Group 6 Comparative Study FINAL

COCONUT RACHIS AND SAWDUST: SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AS A PENCIL
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
As this world is constantly battling one of the biggest problems it faces: climate
change. Sustainability movement can be our effective defense, it is about environmental
awareness and the need to preserve it. "Human activity" is the "dominant driver of the
natural environment," in line with the concept of the Anthropocene. We are or have
evolved into a type of natural catastrophe. Our actions can dictate how our environment
will look like in the future as stated by Sachs (2015). Therefore, the researchers came up
with the idea of creating a pencil body made out of waste materials. The main raw
materials in making the pencil's alternative to the wood-based lead cover will be coconut
rachis and sawdust. This study seeks to contribute to environmental sustainability through
prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse.
Coconut rachis is the middle part of the coconut leaf, it is usually being thrown
away or used as a fuel for burning purposes after being cut or simply fell from the tree.
The Philippines is the second largest producer of coconut products in the world, next to
Indonesia. Coconut, also known as the “tree of life”, despite being one of the most
significant crops in the Philippines, coconut husk, shells and leaves was considered as the
most common agricultural waste in the country (Tacio, 2019).
DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL

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On the other hand, wood sawdust is abundant solid waste that is locally accessible and
produced as a byproduct of a sawmill enterprise. When these wastes are burned directly,
they produce incredibly low thermal efficiency and may produce a lot of air causing
pollution and global warming (Jabile, 2022).
According to Theoretical and Technical Residue Volume of Major Crops in the
Philippines (2016), Philippines has produced 13,666,092 technical tons of coconut
fronds.
According to Baconguis (2016), The Philippines has produced 0.24 million metric
tons of sawdust.
Every student needs a pencil; it's more than just a tool for basic writing and
drawing; it's an essential instrument for learning as well as for the community. The
researchers will utilize the coconut rachis and sawdust that people thought are wastes and
use them to create a useful and innovative product. The researchers have chosen these
materials to transition them into valuable material such as pencil body to lessen solid
waste production. It is also in line with the aim to help environmental sustainability since
resorting to these materials can help bring good benefits to the environment and also
lessens environmental stress due to excessive cutting of trees.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Coconut rachis and sawdust are known to be contributors to land pollution, they
are classified as solid or agricultural waste. The researchers will make use of the
alternative materials to produce a pencil body.
This research will attempt to answer the following scientific questions:
1. How may the Coconut rachis pencil body alternative be tested in terms of;
1.1 Functionality,
1.2 Sharpening,
1.3 Stress-resistance and
1.4 Efficiency?
2. How may the Sawdust pencil body alternative be tested in terms of;
2.1 Functionality,
2.2 Sharpening,
2.3 Stress-resistance and
2.4 Efficiency?
3. Is there a significant difference between the proposed alternative pencil body
Coconut rachis and Sawdust in terms of: functionality, sharpening, stress-
resistance and efficiency?
4. After the findings of the study, what alternative sustainable pencil body may be
proposed?

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HYPOTHESIS
Ho1: There is no significant difference between the proposed alternative pencil body
Coconut rachis and Sawdust in terms of functionality.
Coconut rachis and Sawdust in terms of sharpening.
Coconut rachis and Sawdust in terms of stress-resistance.
Coconut rachis and Sawdust in terms of efficiency.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Input Process Output

• Analysis of pencil • Creation of the • Proposal of a pencil
body made out of checklist body made out of
Coconut rachis and Coconut rachis and
Sawdust in terms of: • Validation of the Sawdust
functionality, proposed checklist
sharpening, stress-
resistance, and • Administration of the
efficiency. checklist
• Conducting of pencil
• Reading of literatures tests
and studies for • Statistical treatment
conducting of tests.
Feedback
Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Research

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This study uses a paradigm with input-process-output plan. There are three
frames presented in the graph. The input of the study is located on the first frame, which
includes: analysis of pencil body made out of coconut rachis or sawdust. The next frame
in the graph presents the process of the study, which is made up of: creation of the
checklist, validation of the proposed checklist, administration of the checklist, conducting
of pencil tests, and statistical treatment. And lastly the third frame presents the output of
the study that concludes the proposal of a pencil body made out of coconut rachis and
sawdust.
In this study, the pencil body was made by using coconut rachis and sawdust. This
study will assess and test the potency of a pencil body made out of coconut rachis and
sawdust in terms of: functionality, sharpening, stress-resistance, and efficiency.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following are the benefactors that will benefit in this study:
STUDENTS. This research will give them knowledge that coconut rachis and
sawdust can be converted into a valuable product and it will give them an option to buy a
low-cost pencil or make their own pencil body with the help of this research study.
TEACHERS. The teachers may learn from this study that there are other uses for
coconut rachis and sawdust. They may also recommend the pencil with an alternative
body to their students and they may also use the pencil.

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COMMUNITY. This will lessen the amount of waste in the community and it
will help them maintain a healthy environment.
PENCIL MANUFACTURERS. They will have an idea that coconut rachis and
sawdust could also be used to make pencil body and not just wood. They may resort to
coconut rachis and sawdust to make pencil body instead of being disposed of.
THE ENVIRONMENT. It would benefit from this study because it will help
maintain the environment by recycling coconut rachis and sawdust that is a wood
industry waste and turn it into a valuable product that will be able to lessen the cutting of
trees, and will help in environmental sustainability. This will also lessen environmental
issues.
FUTURE RESEARCHERS. They may hopefully be inspired to undertake other
research related to this study. They may use this research as a reference and broaden their
creativity with regard to the use of coconut rachis and sawdust.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This research will be conducted at Diosdado Macapagal Memorial High School in
Solib, Floridablanca, Pampanga in the school year 2022-2023.
The respondents of the study will be the selected 10 Campus Journalists of the
Diosdado Macapagal Memorial High School that has to try the alternative pencil body
made out of Coconut rachis and Sawdust. This is to test the potency of the two
sustainable materials as a pencil body.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are defined conceptually or operationally for clear
understanding of the study.
Functionality - the quality of the pencil that is suited to serve its role as a pencil. It is
how well the pencil can write and be used.
Sharpening - this refers to make the point of a pencil to be sharpened and be utilized
for an effective way of writing.
Stress-resistance - is the ability of the pencil body to work /cope under a pressure.
Efficiency - the use of a pencil with an alternative body to not go to waste and use it the
best way possible.

