URT

Directions: Each passage is followed by several questions. After reading a

passage, choose the best answer to each question and fill in the
corresponding oval on your answer sheet. You may refer to the passages as
often as necessary.
Passage I
Paper chromatography can be used to identify metal ions in wastewater. A drop of sample
solution is placed on filter paper. The bottom of the paper is set in a solvent that travels up
the paper (see Figure 1).

Figure 1

The solvent carries the ions up the paper. Some ions move faster and therefore farther than
others, resulting in a separation as they move up the paper. The paper is dried, and then
stained, causing the ions to appear as colored spots. Rf values are calculated for each spot:

Table 1 shows Rf values for 5 ions. Table 2 shows Rf values from 3 samples of wastewater.
The same solvent was used for all ions and samples.

Table 1
Molar mass Distance
Ion Rf Spot color
(g/mole) traveled (cm)
Nickel (Ni2+) 58.7 0.8 0.08 pink
Cobalt (Co2+) 58.9 3.5 0.35 brown-black
Copper (Cu2+) 63.5 6.0 0.60 blue
Cadmium (Cd2+) 112.4 7.8 0.78 yellow
Mercury (Hg2+) 200.6 9.5 0.95 brown-black

Table 1 adapted from Thomas McCullough, CSC, and Marissa Curlee, "Qualitative Analysis
of Cations Using Paper Chromatography." ©1993 by the American Chemical Society.

Page 1 (Form A)
 Table 2
Sample Rf Spot color
Note: Samples contain only the metal ions listed in Table 1.
0.60 blue
1
0.78 yellow
0.35 brown-black
2
0.95 brown-black
0.08 pink
3 0.78 yellow
0.95 brown-black

Question numbers 1 to 5 are related to this Passage I.

1. The information in Tables 1 and 2 supports the conclusion that Sample 2 contains:

A. Cu2+ and Cd2+ only.

B. Co2+ and Hg2+ only.
C. Ni2+, Co2+, and Cd2+ only.
D. Ni2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ only.

2. Based on the information in Tables 1 and 2, one can conclude that Sample 3 contains:

A. 1 metal ion only.

B. 2 metal ions only.
C. either 1 or 2 metal ions.
D. more than 2 metal ions.

3. Based on the information in Table 1, which of the following lists, the metal ions in order
from the slowest to fastest speed with which they moved up the paper?
A. Hg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+.
B. Cd2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Hg2+, Ni2+.
C. Ni2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Cd2+.
D. Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+.

4. Based on the information in Table 2, to best identify a metal ion using paper
chromatography, one should know the:

A. spot color for the ion, distance the solvent traveled.

B. distance the solvent traveled and Rf.
C. distance the solvent traveled and spot color of the icon, molar and Rf.
D. Rf value and spot color for the ion.

Page 2 (Form A)
5. Based on the information in Table 2, which of the following figures best illustrates the
appearance of the filter paper after Sample 1 was analyzed?

A.

B.

C.

D.

Passage II
Acid-base titration is a technique in which precise volumes of a titrant (an acid or base
solution) are added incrementally to a known volume of a sample solution (a base or acid
solution, respectively). This process can be monitored by adding an acid-base indicator (a
substance that changes color over a certain pH range) to the sample solution or by measuring
the sample solution’s conductivity. Conductivity (measured in kilosiemens per centimeter,
kS/cm) is a measure of a substance’s ability to conduct electricity.

Two titration experiments were done at 25°C using a 0.10 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
solution and either a 0.0010 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution or a 0.0010 M acetic acid
solution (where M is moles of acid or base per liter of solution). All solutions were aqueous.
An acid-base indicator solution of nitrazine yellow was also used. Nitrazine yellow is yellow
if the pH is less than 6.0 or blue if the pH is greater than 7.0.

Experiment 1
A drop of nitrazine yellow solution was added to a flask containing 100.0 mL of the HCl
solution. A probe that measures conductivity was placed in the solution. The NaOH solution
was slowly added to the HCl solution in small increments. After each addition, the HCl
solution was stirred and then the solution’s color and conductivity were recorded (see Figure
1).

Page 3 (Form A)
Figure 1

Experiment 2
Experiment 1 was repeated, except that the acetic acid solution was used instead of the HCl
solution (see Figure 2).

