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A Research Report on the Negative Effects of Fake News to the Selected Grade
10 Students of Pinagbuhatan High School

Cyren P. Ferolino
Micha P. Almeda
Angela R. Aban
Mohaimen A. Bobonga
James Nemuel G. Angala
John Rey D.C. Del Castillo
Mark Dhilan G. Bituin
Bien Jerico L. Crabangwel
Angel R. Cellona
Alvin T. Alim
Arrianne Sophia C. Modesto
Krizzia Lorraine C. Fernandez
Grade 10-Wonderful, Pinagbuhatan High School
Impartial Fulfillment of Requirement for English 10
Ms.AV Joyce D. Solis
School Year 2022-2023

The way we access new

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
The way we access news articles and how we generally consume
information online has changed. Social media has become the main vehicle for
accessing news. Recent studies show that Facebook is one of the referred sources
of access to news, especially for the younger generation (Newman et al. 2019).
However, Facebook and Twitter are responsible for the proliferation of fake news in
the digital universe, increasing its exposure through the creation of segregated
groups or recommendation. However, few studies have focused on the structural
characteristics of fake news. This review seeks to be an addition to the literature,
and its main objective is to analyze the phenomenon of fake news from the
perspective of the consumer and to understand the characteristics of fake news
articles that motivate their viral spread and which factors are associated with the
selection and consumption of fake news in an online environment, in the search to
define a profile for the true consumer of online disinformation. This review focuses
on consumer motivations (user/reader) and the structure/presentation of fake news
to ascertain the apparent success and proliferation of this type of online
disinformation. The factors associated with the dynamics of social media
(recommendation algorithms, echo chambers, filter bubbles, malicious social bots)
that also contribute a lot to the spread of fake news, were not addressed. With this
review, we intend to understand the phenomenon of isolated fake news, in an
independent approach to the characteristics of the digital universe to which it
belongs. Our goals are to identify the main factors that influence fake news’ belief
and sharing and to identify differences and similarities between fake news and real
news, in order to highlight the relevance of these characteristics for their
dissemination. We know that some stories are more likely to go viral than others; that
some headlines are more attractive, and that users tend to select information based
on their party and ideological identity and on their social and psychological
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characteristics. Moreover, recent literature has shown that the concept of “fake
news” has taken on different meanings, which has led several academics to try to
formulate, without success, a univocal definition. The concept became increasingly
more subjective and started to be applied in different scenarios and contexts,
expanding its semantic field. In this review, we also seek to establish a working
definition of fake news, pertinent and relevant to the contemporary debate in the field
of journalism and political communication.

Combating the spread of fake news remains a difficult problem. For this
reason, it is increasingly urgent to understand the phenomenon of fake news. This
review aims to see why fake news is widely shared on social media and why some
people believe it. The presentation of its structure (from the images chosen, the
format of the titles and the language used in the text) can explain the reasons for
going viral and what factors are associated with the belief in fake news. We show
that fake news explores all possible aspects to attract the reader’s attention, from the
formation of the title to the language used throughout the body of the text. The
proliferation and success of fake news are associated with its characteristics (more
surreal, exaggerated, impressive, emotional, persuasive, clickbait, shocking images),
which seem to be strategically thought out and exploited by the creators of fake
news. This review shows that fake news continues to be widely shared and
consumed because that is the main objective of its creators. Although some studies
do not support these correlations, it appears that conservatives, right-wing people,
the elderly and less educated people are more likely to believe and spread fake
news.

Fake news is false or misleading information presented as news. Fake news

often has the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity or making money
through advertising revenue. Although false news has always been spread
throughout history, the term "fake news" was first used in the 1890s when
sensational reports in newspapers were common. Nevertheless, the term does not
have a fixed definition and has been applied broadly to any type of false information.
It's also been used by high-profile people to apply to any news unfavourable to them.
Further, disinformation involves spreading false information with harmful intent and is
sometimes generated and propagated by hostile foreign actors, particularly during
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elections. In some definitions, fake news includes satirical articles misinterpreted as

genuine, and articles that employ sensationalist or clickbait headlines that are not
supported in the text. Because of this diversity of types of false news, researchers
are beginning to favour information disorder as a more neutral and informative term.
One of the major negative impacts of fake news is to demean the reputation of
people. It can be to succeed in an event such as an election, a sports competition,
etc. By spreading fake news, a person can showcase those attributes of its
competitors that may not be appreciative, or appealing to the general public.