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NOTES IN CHAPTER 1
Sachs, J. (2015). The Age of Sustainable Development. Columbia Universsity Press.
Retrieved from:
http://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-age-of-sustainable-development/9780231173155, 22-
02-23.
Tacio, H. (2019). Coconut: Major Export Crop of Filipino Farmers. Philippine Coconut
Authority. Retrieved from: https://pca.gov.ph/index.php/10-news/234-coconut-major-
export-crop-of-filipino-farmers , 22-02-23.
Jabile, L. et al. (2022). UTILIZATION OF SAWDUST AND RICE HUSK FOR
PARTICLE BOARD APPLICATION. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Sciences. Retrieved from: https://hal.science/hal-03928999/, 22-02-23.
Caparino, O. A. (2018). Status of agricultural waste and utilization in the Philippines.
Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization: Nueva Ecija,
Philippines. Retrieved from:
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/unosd/documents/37656.Philippines-
Power%20Point%20Presentation-2-21-18.pdf, 23-02-23.
Baconguis S. (2016). Charcoal Briquettes: Fueling Viable Micro-Financed and Com-
Based Livelihood Enterprise. Ecosystems Research & Development Bureau. Retrieved

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from: https://nswmc.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7.Charcoal-Briquettes.pdf,
23-02-23.
CHAPTER II
THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researchers
considered in strengthening the importance of the present study.
RELATED LITERATURE
The testing conditions' completion or non-satisfaction is the primary evaluation
criterion. If the test is run, you can assess the outcome in accordance with some specified
rules (for example, on a ten-point scale, 0 is terrible, 10 is excellent; in general, the
assessment criterion can be set as you like). In addition, we'll try to numerically represent
a few parameters. You may compile a list of the traits of several pencil models using the
data obtained stated by Kara (2021).
According to Rana (2020) once the pencil has been submerged in water for a
while, check its quality and compressive strength. Check that any pencil-written text or
notes are removed when the paper is submerged in water and then dries.
As stated by Softwaretestingo Editorial Board (2023) when writing a pencil test
case, you can take into account the following: a non-functional pencil test case, a
functional pencil test case, and a performance and load pencil test case.

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According to Young (2021), a line 35 miles long can be drawn with a single
pencil of standard size. It is roughly 45,000 words, or half a novel, worth of writing.
Pencils can be sharpened 17 times on average.
The pencil's primary function is to write. Limitations: The length of the pencil's
lead. Stress Condition: Whether we hold or drop the pencil, it shouldn't break. The pencil
should be simple to grasp and simple to write with. State of security/safety: The pencil
shouldn't contain any dangerous substances and shouldn't do any harm to anyone as
claimed by Rajkumar (2023).
Check the strength of the lead; it should not fracture under the appropriate (typical
human) pressure. Check to see if the pencil's strength and grade of wood are up to
requirements. Verify that a standard pencil sharpener can be used to easily sharpen the
pencil as stated by Yadav (2022).
A technique for performing an essential test on eye pencil samples is provided by
the EYE PENCIL RIG (A/EP). An eye pencil's stiff core must enable the tip to be
sharpened to a point in order to apply a "defined line" without causing the user's eye to
scratch as claimed by Smewing (2015).
According to Zaheer (2023), shake the pencil and Check if the lead is intact. The
lead won't break and the pencil itself, and will write comfortably.
The Musgrave Pencil Company's Test Scoring 100 pencil is a cost-effective
option that outperforms the pencils on the bottom shelves. In conclusion, it leaves a mark
that is dark and rich, roughly a 2B or 3B, but with a minor advantage over other pencils

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in that grade in terms of smoothness and point retention. I'd think the Test Scoring 100
has a considerably bigger benefit in terms of smearing as claimed by Jesse (2021).
This test is used to determine the pencil's hardness once it is sharp. Apply
pressure on your skin with the pencil. It is too soft and won't write nicely if the pencil
leaves a mark. It is too soft and may break quickly if the pencil does not leave a mark.
The ideal pencil will barely leave a mark on your skin. Next, examine the lead. Draw a
line with minimal pressure to check the lead of a pencil. It's too soft and won't give you
adequate writing material if the lead goes out after just one or two strokes. On the other
hand, if the point is still extremely sharp after one or two strokes, it is excessively strong
and could result in paper tearing because of its brittle quality according to Atif (2022).
RELATED STUDIES
Each pencil underwent a Vickers Hardness Number test to determine its degree of
hardness. Twelve was the hardness rating of wooden pencils. Pencils with a hardness
number of less than 12 were therefore disqualified. The sharpening exam was the last
test. Paper pencils were sharpened using standard wooden pencil sharpeners. The pencils
were discarded if the sharpening outcomes were unsatisfactory as stated by Sinha (2016).
The research hypothesis was confirmed in light of the findings, it may be said (the
ability to automatically reduce the depth of the indentation after removing the load in the