Figure 2

Question numbers 6 to 11 are related to this Passage II.

6. In Experiment 1, the sample solution was blue at which of the following values for the
volume of titrant added?

A. 0.80 mL.
B. 1.20 mL.
C. 1.60 mL.
D. 2.00 mL.

Page 4 (Form A)
7. In Experiment 2, the sample solution was acidic at which of the following values for the
volume of titrant added?

A. 0.50 mL.
B. 1.00 mL.
C. 1.50 mL.
D. 2.00 mL.

8. In Experiment 1, if 1.30 mL of titrant had been added to the sample solution, the
conductivity would most likely have been:

A. less than 0.80 kS/cm.

B. between 1.80 kS/cm and 2.10 kS/cm.
C. between 2.30 kS/cm and 3.80 kS/cm.
D. greater than 3.80 kS/cm.

9. In Experiment 2, which solution was the titrant and which solution was the sample
solution?
Titrant Sample Solution

A. NaOH Acetic acid

B. HCl NaOH
C. Acetic acid NaOH
D. NaOH HCl

10. In Experiments 1 and 2, the probe that was placed in the sample solution most likely did
which of the following?

A. Cooled the solution to its freezing point.

B. Passed an electrical current through a portion of the solution.
C. Detected the concentration of nitrazine yellow in the solution.
D. Heated the solution to its boiling point.

PLEASE CONTINUE

Page 5 (Form A)
11. A chemist claimed that in Experiment 2, the pH of the sample solution was smaller at a
value of 0.5 mL of titrant added than at a value of 1.5 mL of titrant added. Do the results of
Experiment 2 support this claim?

A. No; at a value of 0.5 mL of titrant added, the sample solution was yellow, and at a
value of 1.5 mL of titrant added, the sample solution was blue.
B. No; at a value of 0.5 mL of titrant added, the sample solution was blue, and at a value
of 1.5 mL of titrant added, the sample solution was yellow.
C. Yes; at a value of 0.5 mL of titrant added, the sample solution was yellow, and at a
value of 1.5 mL of titrant added, the sample solution was blue.
D. Yes; at a value of 0.5 mL of titrant added, the sample solution was blue, and at a value
of 1.5 mL of titrant added, the sample solution was yellow.

Passage III
The rate of a chemical reaction is obtained by dividing the amount of a chemical consumed in
a reaction by the time in which the chemical is consumed. The rate at which a chemical
reaction occurs is dependent on many variables, two of which are the concentration of a
chemical in solution and the temperature at which the reaction occurs. In order to determine
the effects of concentration and temperature on reaction rates, a chemist studied the following
reaction sequence.

slow
Reaction 1: HCHO + Na2SO3 + H2O NaO3SOCH3 + NaOH
fast
Reaction 2: NaOH + NaHSO3 Na2SO3 + H2O

While Reaction 1 occurs slowly, Reaction 2 happens instantaneously. Both of the reactions
occur in the same solution, so no base (NaOH) is built up in solution until all the NaHSO3 is
used. Phenolphthalein, which is also in the solution, will cause the solution to turn pink when
a measurable amount of base is present.

Experiment 1
A standard solution of formaldehyde (HCHO) in water was prepared. This solution contained
0.3 mole of HCHO per liter of solution (0.3 M HCHO) and a small amount of
phenolphthalein. This solution was diluted further with varying amounts of water and mixed
with 10.0 mL of a 0.01 M solution of both Na2SO3 and NaHSO3 in water. The time required
for the pink color to appear is shown in Table 1.

PLEASE CONTINUE

Page 6 (Form A)
 Table 1
Volume of Volume of Volume of Time required for
Trial 0.3 M HCHO water added to 0.01 M Na2SO3 color change (s)
solution (mL) HCHO solution and NaHSO3 (mL)
(mL)
1 10.0 0.0 10.0 18
2 9.0 1.0 10.0 20
3 8.0 2.0 10.0 23
4 7.0 3.0 10.0 26
5 6.0 4.0 10.0 30
6 5.0 5.0 10.0 36
7 4.0 6.0 10.0 45
8 3.0 7.0 10.0 60
9 2.0 8.0 10.0 90
10 1.0 9.0 10.0 180

Experiment 2
The chemist mixed 10.0 mL of the HCHO solution at 1/2 the original concentration with 10.0
mL of the 0.01 M solution containing Na2SO3 and NaHSO3. The temperature of the reaction
was varied, and the time required for the pink color to appear is recorded in Table 2.