Brief Historical Approach to Fake News We all know that the fake news
phenomenon is not new. However, the tools or methods employed currently are
different (Posetti and Matthews 2018; Uberti 2016). Deformation of facts, biased
information, advertising and information used to discredit beliefs and values have
always been part of society. What could be similar, in ancient times, to what is
currently called fake news, may have served as a political maneuver even in Roman
times, in 44 BC (Posetti and Matthews 2018). There is various evidence over the
centuries that fake news may have always existed. For example, in Rome, there was
a person well known since the 16th century as Pasquino, that was used to
disseminate false information and unpleasant rumors to discredit and defame public
figures and politicians (Burkhardt 2017a; Canavilhas and Ferrari 2018; Darnton
2017). Additionally, in France, around the 17th century, there was a kind of
newspaper, “Canard”, which sold fake news on the streets of the French capital
(Darnton 2017). Fake news was also spread in Germany in the 19th century.
Mcgillen (2017) investigated the techniques used by the creators of fake news during
this period, and argued that the misinformation could be related to the creation of
fake foreign correspondents in the press to deal with an increasingly competitive
market (Mcgillen 2017). As sending correspondents abroad was very expensive,
there were
fake reporters who made up attractive stories. This reason may indicate that, as it
happens today, in the 19th century the motivation for the creation of fake news was
also economically and financially based (Bernal 2018).Being nor recent, nor invented
by Donald Trump, fake news has attained an unprecedented influence and reach
due to the current media ecosystem. Burkhardt (2017a) divides the history of fake
news into four eras: Pre-printing press era, post-printing press era, mass media era
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and internet era (Burkhardt 2017a). The author says that in the first era (the pre-
printing press), fake news was about information control, where knowledge is also
power. It gives the example of Procopius of Caesarea who used the spread of false
information to discredit Emperor Justianian in the sixth century (Burkhardt 2017a).
The Canard in France and Pasquino in Italy characterize the post-printing press era.
In the mass media era, the radio show “Broadcasting the Barricades” broadcasted
fake news as a parody in 1926, alarming the unknowing population, stands as an
example (Burkhardt 2017a). Finally, in the internet age category, fake news has been
spread and widely shared, with the most known episodes being the “Pizzagate
conspiracy” and the Pope’s endorsement of Donald Trump candidacy. Contemporary
Usage According to Watson (2018b) the term was first coined in the late 19th century
by Merriam Webster (Watson 2018b). Prior to this date, the term fake news was
used merely to designate false news. Note that “fake news” does not assume the
same meaning as “false news”. Meneses (2018) argues that both may have similar
but never equal meanings. For the author, the difference is in the intention with which
the lie is produced and disseminated. False news is associated with journalistic error,
lack of competence and irresponsibility, while fake news relates to “false information”
that was deliberately intended and intentionally misleading (Meneses 2018).
Meneses (2018) states that the term false news has always existed, unlike fake
news, which has only been around for the past 20 years. The neologism is the result
of technological advancement, the internet and social media. The term became
popular during the 2016 US presidential election. The concept became an instrument
or political weapon of Trump’s campaign, used recurrently in his speeches. However,
it was Hillary Clinton who brought the term fake news to the campaign, in an
intervention that accused the false propaganda circulating on social media. Quickly,
Donald Trump assumed the term and began using it repeatedly on twitter, making it
viral (Wendling 2018).

Our goal is we want to inform, advise and incourage you to be critical of news
that we are not very familiar with. Don't be quick to believe in news or rumors
because it might be fake news. Make sure it's the right news and not a fake news to
avoid being fooled and don't spread rumors that you've just heard or you're not sure
if it's a right news. Because it can spread and when you spread a fake news it can
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cause of distrust of people to you, dishonest to yourself and etc. Always remember
"Think before Do Anything".

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to determine the negative effects of fake news to the
selected grade 10 students of pinagbuhatan high school. Specifically the study
attempted to answer the following questions:

a: What are the main motivations for sharing fake news on social media?
b: Who are fake news consumers?
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Hypotheses
Did you ever encounter fake news on any social media platforms?

Operational: Fake news have negative effects to the selected Grade 10

Pinagbuhatan High School.

Null: There are no positive effect of fake news to the Selected Grade 10
Pinagbuhatan High School.
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Significance of the study

The purpose of this study is to gather data and knowledge about the subject
matter from respondents, Current studies, and relevant websites in order to meet
the needs of the following group of people.

Researchers - They will have a resource on the harmful impacts of false infor-
mation, and they will have material for their related research and books.

Students – They will be aware of the dangers of bogus news and how to pre-
vent it.

Teachers – They’ll impart their knowledge to others about the dangers of false
information.

Future Researchers – They will have a study that is connected to their current
research to use as a reference.
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Scope and Delimitation

This study was conducted to determine the negative effects of fake news to
the selected grade 10 students of pinagbuhatan high school. The study was
conducted during the school year 2022-2023

The research focused on what might happen or the results if students keeps
on hearing fake news.