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Brinell method increases with the increasing hardness of the floor material) as stated by
Sydor (2020).
Compared to the juniper and poplar wood currently used in the pencil business,
paulownia wood is a suitable replacement. Physical, mechanical, and technical
experiments with pencils were used to make this determination. When the samples were
prepared, mechanical (bending strength and elasticity in bending and brittleness),
physical (oven-dry and air-dry density), and technological (Brinell hardness) testing were
carried out. For each test, 50 samples were used. Multiple comparisons and analysis of
variance were used to assess all parameters (ANOVA). The Duncan's Multiple Range
Test was used to determine whether there were any significant differences between the
mean values of the control and treatment samples according to Kaygin (2015).
Apart from its flexural and compressive stress, which is lower than the needed
standards, the board developed for this investigation without the use of fibers has
physical and mechanical attributes that are practically on par with those made using
fibers. The two most important properties for commercial use—water absorption and
thickness swelling—have upper limits that are substantially lower than the norm and are
comparable to boards constructed from other tested materials claimed by Harshavardhan
(2017).
This study examines the effectiveness of sawdust and neem powder briquettes and
their mixtures. The first series of studies uses a hydraulic pelletizer that is manually
operated to generate sawdust and neem powder briquettes at pressures between 7 and 33

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MPa. The shatter index, impact resistance, durability index, and water resistance test are
used to evaluate the briquettes' strength by Rajaseenivasan (2016).
One important and simple test method for characterization of wood is the bending
test. The truth is that there are no recognized techniques for analyzing tiny wood samples,
particularly veneer. The recognized test procedures for solid wood are the foundation of
our inquiry. Using veneer and tiny samples, the three-point bending test was successfully
completed and evaluated according to Siegel (2020).
As stated by Arocena (2021) when it comes to bonding, the strength of a pencil
body constructed of peanut shells is such that it can withstand loads of 38 kg, 48 kg, and
51 kg before coming apart.
The Elcometer 501 tester was used to assess the hardness of pencils. While
scratching, this gadget is intended to apply a load of 7.5 N. The brand of pencils used was
Faber-Castell. Before testing, the samples' surfaces were cleaned using compressed air
after being secured to a level, horizontal surface. From the toughest to the weakest pencil
grade, scratches of at least 6.5 mm were made as claimed by Molero (2019).
The tensile test is used to determine the amount of specimen elongation needed to
reach the breaking point as well as the force necessary to break the material. Tensile
testing yields a stress-strain diagram that is used to specify a material or design parts to
withstand force applications and quality control inspection. A material's tensile strength

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is measured using the tensile test and is expressed in N/mm2 or MPa according to
Waghmare (2017).
Tests of the particle board's hardness are done to see how strong it is to being
scratched by other objects. Particleboard will come into contact with various objects
during its use. The Rockwell hardness type H or ball indentation method is used to test
the hardness. Ball indentation hardness (N/mm2) is the value measured as stated by
Lusiani (2020).

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NOTES IN CHAPTER II
Kara, A. (2021). How to Test a Pencil. Spin Career, retrieved from:
https://spincareer.com/how-to-test-a-pencil/?
fbclid=IwAR3cNYKoDVGK8uQ6kVLMAmdioUbvaR0GbEuJUvPTuZ-
l97joaGw_DOGzJ1U, 22-02-23.
Rana, K (2020). Test Cases for Pencil. Art of Testing. Retrieved from:
https://artoftesting.com/pencil#:~:text=Check%20if%20the%20pencil%20writes,in
%20water%20and%20later%20dried, 22-02-23.
Softwaretestingo Editorial Board (2023). Test Cases For Pencil. Softwaretestingo.
Retrieved from: https://www.softwaretestingo.com/pencil-test-cases/, 22-02-23.
Young, M. (2021). The Average Pencil Can Be Sharpened 17 Times. South Florida
Reporter. Retrieved from: https://southfloridareporter.com/the-average-pencil-can-be-
sharpened-17-times/, 08-03-23.

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Rajkumar, SM. (2023). Sample Test Cases For Pencil. Software Testing Material.
Retrieved from: https://www.softwaretestingmaterial.com/test-cases-for-pencil/, 08-03-
23.
Yadav, S. (2022). Test Cases For Pencil - Pencil Test Cases. QA acharya. Retrieved
from: https://www.qaacharya.in/2022/09/pencil-test-cases-example.html, 08-03-23.
Smewing, J. (2015). Texture Analysis in Action: the Eye Pencil Rig. Stable Micro Systems.
Retrieved from: https://textureanalysisprofessionals.blogspot.com/2015/05/texture-analysis-in-
action-eye-pencil.html, 08-03-23.
Zaheer (2023). How to Write Test Cases for A Pencil: Your Ultimate Free List of Tests. Testing
Chat. Retrieved from: https://www.testingchat.com/fundamentals/test-process/test-analysis-and-
design/test-cases-for-pencil/, 08-03-23.
Jesse (2021). Pencil Review: Musgrave Test Soring 100. Polar Pencil Pusher. Retrieved
from: https://polarpencilpusher.home.blog/2021/09/21/pencil-review-musgrave-test-
soring-100/, 14-03-23.
Atif (2022). How To Test a Pencil for QA Interview: 11 Crazy Ways. Careerist.
Retrieved from: https://www.careerist.com/insights/how-to-test-a-pencil-for-qa-
interview-11-crazy-ways, 21-03-23.
Sinha, M., & Engineering, B. E. M. (2016). Identifying Standardized Data for
Manufacturing Commercial Grade Pencils Made Out of Recycled or Waste Paper with
Qualities Comparable to Wooden Pencils. Research Gate. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309213457_Identifying_Standardized_Data_for

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_Manufacturing_Commercial_Grade_Pencils_Made_Out_of_Recycled_or_Waste_Paper
_with_Qualities_Comparable_to_Wooden_Pencils, 22-02-23.
Sydor, M., Pinkowski, G., & Jasińska, A. (2020). The Brinell method for determining
hardness of wood flooring materials. MPDI. Retrieved from:
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/8/878, 22-02-23.
Kaygin, B., Kaplan, D., & Aydemir, D. (2015). Paulownia tree as an alternative raw
material for pencil manufacturing. Research Gate. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276426306_Paulownia_Tree_as_an_Alternativ
e_Raw_Material_for_Pencil_Manufacturing, 20-02-23.
Harshavardhan, A., & Muruganandam, L. (2017, November). Preparation and
characteristic study of particle board from solid waste. IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering. Retrieved from:
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/263/3/032005/meta, 23-02-23.
Rajaseenivasan, T., Srinivasan, V., Qadir, G. S. M., & Srithar, K. (2016). An
investigation on the performance of sawdust briquette blending with neem powder.
Science Direct. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816301818, 23-02-23.
Siegel, C., Buchelt, B., Wagenfuhr, A. (2020). Application of the Three-point bending
test for small sized wood and veneer samples. Research Gate. Retrieved from:

