CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Control and Coordination

1. (a) What is the reflex arc? [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016]

(b) What are the components of the reflex arc? 13. Draw a labeled diagram of the human brain. Discuss
(c) How do muscle cells move? functions of cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla.
[CBSE 2011] or
2. If the cerebellum is not functioning properly, what are the Draw and describe the role of various parts of the human
activities of our body affected? brain.
[CBSE 2011] [CBSE S.R 2016-17]
14. (a) Name one gustatory receptor and one olfactory
3. (a) Name the part of brain which controls receptor present in human beings.
(1) voluntary action, (b) Write a and b in the given flow chart of the neuron
(2) involuntary action. through which information travels as an electrical
(b) What is the significance of the peripheral nervous impulse.
system? Name the components of this nervous system Dendrite → a → b → End point of Neuron
and distinguish between the origin of the two. [CBSE, 2018]
[CBSE 2012] 15. Name the hormones secreted by the following endocrine
4. (a) Draw the structure of a neuron and label the following glands and specify one function of each:
on it: [CBSE, 2018]
Nucleus, Dendrite, Cell body and Axon. (a) Thyroid
(b) Name the part of neuron (b) Pituitary
(i) Where information is acquired. (c) Pancreas
(ii) Through which information travels as an electrical 16. List two different functions performed by pancreas in
impulse. our body.
[CBSE 2013] [CBSE Delhi, Set 3, 2019]
5. At the time of puberty, both boys and girls show lots of 17. Trace the sequence of events which occur when a bright
changes in appearance. Name the hormones responsible light is focused on your eyes.
for these changes. [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019]
[CBSE 2014] 18. (a) Why is the use of iodised salt advisable? Name the
6. Name one plant hormone which inhibits growth. Write its disease caused due to deficiency of iodine in our diet and
one more function. state its one symptom.
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015] (b) How do nerve impulses travel in the body? Explain.
7. Name the plant hormones responsible for the following [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]
functions: 19. What are plant hormones? Name the plant hormones
(i) growth of the stem responsible for the
(ii) promotes cell division following:
(iii) wilting of leaves (i) Growth of stem
(iv) inhibits growth (ii) Promotion of cell division
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015] (iii) Inhibition of growth
8. Draw a diagram showing the correct positions of (iv) Elongation of cells
pancreas, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, Adrenal gland in [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019]
human beings. 20. What is the feedback mechanism of Hormone regulation?
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016] Take the example of insulin to explain this phenomenon.
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015] [CBSE Delhi, Set 2, 2019]
9. State the function of receptors in our body. Think of any 21. Nervous and hormonal systems together perform the
three situations where receptors in the body do not work function of control and coordination in human beings.
properly. Mention the problems which are likely to arise. Justify this statement with the help of an example.
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015] [CBSE Delhi, Set 3, 2019]
10. (a) Define reflex action. State its significance. 22. A squirrel is in a scary situation. Its body has to prepare
(b) How do plants respond to external stimuli? for either fighting or running away. State the immediate
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015] changes that take place in its body so that the squirrel is
able to either fight or run?
11. Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism. [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2020]
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016] 23. Why is chemical communication better than electrical
12. List two body functions that will be affected if the impulses as a means of communication between cells in a
cerebellum gets damaged. multicellular organism?
 Control and Coordination

[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2020]

24. Name the parts (a) to (e) in the following diagram.

What is the term given to the sequence of events

occurring in the diagram?
[CBSE Delhi, Set 3, 2020]
25. (a) What is tropism?
(b) How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril
around a support?
[CBSE Delhi, Set 3, 2020]
 Control and Coordination