This study will yearn on how can the research can develop and assisst the
selected grade 10 students of pinagbuhatan high school
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Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Profile of the Analysis of data Negative Effects of
Respondents through Questionnaire Fake News
a. Age Statification/
b. Sex Sampling
c. Section
People affected by
Fake News
Negative effects of
Fake News
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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

The advancement and popularity of the Internet have enabled people to obtain
and distribute news messages quickly and ubiquitously. People now use mobile
phones and social media to obtain news messages. (Chiang, Wu, & Yang, 2019). In
the past, news reports were generated and distributed via conventional news media,
such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and newsagents. However, in the
Internet era, in addition to traditional news media, there are plenty of new media or
channels Contemporary Management Research 146 delivering news, such as online
news media, news aggregator websites, content websites, content farms, and social
media. Since it is easy to create and spread news reports on the Internet, the news
reports spread online are not necessarily from reputable news media. Some of the
news reports may contain fake or false facts purposely or unintentionally. For the
purpose of attracting public attention, some news media and news reporters may
exaggerate the news report statements, while some may even fabricate or distort the
contents. Due to the fact that it is easy to register multiple accounts using fake
demographic information on social media, some of these social media are full of fake
accounts, which are used to deliver fake news to the public. Adding that spammers
and fake news spreaders use social media to distribute fake news, it turns out that
cyberspace is filled with fake or false messages. Besides, many news media
practitioners no longer examine the contents of the news reports seriously for better
accuracy. Instead, an increasing number of news reporters are requested to provide
news reports as quickly as they can in order to draw attention from the audience.
With the requests of prompt responses to news events, reporters now rarely have
sufficient time to check and confirm the information they have collected.

Fake News and Related Concepts: Definitions and Recent Research

Development Chih-Chien Wang Graduate Institute of Information Management,
National Taipei University, Taiwan E-mail: wangson@mail.ntpu.edu.tw

Fake news is an emerging field of research that attracts much attention from
academic communities as well as mass media practitioners. However, the concept of
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fake news is still ambiguous, and the boundary between the definition of fake news
and other relative concepts, such as news satire, yellow journalism, junk news,
pseudonews, hoax news, propaganda news, advertorial, false information, fake
information, misinformation, disinformation, mal-information, alternative fact, and
post-truth is blurred. The present study aims to identify the meanings of fake news
and other related concepts, and explore the recent trend of research on them. By
searching the journals listed in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and
Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded) database, the present study found
387 articles on fake news.

According to Hajo G. Boomgaarden In addition, based on the examined

literature, a number of features can be identified that relate to the specific language
that is used in intentional deceptive news-like texts or social media posts. Summing
up, intentionally deceptive texts tend to be characterized by a more frequent use of
capitalization, pronouns and informal language or swear. In addition, there are three
linguistic features that are often examined but for which no unambiguous evidence is
found. For levels of lexical diversity, text length, and the use punctuation the
literature offers diverging clues.

According to João Pedro Baptista : Regarding research design, the article was
organized in different sections, from a brief historical approach to fake news, to the
discussion of the various aspects related to the consumption, spread and belief in
fake news. In a nutshell, firstly, we identified some epistemological problems,
existing in the literature, in relation to “fake news” terminology. We offer a working
definition of fake news, focused on its current relevance for contemporary debate in
the field of journalism and political communication, clarifying its semantic field.
Subsequently, we establish a relationship between the structure of fake news and
the user/reader preferences, in order to understand what motivates its consumption
and dissemination on social networks. Finally, the article seeks to answer an
imperative question: “Who are the consumers of fake news?”, completing a thorough
review of recent literature (2016–2020) to establish the main factors that influence
belief in fake news.
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“The rise of fake news highlights the erosion of long-standing institutional

bulwarks against misinformation in the internet age. Concern over the problem is
global. However, much remains unknown regarding the vulnerabilities of individuals,
institutions, and society to manipulations by malicious actors. A new system of
safeguards is needed. Below, we discuss extant social and computer science
research regarding belief in fake news and the mechanisms by which it spreads.
Fake news has a long history, but we focus on unanswered scientific questions
raised by the proliferation of its most recent, politically oriented incarnation. Beyond
selected references in the text, suggested further reading can be found in the
supplementary materials.”
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Pinagbuhatan High School

Urbano Velasco Avenue, Pinagbuhatan Pasig City

Topic: A Research Report on the Negative Effects of Fake News to the Selected
Grade 10 Students of Pinagbuhatan High School
Name :
Section :
Age : Gender :

Directions : The research is currently conducting entitled, ‘NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF

FAKE NEWS ‘.Please answer the questionnaire honestly by checking (/) the
appropriate box.

1. Who are the most affected by fake news

☐Students and Teachers
☐Communities
☐High Offices like Government, President, Vice President, Mayor and etc.

2. What are the negative effects of fake news

☐Trauma and stress
☐Distrust in the media
☐ None of the choices

3. What are the reasons fake news are quickly spreading on social media
☐To spread the news and be read or seen by people and become popular
☐To earn money and scam people
☐I don’t know

Signature