SHF, thus defining a
fining upward trend, also supported by gamma ray log signatures.
JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.94, SEPT. 2019
SHF implies vertical accretion via suspension in low energy
environment and has been interpreted as floodplain deposits
(Opluštil et al., 2005; Sen et al., 2018). Thin shale lenses between
two channel sandstone units have been interpreted as deposition
from suspension on channel bars during low stage.
— SSHF: Two distinct sets of heteroliths were identified. Ripple
cross laminated fine to medium grained sandstone closely
interbedded with shales, overlying channel sandstones define the
first type pf heterolith. This association implies deposition in
vertical accretion in the overbank areas and hence interpreted as
levee (Figure 3d). Second type of heterolith is characterized by
fine grained thin sandstone units with sharp base, sandwiched in
between coal/shaley coal and shales/carbonaceous shales. This
has been interpreted as crevasse-splay deposits, developed when
flood water breaches the channel levees.
— CF: (Figure 3f) Occurs in close association with floodplain
shales. Coal seams commonly show calcite mineralization within
the naturally occurring fractures, coals are occasionally shaley in
nature (Figure 3g). SHF defines the roof and floor of most of the
coal seams, while few coal seams have been observed with
sandstone immediately above them. Coal deposited in the
floodplain swamps. High groundwater level could have
maintained the reducing condition in the swamps. Coals are
normally vitrinite rich indicating humic plant materials (primarily
cellulose and lignin) swamps (Sen, 2015; Sen and Banerjee, 2015;
Sen et al., 2016). A total of maximum eight group of coal seams
have been interpreted in the geophysical logs (Dey and Sen, 2018),
which was also seen during core studies. Coal seams show typical
splitting and merging behavior in the study area. Dey et al., 2018
established a lateral variation of coal properties from their
geophysical log based characterization of coal assay parameters,
which depicts increasing overall coal quality (drop in ash content)
241
Table 2. Various sedimentary features, as observed in cores and associated interpretations from Karanpura area (modified after Dey and Sen, 2018; Dey et al.,
2018)
Sedimentary features in Core
1) Trough cross stratified sandstone
2) Planar cross beds above troughs
3) Current ripple/flat laminations in fine grained
sandstone with silty intercalations
4) Massive sandstone (devoid of structures)
5) Erosive, sharp sandstone based
6) Coarse grained lags at the base of sandstone
unit
7) Ripple cross laminated sandstone, interbedded
with shale
8) Laminated sandstone - shale intercalations are
observed lying immediately over the erosional
surfaces or medium-coarse grained sandstones
9) Heterolith defined by fine grained thin clastic
deposit with sharp base, lying between coal/
shaley coal at bottom and coal/carbonaceous
shale/shale intercalation at top
10) Laminated Shale, micaceous and
ferruginous at places
Depositional process
Migrating channel bed form
Channel floor aggradation
Variations in flow velocity and sediment
load within the channel
Upper flow regime
Bottom of a flow unit
Cease of rolling bed load resulting from
fall of initial energy/velocity of the initial
flow current
Deposition happened in vertical accretion
in the overbank areas of fluvial system
Deposition from suspension or low
velocity unidirectional currents
Deposition occurring in low energy
environment, developed when flood
water breaches through channel levees
Vertical accretion via suspension
Environmental interpretation
Unidirectional channel flow deposit (Tye, 1991)
Channel deposit (Cant and Walker, 1976;
Lunt et al., 2004)
Low energy deposits associated with channels
(Opluštil et al., 2005)
High energy channel flow deposit (Rust, 1972;
Lunt et al., 2004)
Channel base (Dey and Sen, 2018)
Channel base (Allen, 1970; Lunt et al, 2004)
Levee (Allen, 1970; Casshyap and Tewari, 1984;
Sen et al., 2016)
Abandoned channel fill (Opluštil et al., 2005)
Crevasse-splay (Galloway and Hobday, 1996)
Flood plain (Sen et al., 2018)