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344507661_Application_of_the_Three-
point_bending_test_for_small_sized_wood_and_veneer_samples, 08-03-23.
Arocena, J. (2021). SIP_SAMPLE (Utilization of Peanut Shells As An Alternative Pencil
Body). SCRIBD. Retrieved from: https://www.scribd.com/document/538232083/SIP-
SAMPLE-UTILIZATION-OF-PEANUT-SHELLS-AS-AN-ALTERNATIVE-PENCIL-
BODY, 12-03-23.
Molero, G., & Sue, H. J. (2019). Scratch behavior of model epoxy resins with different
crosslinking densities. ScienceDirect. Retrieved
from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127519304034, 14-03-23.
Waghmare, P. M., Bedmutha, P. G., & Sollapur, S. B. (2017). Review on mechanical
properties of banana fiber biocomposite. ResearchGate. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320557432_Review_on_Mechanical_Properties
_of_Banana_Fiber_Biocomposite#:~:text=banana%20fibers%20have%20much
%20highe,flexural%20properties%20than%20other%20fibers.&text=39.5MPa
%20followed%20by%20Hemp,fiber)%20composite%20has%2028%20MPa, 14-03-23.
Lusiani, R., Saefuloh, I., Listijorini, E., Sumarna, A. E., Fawaid, M., & Meliana, Y.
(2020, December). Particleboard characterization using sawdust from sengon wood,
mahogany wood, bayur wood, and rice husk ash as composite fillers. IOP Science.
Retrieved from: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/909/1/012028/
meta, 14-03-23

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CHAPTER III
METHODS OF RESEARCH
This chapter presents the methodology of the study which includes a description
of the research design, respondents of the study, research instruments, data collection,
and statistical treatment of data used in the study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study utilized comparative research design to assess and compare the
potential and effectiveness of coconut rachis and sawdust as a sustainable material for
pencil body. Investigations to analyze and evaluate, with quantitative and qualitative
methods, a phenomenon and/or fact among different areas, subjects, and/or objects to
detect similarities and/or differences. All research of cause-and-effect relationships
and/or associations between variables are, in general, comparative studies by nature. The
goal of comparative studies in the social sciences is to identify similarities and/or
differences between various elements, structures, systems, processes, and policies by
examining the global, national, regional, and local settings in which they operate (Coccia,
2018).
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

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The respondents of this research are selected 10 Grade 12 STEM students of
Diosdado Macapagal Memorial High School which will be chosen using purposive
sampling.
They are selected to be the respondents of the study because they have the
homogeneity, wherein most of the time they are using pencil inside and outside the
school. The researchers will assess the potency and effectiveness of the coconut rachis
and sawdust as a sustainable material for pencil body.
Various non-probability sampling methods are included in the category of
"purposive sampling method." Purposive sampling, sometimes referred to as judgmental,
selective, or subjective sampling, relies on the researcher's judgment when choosing the
units (such as people, cases or organizations, events, or data points) that will be studied.
When compared to methods of probability sampling, the sample under evaluation is
typically fairly small. It is a type of non-probability sampling where the researcher makes
decisions about who should be included in the sample based on a range of factors, such as
the person's capacity and willingness to participate in the study or their level of expertise
in the research topic (Rai et al, 2015).
INSTRUMENTS
The instrument that the researchers will use to gather the data and information
needed in this study is observation checklist. A checklist, which is often referred to as a
tick list or chart, serves as an inventory of traits or qualifications that the researcher can
use to checks indicators that are being observed. Both quantitative and qualitative tools

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can be used in a checklist. It turns into a quantitative tool when you search for certain
criteria with a yes/no or scale-type answer (Trigueros, 2017).
The observation checklist was created from the following sub-variables which are
functionality, sharpening, stress-resistance, and efficiency. Each of these variables have 5
statements through the readings of related literature and studies. The respondents will test
the product according to the statement, then through Likert scale, the respondents
expressed their responses.
Mean and weighted mean were used in determining the evaluation of materials.
Likewise, the descriptive ratings and numerical ratings of the respondent’s evaluation of
the Coconut Rachis and Sawdust pencil body in terms of functionality, sharpening, stress-
resistance, and efficiency.
Weighted Mean Point Scale Descriptive Rating Verbal

Interpretation
3.51 – 4.00 4 Acceptable Strongly Agree
2.51 – 3.50 3 Slightly Acceptable Agree
1.51 – 2.50 2 Slightly Unacceptable Disagree
1.00 – 1.50 1 Unacceptable Strongly Disagree
Table 1. The Descriptive Rating to be utilized in the observable checklist

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DATA COLLECTION
In the conduct of the study, the researcher sought permission through letters to the
Diosdado Macapagal Memorial Senior High School focal person, research coordinator
and research teacher. The respondents will test the product, and after that, researchers
will personally administer the observation checklist to the respondents of the study. The
researchers gave the respondents enough time to complete the observation checklist,
which were then fully collected by the researchers.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
In analyzing and interpreting the data gathered, descriptive statistical techniques
including mean, weighted mean and inferential statistical techniques like T- test were
used. The T-test was used to compare the means of the two products, assessing if there is
difference between the alternative pencil bodies in terms of: functionality, sharpening,
stress-resistance, and efficiency.