Table 2
Temperature Time required for
(°C) color change (s)
5° 110
10° 80
15° 58
20° 43
25° 36
30° 30
35° 28
40° 27

Question numbers 12 to 17 are related to this Passage III.

12. In order to display the relationship between temperature and the rate of the reaction more
effectively in Experiment 2, the chemist could:

A. Construct a bar graph of the concentration of formaldehyde in each trial.

B. Plot the HCHO concentration against the time required for the color change.
C. Plot the change in Na2SO3 and NaHSO3 concentrations in each trial against the
HCHO concentrations.
D. Produce a table cataloging the differences between temperature and the times for the
color changes in successive trials.

Page 7 (Form A)
13. Which of the following trials in Experiment 1 had the least concentration of HCHO?

A. Trial 2.
B. Trial 4.
C. Trial 6.
D. Trial 10.

14. If Reaction 1 was found to be exothermic (heat producing), how could Experiment 1 be
modified to examine only the effect of temperature on reaction rate?

A. The concentration of formaldehyde could be increased.

B. A different method could be used to determine the color change.
C. The concentration of the solution could be set to be constant.
D. The temperature of the solution could be increased.

15. The slowest rate of reaction in Experiment 1 occurred when the:

A. time for the color change to occur was greatest.

B. concentration of NaOH was greatest in the reaction mixture.
C. concentration of HCHO was smallest in the reaction mixture.
D. concentration of HCHO was greatest in the reaction mixture.

16. The role of phenolphthalein in both experiments was to:

A. signal when the NaOH was formed.

B. signal when the HCHO was consumed.
C. cause the HCHO solution to react.
D. slow down the rate of reaction.

17. Which of the following experiments would most likely produce additional data about
other variables that affect the rate of these reactions?

A. Conducting Experiment 1 with smaller amounts of phenolphthalein.

B. Conducting Experiment 1 with larger concentrations of HCHO.
C. Varying the concentrations of Na2SO3 and NaHSO3 while keeping the HCHO
concentration constant.
D. Rising temperature in experiment 2.

Page 8 (Form A)
 Passage IV
A student studying how gases diffuse derived the following formula. The following
experiments were conducted to test her formula and to study factors affecting the rate at
which gases diffuse.
Experiment 1
When hydrogen chloride (HCl) and ammonia (NH3) vapors react, they form solid ammonium
chloride (NH4Cl):
HCl(g) + NH3(g) → NH4Cl(s)
A swab soaked with HCl solution was inserted into one end of a glass tube (1 cm diameter),
and, simultaneously, a swab soaked with NH3 solution was inserted into the other end, so that
the swabs were 10 cm apart. The distance that each vapor traveled could be determined
because, at the point they made contact, a white ring of NH4Cl formed (see Figure 1). The
reaction was done at different temperatures. The time it took for the ring to start to form and
its distance from the HCl swab were measured for each trial (see Table 1).

Table 1
Trial Temperature (°C) Time (sec) Distance of ring from HCl swab (cm)
1 20 33 4.0
2 30 30 4.1
3 40 26 4.1
4 50 23 4.0

Using the formula, the student predicted that the distance of the ring from the HCl swab
would be 4.06 cm, so the student concluded that her formula was correct.

Figure 1

Experiment 2
Experiment 1 was repeated, but the temperature was held constant at 20°C and the diameter
of the tube was varied for each trial (see Table 2).

Table 2
Trial Tube diameter (cm) Time (sec) Distance of ring from HCl swab (cm)
5 1.0 33 4.0
6 1.2 33 4.0
7 1.4 33 4.1
8 1.6 33 4.0

Experiment 3
Experiment 2 was repeated, but the diameter of the tube was kept constant at 1 cm and longer
tubes were used so that the distance between the swabs could be varied for each trial (see

Page 9 (Form A)
Table 3).
Table 3
Trial Distance between swabs (cm) Time (sec) Distance of ring from HCl swab (cm)
9 10 33 4.0
10 20 67 8.1
11 30 101 12.2
12 40 133 16.2

Question numbers 18 to 23 are related to this Passage IV.

