Logaritma&Eksponensial

Teknik Kimia
Universitas Negeri Semarang
2022

1
Eksponen
an · am ≡ an+m
am : an ≡ am-n

(am)n ≡ am·n

2
 Eksponen

-n 1
a = n
a
m
a = a
n n m

3
 Indicate if every raltionship is true or false:

1. 53 = 15 T F
2. 24 = 16 T F
3. 5 4 ×5 5 = 5 20 T F
4. (53)7 = 521 T F
5. 00 =1 T F
6. 83 : 83 = 0 T F
7. (73 : 72)0 = 1 T F
8. (142 : 72) = (14 : 7)2 T F
9. (153 : 33) = 125 T F
10. (24)3 : (24)2 = 16 T F
11. (34)2 × 3 = 39 T F
12. 23 × 25 : 22 : 28 = 2-2 T F
 Calculate the value of these expressions using powers properties:

1.
{8 : [(8 22 2
× 8 × 83 ) 2
]} (
: 8 : 84 × 8 )2

2. {[(10 4 3
) ] }{
: 10 7 : 10 5 × (8) : 8 2
4
}

3. (5 × 5
3 2
)[ ( )] [(
× 5 7 : 510 × 53 × 5 2 × 515 : 513 : 53 × 5 2 : 53 ) ( )]
3 5

4. [(3 4
)(
× 3 5 × 3 6 : 3 2 × 38 × 3 0 )] : [3
2 4
] {[ ] [(
× 36 : 3 2 × 4 4 × 2 4 × 8 : 2 3 × 2 4 )] }
2
Logaritma

6
 We call logarithm of b in base a logarithms

the exponent x

we give to the base a to obtain the number b

x = loga b

ax = b

base
 Definition:

log a b = x Û a = bx

log 2 8 = 3because2 = 8
3

9
 PROPERTIES:

log(ab ) = log a + log b

a
log = log al - log b
b
log a b = b log a

10
Changing the base of a logarithm

logac = x → c ≡ ax

so

logbc ≡ logbax ≡ x·logba

 Therefore

log b c log b c
x= or log a c º
log b a log b a
Calculate (remember the properties!)

1. log (3xy) 6. log [2a (a + b )]

3x 2 y
2. log (a2bc3) 7. log
x-y
3. log (3x y ) 8. log (x 2
- y2 )
a 2 + 2ab
4. log a 2 - b2 9. log
xy - y 2
5. log 6
x
3
x
x
10. log (3a 23
b2 - c2 )

13
 Exponential equations
• You are dealing with an exponential
equation when the unknown is at the
exponent.
So, in general, an exponential equation is
presented in the form:
ax=b

14
• So, if the unknown is at the exponent…try to
guess how to solve it: which is the inverse
operation of the power when the unknown is at
the exponent?
• ax=b so logax=logb
and, using the logarithmic properties:
xloga=logb
so log b
x=
log a
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16
 First task
• Try to solve the following exponential equations using the
logarithms and their properties:
x
5
2 x × 3x = 15 1
= 10
x
25 2
3x 1
= 27 2 3x
=
3 4

3 ×2 =9
x x 4x
= 2x
16

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