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ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
Ethical Considerations can be specified as one of the most important parts of the
research. According to Bryman and Bell (2007), the following ten points represent the
most important principles related to ethical considerations in thesis:
1. Research participants should not be subjected to harm in any ways
whatsoever.
2. Respect for the dignity of research participants should be prioritized.
3. Full consent should be obtained from the participants prior to the study.
4. The protection of the privacy of research participants has to be ensured.
5. Adequate level of confidentiality of the research data should be ensured.
6. Anonymity of individuals and organizations participating in the research
has to be ensured.
7. Any deception or exaggeration about the aims and objectives of the
research must be avoided.
8. Affiliations in any forms, sources of funding, as well as any possible
conflicts of interests have to be declared.
9. Any type of communication in relation to the research should be done
with honesty and transparency.

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10. Any type of misleading information, as well as representation of primary
data findings in a biased way must be avoided.
NOTES IN CHAPTER III
Coccia, M., Benati, I. (2018). Comparative Studies. Research Gate. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323573952_Comparative_Studies, 07-01-23.
Rai, N., & Thapa, B. (2015). A study on purposive sampling method in research.
Academia, retrieved from:
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48403395/A_Study_on_Purposive_Sampling_Met
hod_in_Research-libre.pdf?1472466369=&response-content-disposition=inline
%3B+filename%3DA_STUDY_ON_PURPOSIVE_SAMPLING_METHOD_IN.pdf, 07-
01-23
Trigueros, R., Juan, M., & Sandoval, F. (2017). Qualitative and quantitative research
instruments: Research tools. Research Gate. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323014697_QUALITATIVE_AND_QUANTI
TATIVE_RESEARCH_INSTRUMENTS_Research_tools, 02-03-23.
Bryman, A. & Bell, E. (2007) “Business Research Methods”, 2nd edition. Oxford
University Press. Retrieved from: https://research-methodology.net/research-
methodology/ethicalconsiderations// 06-03-23.

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CHAPTER IV
THE PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter conveys the presentation, interpretation, and analysis of the gathered
data for the respondents’ response in the Coconut Rachis and Sawdust: Sustainable
Materials as a Pencil Body.
Functionality Test for the Proposed Coconut Rachis Pencil
Indicators Mean Score Descriptive Verbal

Interpretation Interpretation
The pencil can write/draw 4 Strongly Agree Acceptable
The pencil body is easy to 3.3 Agree Slightly
grasp Acceptable
The pencil does not break when 4 Strongly Agree Acceptable
writing
The binder does not affect the 3.9 Strongly Agree Acceptable
lead’s writing
The pencil does not break when 4 Strongly Agree Acceptable
tapped on table
Total 3.84 Strongly Agree Acceptable
Table 1. Coconut Rachis Pencil Analysis in terms of Functionality
The table one, Coconut Rachis Pencil analysis in terms of Functionality, shows
that the Coconut Rachis Pencil is “Acceptable” for indicators (1) the pencil can write, (3)
the pencil does not break when writing, (4) binder does not affect the lead’s writing, (5)
Pencil does not break when tapped on the table, and as for the “Slightly Acceptable” in

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terms of Functionality in indicator (2) the pencil body is easy to grasp. The overall mean
score that the researchers have gathered is 3.84.
The Coconut Rachis was able to perform with excellence in the functionality test.
With this result, Coconut Rachis has a good potency as a pencil in terms of its
functionality.
Functionality tests were conducted to determine whether the product performed
its intended purposes. The observations made by the researchers showed that the coconut
rachis pencil was easy to grasp, does not break when writing, and could sustain force
when tapped on a table while still holding the pencil lead. In conclusion, the coconut
rachis pencil passed the functionality test, indicating that it has functional qualities that
are equivalent with the characteristics of a good pencil.
Sharpening Test for the Proposed Coconut Rachis Pencil

The pencil sharpens easily 3.3 Agree Slightly Acceptable
The pencil does not crumble 3.5 Agree Slightly Acceptable
when sharpened
The pencil doesn’t have 3.6 Strongly Agree Acceptable
damage when sharpened
The lead does not fall out 4 Strongly Agree Acceptable
when sharpened
The pencil does not 3.8 Strongly Agree Acceptable
delaminate when sharpened
Table 2. Coconut Rachis Pencil Analysis in terms of Sharpening

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The table two, Coconut Rachis Pencil analysis in terms of Sharpening, shows that
the Coconut Rachis Pencil is “Acceptable” for indicators (3) the pencil doesn’t have
damage when sharpened (4) lead does not fall out when sharpened, (5) the pencil does
not delaminate when sharpened, and as for the “Slightly Acceptable” in indicators (1) the
pencil sharpens easily, (2) the pencil does not crumble when sharpened. The overall mean
score that the researchers have gathered is 3.64.
This data indicates that Coconut Rachis Pencil can be considered a pencil in terms
of Sharpening because it can be sharpened smoothly without any major problem, and also
with its numerical rating of 3.64 which suggests strongly agree and acceptable given by
the respondents.
According to the researchers’ observations, pencil doesn't have damage when
sharpened, lead does not fall out when sharpened and pencil delaminate when sharpened.
In summary, the researchers concluded that coconut rachis pencil can be sharpened
similarly to a conventional pencil.

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Stress-Resistance Test for the Proposed Coconut Rachis Pencil

The pencil remains 3.8 Strongly Agree Acceptable
undamaged after being
dropped
The pencil remains 3.8 Strongly Agree Acceptable
intact after drop
test
The pencil does not 3.4 Agree Slightly Acceptable
break easily after bend
test
The pencil body can 3.6 Strongly Agree Acceptable
hold the lead after
placing on water
Table 3. Coconut Rachis Pencil Analysis in terms of Stress-Resistance
The table three, Coconut Rachis Pencil analysis in terms of Stress-Resistance,
shows that the Coconut Rachis Pencil is “Acceptable” for indicators (1) the pencil
remains undamaged after being dropped, (2) the pencil remains intact after the drop test,
(4) the pencil body can hold the lead after placing on water, and as for the “Slightly
Acceptable” in indicator (3) pencil does not break easily after bend test. The overall mean
score that the researchers have gathered is 3.65
Based on the table above, its numerical rating and “acceptable” verbal
interpretation accurately manifests the effectiveness and high stress-resistance of the
Coconut Rachis Pencil which are the reason that it is considered as a pencil.