18. Which of the following sets of trials in Experiments 1, 2, and 3 were conducted with
different sets of conditions?

A. Trials 2, 3, and 4.
B. Trials 1, 5, and 9.
C. Trials 4, 7, and 9.
D. Trials 10, 11, and 12.

19. Based on the results of Experiment 1, which of the following graphs best shows the
relationship between the temperature and the distance of the ring from the HCl swab?

A.

B.

C.

D.

Page 10 (Form A)
20. If a trial in Experiment 3 had been performed with the swabs 35 cm apart, the distance
from the HCl swab to the ring would most likely have been closest to:

A. 8 cm.
B. 10 cm.
C. 12 cm.
D. 14 cm.

21. If a student wanted to test a factor that was studied in Experiments 1–3, which of the
following should he do next? He should test how the diffusion rates of gases are affected by:

A. atmospheric pressure.
B. tube length.
C. temperature.
D. tube diameter.

22. The student concluded that the rate of NH3 diffusion decreases by increasing tube length.
Do the results of Experiments 1–3 support her conclusion?

A. No; in Trials 1–9 the NH3 vapors traveled farther.

B. Yes; in Trials 10–12 the NH3 vapors traveled farther than the HCl vapors.
C. Yes; in Trials 1–9 the NH3 vapors traveled farther.
D. No; in Trials 10–12 the NH3 vapors traveled farther.

23. Which of the following best describes the difference between the procedures used in
Experiments 1 and 2? In Experiment 1, the:

A. temperature was varied; in Experiment 2, the distance between the swabs was varied.
B. diameter of the tube was varied; in Experiment 2, the temperature was varied.
C. distance between the swabs was varied; in Experiment 2, the temperature was varied.
D. temperature was varied; in Experiment 2, the diameter of the tube was varied.

Passage V
Substances in the atmosphere, such as Cu2+, Zn2+, Cl-, and SO42--ions, are carried down to
Earth’s surface by precipitation. This process is known as wet deposition. Cu2+-and Zn2+-ions
are put into the atmosphere by high temperature combustion processes. The presence of Cl -
and SO42--ions in the atmosphere can be attributed to road-salt dust and electrical power
generation, respectively.

Study 1
A rain gauge, placed on the roof of a 1-story building, at a specific urban site was used to
collect precipitation over a 12-month period. At the same time each evening, the amount of
precipitation in the rain gauge was recorded, after which the collected precipitation was
emptied from the gauge and stored. (Assume no measurable evaporation occurred during any

Page 11 (Form A)
day.) Figure 1 shows the measured monthly precipitation in centimeters.

Figure 1

At the end of each month, all the samples collected during that month were mixed, and some
of this combined sample was analyzed for the concentrations of Cu2+ and Zn2+-ions. Using
these data, the monthly wet deposition of each substance, in micrograms (μg) per meter2, was
calculated (see Figure 2).

Figure 2

Study 2
Another portion of the combined sample for each month was analyzed for the concentrations
of Cl--and SO42--ions. Using these data, the monthly wet deposition of each substance, in
milliequivalents (meq) per m2, was calculated (see Figure 3).

Figure 3

Page 12 (Form A)
Study 3
The annual wet deposition of Cu2+ and of Zn2+-for the 12-month period, in μg/m2, was
calculated for the urban site (the source of the Cu2+ and Zn2+) and also for Rural Sites 1 and
2, located 50 km and 100 km east, respectively, of the urban site (see Figure 4).

Figure 4

Figures adapted from Kathryn Conko et al., “Atmospheric Wet Deposition of Trace Elements
to a Suburban Environment, Reston, Virginia, USA.“ ©2004 by Elsevier, Ltd.

Question numbers 24 and 25 are related to this Passage V.

24. According to Study 3, as distance from the urban site decreased, the annual wet
deposition:

A. increased for both Cu2+-and Zn2+.

B. increased for Cu2+-but decreased for Zn2+.
C. decreased for both Cu2+-and Zn2+.
D. remained the same for both Cu2+-and Zn2+.

25. Which of the following used in annual measuring of wet deposition in study 1 and 2?

A. Site of collection.
B. Monthly rainfall.
C. Wet deposition of Zn2+.
D. Wet deposition of Cl-.

END OF CHEMISTRY TEST

Page 13 (Form A)