8.
Solutions:
1. (a) The process of detecting the signal or the input and
responding to it by an output action might be completed
quickly. Such a connection is commonly called reflex arc.
(b) Stimulus " Receptors " Sensory neurons " Spinal cord
" Motor neurons " Effector.
(c) Muscle cells have special proteins that change their
shape and arrangement in the cell in response to electrical
impulse. This leads to shortening of muscle cells.
2. If the cerebellum is not functioning properly, voluntary
action of our body will be affected .
maintaining the posture and balance of the body. 9. A receptor is a cell (or a group of cells) in a sense organ
3. (a) (1) Voluntary actions - cerebellum; which is sensitive to a
(2) Involuntary action — medulla oblongata. particular type of stimulus such as light, sound, smell,
(b) The communication between the central nervous taste, heat, pressure, etc. The different sense organs
system and the other parts of the body is facilitated by the contain receptors for detecting different stimuli. When
peripheral nervous system. Cranial nerves arise from the receptors do not work properly, the environmental stimuli
brain; spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord. are not able to create nerve impulses and the body does
4. a. not respond.
When receptors are damaged, the external stimuli
transferring signals to the brain are not felt. For example,
(i) During fever, taste buds do not work properly and as a
result, the taste of the food eaten is not felt properly.
Thus, enzyme secretion is also affected.
(ii) When a person is suffering from a cold, the nostrils
are filled with mucus. Then the smell of the surroundings
is not felt properly. This is due to interruption in reacting
to the sense of
b. (i) Dendrite (ii) Axon. smell by the olfactory receptor.
5. Testosterone in male and oestrogen in females. (iii) When skin receptors are damaged, and we
accidentally touch a hot object, then our hands might get
6. Abscisic acid is a plant hormone which functions mainly
burnt as the damaged receptor cannot perceive the
as a growth inhibitor. external stimuli of heat and pain.
(i) It promotes dormancy in seeds and buds. 10. (a) A reflex action is an automatic response to a stimulus.
(ii) It promotes the closing of stomata. The simplest form of response in the nervous system is
(iii) It promotes the wilting and falling of leaves.
reflex action. This is a rapid, automatic response to a
7.
stimulus which is not under the voluntary control of the
Function Hormones brain. It is described as an involuntary action. The
Responsible pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is
called the reflex arc.
(i) Growth of the stem Auxin or Gibberellin
Reflex actions are the actions which we perform without
thinking to protect ourselves. For example, coughing is a
(ii) Promotes cell Cytokinin reflex action which clears our windpipe. The pupils of
division our eyes get smaller in bright light. This reflex action
protects the retina of our eyes from damage due
(iii) Wilting of leaves Abscisic acid too much light. The pupils of our eyes get bigger in dim
light so as to help us see properly even in dim light.
(iv) Inhibits growth Abscisic acid (b) Plants respond to external stimuli such as light, touch,
etc. A growth movement of a plant in response to an
external stimulus in which the direction of stimuli
determines the direction of response is called tropism.
(i) If the growth of a plant part is towards the stimuli, it is
called positive tropism.
 Control and Coordination
(ii) If the growth of a plant part is away from the
stimulus, then it is called negative tropism.
Types of tropism:
(i) The movement of a plant part in response to light is
called phototropism.
(ii) The movement of a plant part in response to gravity is
called geotropism.
(iii) The movement of a plant part in response to
chemicals is called chemotropism.
(iv) The movement of a plant part in response to water is
called hydrotropism.
(v) The directional growth movement of a plant part in
response to the touch of an object is called
thigmotropism. Nasties (or Nastic Movements). The
movement of a plant in response to an external stimulus
in which the direction of response is not determined by
the direction of stimulus is called nastic movement.
(vi) The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive plant on
touching is an example of nastic movement. Here the
stimulus is touch.
(vii) The opening up of the petals of dandelion flowers in
the morning in bright light and closing in the evening
when the light fades is an example of nastic movement.
In this case the stimulus is light.
11. Experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism in Plants:
12. Two body functions that will be affected if cerebellum is
damaged are equilibrium and posture.
13. Human brain has three major parts:
a. Fore-Brain contains mainly cerebrum.
b. Mid-brain.
c. Hind-brain.
Functions
a. Cerebellum which controls posture, balance of body
and accurate voluntary movements.
b. Pons regulates respiration
c. Medulla oblongata which controls involuntary actions
like blood pressure, salivation, vomiting etc.
14. (a) Tongue is the gustatory receptor present in the human
body.
(b) Dendrite → Cell body → Axon → End point of
Neuron
15. (a) Thyroid gland secretes thyroxine. It regulates the
metabolism and blood pressure of human beings.
(b) Pituitary secretes growth hormone. It helps the bones
and other body organs to grow properly.
(c) Pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin helps to lower blood
sugar level.
16. (i) Pancreas makes two hormones i.e., insulin and
glucagon that regulates
blood sugar level.
(ii) It secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes
that aid in the digestion of food.
17. When bright light is focussed on our eyes it goes to the
brain, the brain reverts back the message by motor neuron
which contracts the pupil. The sequence of events
which occur is as follows:
Receptor → Sensory neuron → Brain → Motor → Eye
muscles → Pupil contraction neurons
18. (a) Iodised salt is advisable because iodine is necessary
for the formation of thyroxine hormone by the thyroid
gland. Goiter is the disease caused due to its deficiency.
Symptom: The neck of the person appears to be swollen
due to the enlargement of thyroid gland.
(b) Two neurons are not joined to one another completely.
There is a small gap between a pair of neurons. This gap
is called synapse. The nerve impulses are carried out to
this gap by the help of neuro-transmitters (chemical
substances). The conduction of nerve impulse through the
synapse
takes place in the form of electrical nerve impulse. When
a stimulus acts on the receptor, an electrical impulse is
produced with the help of chemical reaction. This
electrical impulse passes through the synapse and then to
the other neuron. Thus, in this way nerve impulses travel
in the body.
 Control and Coordination