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The pencil's primary function is to write. Limitations: The length of the pencil's
lead. Stress Condition: Whether we hold or drop the pencil, it shouldn't break. The pencil
should be simple to grasp and simple to write with. State of security/safety: The pencil
shouldn't contain any dangerous substances and shouldn't do any harm to anyone as
claimed by Rajkumar (2023).
Efficiency Test for the Proposed Coconut Rachis Pencil

The pencil meets 3.9 Strongly Agree Acceptable
standard measurements
The pencil can take the 3.7 Strongly Agree Acceptable
standard number of
sharpening
Table 4. Coconut Rachis Pencil Analysis in terms of Efficiency
The table four, Coconut Rachis Pencil analysis in terms of Efficiency, shows that
the Coconut Rachis Pencil is “Acceptable” for indicators (1) the pencil meets standard
measurements, (2) the pencil can take the standard number of sharpening. The overall
mean score that the researchers have gathered is 3.8
The above table shows the factors why Coconut Rachis Pencil is considered a
pencil because it meets the standard requirements for a pencil.

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Functionality Test for the Proposed Sawdust Pencil

The pencil can write/draw 3.8 Strongly Agree Acceptable
The pencil body is easy to 3.3 Agree Slightly
grasp Acceptable
The pencil does not break when 3.1 Agree Slightly
writing Acceptable
The binder does not affect the 3.1 Agree Slightly
lead’s writing Acceptable
The pencil does not break when 3.6 Strongly Agree Acceptable
tapped on table
Total 3.38 Agree Slightly
Acceptable
Table 5. Sawdust Pencil Analysis in terms of Functionality
The table five, Sawdust Pencil analysis in terms of Functionality, shows that the
Sawdust Pencil is “Acceptable” for indicators (1) the pencil can write, (5) the pencil does
not break when tapped on the able, and as for the “Slightly Acceptable” in indicators (2)
the pencil body is easy to grasp, (3) pencil does not break when writing, (4) binder does
not affect the lead’s writing. The overall mean score that the researchers have gathered is
3.38.
Based on the above table, Sawdust Pencil shows a good result in the functionality
test. With its characteristic that it can write and draw without any issues, it is capable to
be a pencil.

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Functionality test was used in conducting the functions of the product if it was
working as intended. Based on the researchers' observations, the binder used in the pencil
body does not affect the pencil lead resulting for the pencil to write. The sawdust pencil
body is easy to grasp, does not break when writing and can withstand the force after
tapping it on the table resulting to stay intact with the pencil lead. In summary, the
sawdust pencil body passed the functionality test, meaning to say it has good pencil-like
characteristics when it comes to functionality.
Sharpening Test for the Proposed Sawdust Pencil

The pencil sharpens easily 1.9 Disagree Slightly
Unacceptable
The pencil does not crumble 1.8 Disagree Slightly
when sharpened Unacceptable
The pencil doesn’t have 1.5 Strongly Unacceptable
damage when sharpened Disagree
The lead does not fall out when 3 Agree Slightly
sharpened Acceptable
The pencil does not delaminate 2.2 Disagree Slightly
when sharpened Unacceptable
Total 2.08 Disagree Slightly
Unacceptable
Table 6. Sawdust Pencil Analysis in terms of Sharpening

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The table six, Sawdust Pencil analysis in terms of Sharpening, shows that the
Sawdust Pencil is “Slightly Acceptable” for indicator (4) the lead does not fall out when
sharpened, and as for the “Slightly Unacceptable” on indicators (1) the pencil sharpens
easily, (2) the pencil does not crumble when sharpened, (5) the pencil does not
delaminate when sharpened, and lastly the “Unacceptable” on indicator (3) pencil doesn’t
have damage when sharpened. The overall mean score that the researchers have gathered
is 2.08.
Sawdust Pencil appears to have an issue with its sharpening ability, an “Slightly
Unacceptable” for the indicator “Pencil sharpens easily”, and “Unacceptable” for “Pencil
doesn’t have damage when sharpened”. Thus, it fails and/or needs improvement in terms
of Sharpening to be considered a pencil.
Pencils must meet the standard's requirements for having an even, smooth surface,
as well as being simple to display and sharpen. Sharpening test was used in order to know
how essential the pencil is when it comes to making the lead pointy in order for it to be
used properly. When the pencil body does not contain the requirements for it to be
sharpened, the pencil lead will likely break and result in poor sharpening according to
Kaygin (2015.)
As stated by Sinha (2016), overheating of pencils can lead to excessive drying,
which causes poor sharpening. With this, the pencil must have enough drying or maturity
in order to be sharpened easily.

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Stress-Resistance Test for the Proposed Sawdust Pencil

The pencil remains undamaged 3.4 Agree Slightly
after being dropped Acceptable
The pencil remains intact after 3.5 Agree Slightly
drop test Acceptable
The pencil does not break easily 3.1 Agree Slightly
after bend test Acceptable
The pencil body can hold the 3.3 Agree Slightly
lead after placing on water Acceptable

Acceptable
Table 7. Sawdust Pencil Analysis in terms of Stress-Resistance
The table seven, Sawdust Pencil analysis in terms of Stress-Resistance, shows that
the Sawdust Pencil is “Slightly Acceptable” for indicators (1) the pencil remains
undamaged after being dropped, (2) the pencil remains intact after drop test, (3) the
pencil does not break easily after bend test, (4) the pencil body can hold the lead after
placing on water. The overall mean score that the researchers have gathered is 3.33.
Sawdust performs the stress-resistance test with average results. Due to its highly
bendable body which lacks hardness, as shown in the table above.
Check the strength of the lead; it should not fracture under the appropriate (typical
human) pressure. Check to see if the pencil's strength and grade of wood are up to
requirements. Verify that a standard pencil sharpener can be used to easily sharpen the
pencil as stated by Yadav (2022).

