The purpose of this assignment is to prepare you for the exam on the

unit chapter.

Answer the questions below in a word processor and submit your

answers in the text entry box.

1. Compare and contrast depression and mania and explain how

these are related to unipolar depression and bipolar disorders.

Both depression and mania, deals with a person’s mood. Depression is

when a person feels low and sad and mania is the opposite the state in
which a person feels very energized. Unipolar depression and bipolar
disorder is a type of disorder that both deal with depression but mania
consist of both depression and high levels of energy.

2. Describe the different types of symptoms of depression.

The are five different types of symptoms of depression of them is

physical, cognitive, behavior, motivational, emotional. They all
exacerbate one another and differ from person to person. Emotional
symptoms consist of an individual who sometimes I unable to get
pleasure, they may feel miserable, humiliated, empty etc. Motivational
symptoms is when an individual loose the desire to perform their usual
activities, lack of drive, initiative, and spontaneity. They may have to
force them selves to work, have sex, talk with friends, Behavior
symptoms is when a person is less active they may stay in bed all day,
may move and even speak slowly. Cognitive symptoms is when a
person have negative views of themselves, Physical symptoms is
Headaches, indigestion, constipation, general pain and dizzy spells.

3. Define premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Why has this diagnosis

been controversial?
 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder is a disorder which clinical
significant depressive and related symptoms arise during a week
before menstration. The diagnosis is controversial because its labeled
as sexiest, and pathologized which premenstrual discomfort are
common.

4. What evidence exists to support the biological view of unipolar

depression? Which conclusions can be drawn from this evidence?
Discuss at least two biological factors implicated in this model.

Unipolar depression is supported by biological view which evidence

indicate that Genetic factors, Biochemical factors, Brain Circuits and
the immune system could increase the risk of one having Unipolar
depression.

5. Describe how each type of antidepressant drug was discovered and

explain how each works.

Most Antidepressant drugs was discovered by accident such as

Monoamine oxidase in 1952 it was suppose to help patients with
tuberculosis but instead it made the patients feel happier, so MAO
helps slow down the enzyme production of monoamine oxidase it
increases the activity level of the neurotransmitter serotonin and
norepinephrine throughout the brain. Tricyclics share three ring
molecular structure that acts on neurotransmitter reuptake
mechanisms of neurons keys which improve symptoms in ten days.
They allow serotonin to remain in their synapse longer and than
stimulate receiving neurons. Second generation antidepressants
increase serotonin activity without affecting norepinephrine or other
neurotransmitters.

6. How does the psychodynamic approach to treating unipolar

depression differ from the cognitive-behavioral approach?
The psychodynamic approach tries to bring this unconscious grief to
life and working through them. Cognitive behavior approach may
encourage their client to engage in more activities and adapt in a less
negative way.

7. Describe Peter Lewinsohn's use of the behavioral realm to explain

depression.

Lewisohn believe that the positive reward dwindles, and it leads them
to perform fewer and fewer constructive behaviors. The positive
features of their lives decrease more, and the decline in reward leads
them to perform less constructive behavior and eventually leads them
to fall into depression.

8. Negative thinking lies at the center of unipolar depression. Referring

to this theory, discuss four areas that may contribute to negative
thinking, and in turn may cause depression.

Maladaptive attitudes, errors in thinking, automatic thoughts and

cognitive triad. This can occur from own experience or judgement of
people.

9. Someone you know has just had a minor fender-bender, caused by

backing his car into a light pole. Using the concepts of the attribution-
helplessness theory, provide examples of what an individual at risk for
depression would say regarding what just happened to him. Be sure to
include all three attributional dimensions.

A person who’s experiencing depression may think that maybe they

experienced this because they been in a crash before and was
paranoid, and its because of themselves they were so busy thinking
their at fault and that they may never drive again because of it.

10. Describe the approach you would take if treating a client for
unipolar depression, using the four-phase cognitive-behavioral
treatment approach. Give examples of specific interventions you
would employ at each phase.

If I was treating someone with unipolar depression, I would try to use

the identify negative thinking and biasness. I believe negative thinking
plays a huge effect in depression. In phase1 allow the client to
schedule hourly activities throughout the week, Phase 2 client and
therapist test the reality behind the thoughts, Phase 3 guiding the
client to understand that her interpretations negative biasness, Phase
4 aiding the client to change their attitude, accepting behavior and
decisions.

11. Discuss the relationship between gender and depression. How

does research support the theories that explain gender differences?

They support their theory based on artifact theory which shows how
woman displays their depression more than men, hormone theory
which the woman faces puberty, pregnancy and menopause, life stress
theory the woman faces more discrimination, hors of work, mental
jobs, poverty. Body dissatisfaction being taught to seek lower body
weight and shape, goals that’s unreasonable, unhealth, and
unattainable. Lack of control theory which the woman have
helplessness research , they feel less in control.

12. What is the underlying premise of multicultural treatments for

unipolar depression? When would you recommend using such an
approach?
They focus on the client economic pressure, minority identity, cultural
issues. I would recommend using this approach when dealing with
clients from different cultural backgrounds.

13. Using DSM-5, compare and contrast the similarities and differences
between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder.

Both bipolar I and II depressive episodes are more frequent and last
longer than manic episodes. Bipolar I am full manic and major
depressive episodes. Bipolar II hypomanic, mild manic episode allow a
person to complete huge amount of work.

14. One of the difficulties with the use of mood stabilizers to treat
bipolar disorder is that patients often stop taking the medication.
Discuss three reasons why a person who is experiencing bipolar
disorder might stop taking this highly effective medication and what a
therapist might do to improve treatment compliance.

Unwanted side effects, thinking their no longer in need of the drug,

miss the euphoria felt during manic episodes, worry about being less
productive. The therapist might suggest the client family, group,
individual therapy in adjunct to mood stabilizing drugs.

15. Describe adjunctive psychotherapy, why it is needed for those who

have bipolar disorders, and what is its related effectiveness.
People who have bipolar disorder may need adjunctive psychotherapy to help them with stabilizing their
mood along with continuing taking medication. It helps social skills, relationships with friends and family
and reduces hospitalization.