from west to east and lower cleat porosity in the western part of
the studied Karanpura coal field.
Field Scale Depositional Model
This study takes a holistic approach to integrate core analysis and
interpretations from geophysical logs and establishes the vertical and
lateral disposition of various lithofacies identified in the study area.
The Barakar Formation consist of repetitive fining upward sequences
with sandstone, siltstone shale and coals being the dominant lithologies.
Base of each fining upward sequence is seen to be made up of channel
sand deposits (SSF). Thick cylindrical low gamma signatures represents
multistory channel sandstone bodies, extensive lateral continuity of
such units may resemble with laterally accreting channel bar complex
of fluvial system. The quartz/feldspar ratio varies from 2 to 7 in
Karanpura field (from Casshyap and Kumar, 1987), which indicates
greater contribution from supra-crustal (sedimentary and metamorphic)
terrains. Plagioclase feldspar is dominant over potassic feldspar. Higher
quartz/feldspar ratio also indicates strong weathering in the source
area and/or prolonged abrasion of sediments during transportation or
at the final site of deposition (Pettijohn, 1957, 1975). Casshyap and
Kumar (1987) reports a mean flow direction towards NW-WNW in
north Karanpura, which is very consistent across adjacent Gondwana
sub-basins, i.e. from Raniganj coalfield through Jharia, Bokaro to
Karanpura, with Karanpura being in the downstream direction
(Casshyap and Kumar, 1987). Laminated shales represent floodplain
areas accretion, deposited from suspension away from active channel.
Floodwater, breached through levee areas, deposited crevasse splays
in the floodplain, giving rise to intercalated sandstone/siltstone-shale
heterolith deposits (SSHF). The floodplains, because of very limited
clastic influx, were the ideal place for vegetation growth (Sen and
Banerjee, 2015; Sen, 2015; Sen et al., 2016). Reducing environment
prevailing in the swamps promoted extensive peat formation at various
intervals in the Permian Barakar Formation, giving rise to major coal
seams in the study area. Channel, floodplain, crevasse-splays, levees
are identified as major sedimentary architectural elements and the
whole assemblage represents a meandering fluvial depositional
environment.
The Barakar Formation Cyclicity
Regional correlation using geophysical logs reveals maximum four
major depositional cycles with fining upwards (i.e. deepening upwards)
trends in the area. Each cycle normally has an initial high energy phase
at bottom, followed by fine grained sediments deposited at top
(Catuneanu et al., 2011). Cyclic successions are commonly observed
in all fluvial settings occurring over a wide range of geological time.
These cycles have been named as Cycle 1-4 (Figure 4) (see Dey and
Sen, 2018). Top of Cycle-4 is marked by an unconformity, the contact
between Barakar and Barren Measures formations. A sequence
stratigraphic study by Dey and Sen, 2018 had divided each cycle in
two system tracts – low accommodation system tract (LAST) at bottom
and high accommodation system tract (HAST) at top, bounded by
sub-aerial unconformities. LAST is characterized by erosional based,
vertically stacked, amalgamated multistory channel sandstone
dominated facies and scarcely preserved floodplain facies indicating
a braided river system. HAST is characterized by overbank dominated
facies with more cumulative coal thickness with respect to the LAST
segments, indicating HAST periods are favorable for yielding calm
and quiet floodplains of vegetation growth, i.e. peat, in a meandering
river system. Thus each cycle reveals a change from braided system to
meandering depositional system (LAST to HAST). Out of the four
cycles, bottom two (Cycle1-2) were correlated across the basin and
was found very consistent, while the two shallower depositional cycles
are only present in the western margin and seen to be pinching out
towards east (Figure 4). This defines the Karanpura basin as a half
graben with depocenter at west and basement high in the eastern part.
CONCLUSION
Analysis of sedimentary facies associations and architectural

242 JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.94, SEPT. 2019


Fig.4. Regional facies distribution in Karanpura field from west to eastward direction, well locations are along the line in the inset field map
(modified after Dey and Sen, 2018)
elements indicates a fluvial depositional system for the Barakar
formation in the study area. Laterally continuous coal seams were
deposited in the calm and quiet environment of extensive floodplains.
Channel sinuosity and lateral channel migration/avulsion results in
lateral facies heterogeneity and coal splitting. Overall Barakar
Formation is characterized by repetitive fining upward depositional
cycles. Fluvial sequence analysis reflects a gradual shift from braided
to meandering depositional system from bottom to top of each cycle.
Study indicates depocenter is possibly in the western part of the
Karanpura field. This work reviewed and integrated extensive
volume of core and geophysical log data set to establish vertical
and horizontal variation of facies disposition and infer regional
depositional pattern.
Acknowledgement: Authors express their sincere gratitude to
Dr. Prakash Kumar Singh, Associate Editor, Journal of the Geological
Society of India for his timely communication and valuable
suggestions. Authors are grateful to the two reviewers for their
detailed review and suggestions, which improved the manuscript. JD
is thankful to his previous employer Coal India Limited. SS thanks
his employer Geologix Limited for giving the access of Coal
characterization, XSection modules of GEO Suite of software, which
were instrumental in correlations and various geophysical log based
analyses. This work has only used all the previously published works
(and dataset) that JD and SS did and aimed to summarize their previous
findings here but with a focus on the depositional environment of
Gondwana basin.
JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.94, SEPT. 2019
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