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Efficiency Test for the Proposed Sawdust Pencil

The pencil meets standard 3.8 Strongly Agree Accept
measurements
The pencil can take the 2.8 Agree Slightly
standard number of sharpening Acceptable
Acceptable
Table 8. Sawdust Pencil Analysis in terms of Efficiency
The table eight, Sawdust Pencil analysis in terms of Efficiency, shows that the
Sawdust Pencil is “Acceptable” for indicator (1) pencil meets standard measurements, the
respondents “Slightly Acceptable” on indicator (2) the pencil can take the standard
number of sharpening. The overall mean score that the researchers have gathered is 3.3.
As can be seen from the table above, Sawdust completes the Efficiency test with
findings that are comparable to the average results of the Stress-Resistance Test.
According to the researchers' observations, it was very difficult to measure
the sharpening efficiency of the sawdust pencil because it was difficult to sharpen
without it breaking apart.

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T-Test for the Functionality Analysis of the Proposed Alternative Pencil

Alternative Mean Scores Verbal T-Test of equal Result
Pencils Interpretation variances
Coconut Rachis 3.84 Strongly T-Value 2.55

Agree
Sawdust 3.38 Agree T-Critical 2.57
Hypothesis Decision: Failed to Reject the null hypothesis because the T- Critical is
higher than the T-Value
Table 9. The Comparison of Functionality of the alternative proposed pencils
The data shown in this table was gathered by the researchers by conducting a
survey by using observable checklist the data was then used to test for the hypothesis
decision by using Microsoft excel the researchers tested for the t-test the data shows that
the t critical is higher than the t value meaning the researchers failed to reject the null
hypothesis.
The Alternative Pencil body did not affect the ability to write of the Pencil lead,
and the Coconut Rachis is better at preserving the leads intact when writing, which led
the researchers to the conclusion that the Coconut Rachis Pencil is more functional than
the Sawdust Pencil.
According to the researchers' observations, both pencils exhibit the traits of a
pencil and were able to do their respective tasks.

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T-Test for the Sharpening Analysis of the Proposed Alternative Pencil

Agree
Sawdust 2.08 Disagree T-Critical 2.77
Hypothesis Decision: Reject the null hypothesis because the T- Value is higher than the
T- Critical
Table 10. The Comparison of Sharpening of the alternative proposed pencils.
survey by using observable checklist, the data was then used to test for the hypothesis
the t value is higher than the t critical meaning the researchers reject the null hypothesis.
The Coconut Rachis Pencil is preferable than the Sawdust Pencil in terms of
sharpening, according to the researchers, because it is more stable and straightforward to
sharpen. It also did not disintegrate when sharpened.
According to B. Kaygin (2015). If pencil fibers contain imperfections, this
prevents the ease of sharpening and causes the graphite mine to be broken more easily
when the pencil is sharpened. Therefore, fiber curliness (spiral fibrousness) may cause
pencils to work irregularly, become distorted, or bend.

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T-Test for the Stress-Resistance Analysis of the Proposed Alternative Pencil


Agree
Hypothesis Decision: Reject the null hypothesis because the T-Value is higher than the
T-Critical
Table 11. The Comparison of Stress-Resistance of the alternative proposed pencils.
the t value is higher than the t critical meaning the researchers reject the null hypothesis.
The Sawdust Pencil's highly bendable body does not shield the lead from
breaking during the bend test, in contrast to the Coconut Rachis Pencil, which can do so.
This is why the researchers came to the conclusion that the Coconut Rachis Pencil is
better than the Sawdust Pencil in terms of Stress-Resistance.
T-Test for the Efficiency Analysis of the Proposed Alternative Pencil


Agree
Hypothesis Decision: Failed to Reject the null hypothesis because the T-Critical is
higher than the T-Value
Table 12. The Comparison of Efficiency of the alternative proposed pencils.

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the t critical is higher than the t value meaning the researchers failed to reject the null
hypothesis.
Due to the Sawdust Pencil's inability to withstand the required amount of sharpening
without crumbling and the Coconut Rachis Pencil's ability to complete the Efficiency
testing as if it were a standard pencil, the researchers came to the conclusion that the
Coconut Rachis is more efficient than the Sawdust Pencil.

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NOTES IN CHAPTER IV
Rajkumar, SM. (2023). Sample Test Cases For Pencil. Software Testing Material.
Retrieved from: https://www.softwaretestingmaterial.com/test-cases-for-pencil/, 08-03-
23.
Kaygin, B., Kaplan, D., & Aydemir, D. (2015). Paulownia tree as an alternative raw
material for pencil manufacturing. Research Gate. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276426306_Paulownia_Tree_as_an_Alternativ
e_Raw_Material_for_Pencil_Manufacturing, 20-02-23.
Sinha, M., & Engineering, B. E. M. (2016). Identifying Standardized Data for
Manufacturing Commercial Grade Pencils Made Out of Recycled or Waste Paper with
Qualities Comparable to Wooden Pencils. Research Gate. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309213457_Identifying_Standardized_Data_for
_Manufacturing_Commercial_Grade_Pencils_Made_Out_of_Recycled_or_Waste_Paper
_with_Qualities_Comparable_to_Wooden_Pencils, 22-02-23.
Yadav, S. (2022). Test Cases For Pencil - Pencil Test Cases. QA acharya. Retrieved
from: https://www.qaacharya.in/2022/09/pencil-test-cases-example.html, 08-03-23.
CHAPTER V