19. In plants, growth, development and response to the take some time to rest before the generation and
environment are controlled and coordinated by a special transmission of new impulse. In simple words, cells
class of chemical substances known as phytohormones. cannot continuously generate and transmit nerve
impulses. This is the reason why most multicellular
They are synthesized in minute amounts.
organisms use another
(i) Gibberellins form of control and coordination, named chemical
(ii) Cytokinins coordination. The advantage of
(iii) Abscisic acid chemical coordination is that the information spreads out
(iv) Auxins throughout the body by
20. It is the mechanism by which the amount of any chemical blood (then the required part picks it up as per its
increases or decreases resulting in secretion of the related requirement) and the effect generally lasts longer.
hormones controlling many cell activities. So they are 24. (a) Receptors
very important for homeostasis and most hormones are (b) Sensory neuron
regulated by feedback mechanisms. A (c) Spinal cord (CNS)
A feedback mechanism is a loop in which a product feeds (d) Relay neuron
back to control its own production. Most hormone (e) Motor neuron
feedback mechanisms involve negative feedback loops. Reflex arc is the term given to the sequence of events
Negative feedback keeps the concentration of a hormone occurring in the diagram.
within a narrow range. For example, The control of blood 25. (a) When the direction of external stimulus decides the
sugar insulin is an example of a negative feedback direction of response
mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the In the form of growth it is called tropism. Thus, tropism
body sense a change. In turn the control center secretes is the directional growth movement of a plant part. It can
insulin into the blood effectively lowering the blood sugar be in the direction of the stimulus or away from the
level. stimulus.
21. The nervous system controls and coordinates all the (b) Auxin is a plant growth hormone which is synthesized
functions in the body. It carries out its function in close at the tip of the shoot. It helps the cell grow longer. When
coordination with the hormonal system. Nerves don’t a tendril comes in contact with a support, auxins
reach every hook and corner of the body, hence needs stimulate faster growth of the cells on the opposite side
that’s why the tendril forms a coil around the support and
assistance from hormones to control all the parts of the
in this way auxins promote the growth of the tendril
body. Nervous control is faster and hormonal control is around a support.
slower. Hormonal control is based on a feedback
mechanism and tells the body to pace up or slow down.
Nervous control is on the other hand a direct control.
Example – In a situation of iodine deficiency
hypothalamus releases hormones to stimulate the
pituitary gland, it further sends stimulating hormone to
thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine that regulates
carbohydrates metabolism.
22. The squirrel body relies only on electrical impulses via
nerve cells, the range of tissues instructed to prepare for
the coming activity would be limited. On the other hand,
if a chemical signal were to be sent as well, it would
reach all cells of the body and provide the wide range of
changes needed. This is done using a hormone called
adrenaline that is secreted from the adrenal glands.
23. Chemical coordination is better than electrical impulses
as a means of communication between the cells in a
multicellular organism because in animals, the messages
are communicated in the form of nerve impulses quickly.
But still, there are
some limitations to the nervous system. Nerve impulses
can reach only those cells which are connected by the
nervous tissues and the cells connected by nervous
tissues, after generation and transmission of the impulse,