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter contains the research summary and conclusions that are made by the
researchers based on the findings and surveys acquired in the study of the Coconut
Rachis and Sawdust: Sustainable Materials as a Pencil Body Also, this chapter consists of
some recommendations for a further improvement of this study.
SUMMARY
Based on the data that the researcher have gathered in the previous chapter the
results for Coconut Rachis Pencil in terms of Functionality has the mean score of 3.84
and for the Sawdust Pencil the researchers gathered a mean score of 3.38, then for the
Sharpening test the Coconut Rachis Pencil have a mean score of 3.64 and for the Sawdust
Pencil it has a mean score of 2.08, as for the Stress-Resistance the Coconut Rachis Pencil
has a score 3.65 and the Sawdust Pencil has a mean score of 3.32, and lastly for
Efficiency the Coconut Rachis Pencil has a mean score of 3.8 and as for the Sawdust
Pencil it has a mean score of 3.3.
CONCLUSION

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With this result, it was concluded that the Sawdust Pencil has the strong points in
Functionality, Stress-Resistance, and Efficiency but suffers in the Sharpening field. Then,
as for the Coconut Rachis Pencil has outstanding results in all fields. Therefore, the
Coconut Rachis Pencil is capable and a good sustainable alternative material for pencil
body.
RECOMMENDATION
1. Use of pencil molder. Sawdust pencil body should be improved in terms of shape.
Future researchers should find a better way to mold sawdust pencil to achieve
better results in a way to improve the pencil grip.
2. Find an effective binder. The future researchers may find an effective strong
binder to strengthen the sawdust pencil body. The binder helps to hold the
sawdust particles together and create a solid pencil body that can be used for
writing.
3. The future researchers may include making or adding an eraser for the proposed
alternative pencils for more convenience.
4. The alternative pencil body could also be used to hold pen cartridges. Future
researchers could adjust the dimension of the alternative pencil body to match the
specifications of a commercialized pen barrel.
5. To further improve the texture of the proposed alternative pencil body, future
researchers could find a better way to coat the alternative pencil in order to attain
the expected result.

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6. To maximize the durability of the pencil, future researchers could use a water-
based paint that dries quickly and easy to clean. Water based paints often used for
coating pencil bodies due to its durability.
7. Future researchers could use this research paper as reference to create their own
pencil body out of natural materials. These materials would require a bit more
work to shape and refine, but the result could be more efficient and eco-friendlier.
8. To improve the sharpening ability of the sawdust pencil, future researchers could
find a fine-grained sawdust. For the reason that it can make the pencil body more
compact, and the sharpening ability will be more effective.
9. The future researchers can further improve the product and broaden their
creativity by making their own pencil lead made out of sustainable material.
10. For future researchers, they can use other sustainable materials such as peanut
shells and coffee husks for pencil bodies. Furthermore, they can try carbonizing
natural materials in making pencil lead.

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Annex A-1
Production of Coconut Rachis Pencil

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Annex A-2
Production of Sawdust Pencil

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Annex B
Conducting of pencil tests with observable checklist

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Annex C
T-Test Results of the Alternative Pencils

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Annex D
Logo of Alternative Pencils
Sawdust Pencil’s Logo

Coconut Rachis Pencil’s Logo

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COCONUT RACHIS AND SAWDUST: SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AS A PENCIL

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

change. Sustainability movement can be our effective defense, it is about environmental

prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse.

most common agricultural waste in the country (Tacio, 2019).

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL

pollution and global warming (Jabile, 2022).

According to Theoretical and Technical Residue Volume of Major Crops in the

Philippines (2016), Philippines has produced 13,666,092 technical tons of coconut

lessens environmental stress due to excessive cutting of trees.

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

alternative materials to produce a pencil body.

This research will attempt to answer the following scientific questions:

1.3 Stress-resistance and

2.3 Stress-resistance and

3. Is there a significant difference between the proposed alternative pencil body

Coconut rachis and Sawdust in terms of: functionality, sharpening, stress-

resistance and efficiency?

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL

Coconut rachis and Sawdust in terms of functionality.

Coconut rachis and Sawdust in terms of sharpening.

Coconut rachis and Sawdust in terms of stress-resistance.

Coconut rachis and Sawdust in terms of efficiency.

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL

Input Process Output

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Research

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL

checklist, validation of the proposed checklist, administration of the checklist, conducting

sawdust in terms of: functionality, sharpening, stress-resistance, and efficiency.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL

will help them maintain a healthy environment.

FUTURE RESEARCHERS. They may hopefully be inspired to undertake other

creativity with regard to the use of coconut rachis and sawdust.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This research will be conducted at Diosdado Macapagal Memorial High School in

Solib, Floridablanca, Pampanga in the school year 2022-2023.

sustainable materials as a pencil body.

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL

The following terms are defined conceptually or operationally for clear

understanding of the study.

how well the pencil can write and be used.

for an effective way of writing.

best way possible.

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL

Sachs, J. (2015). The Age of Sustainable Development. Columbia Universsity Press.

Authority. Retrieved from: https://pca.gov.ph/index.php/10-news/234-coconut-major-

Jabile, L. et al. (2022). UTILIZATION OF SAWDUST AND RICE HUSK FOR

PARTICLE BOARD APPLICATION. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied

Sciences. Retrieved from: https://hal.science/hal-03928999/, 22-02-23.

Caparino, O. A. (2018). Status of agricultural waste and utilization in the Philippines.

Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization: Nueva Ecija,

Philippines. Retrieved from:

Baconguis S. (2016). Charcoal Briquettes: Fueling Viable Micro-Financed and Com-

Based Livelihood Enterprise. Ecosystems Research & Development Bureau. Retrieved

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL

considered in strengthening the importance of the present study.

The testing conditions' completion or non-satisfaction is the primary evaluation

rules (for example, on a ten-point scale, 0 is terrible, 10 is excellent; in general, the

data obtained stated by Kara (2021).

As stated by Softwaretestingo Editorial Board (2023) when writing a pencil test

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL