To p 30 I m p o r t a n t Q u e s t i o n s

From Social Sciences

 What to expect?

Chapter Important Important

Revision topics questions
Homework
Heroes
 Chapters Covered

01 How, When and Where

02 From Trade to Territory

03 Ruling the Countryside

How important are dates:
“History is certainly about changes that occur over time”.

1.History is synonymous with dates.

2.We compare the past with present.
3.We continue to associate history with a string of dates.
4.We study dates to find out the sequence of events and significance of
events.

Which Dates:
1.Selection of date depends on the story of past.
2.Focusing on a particular set of events is important.
3.By studying the dates reasons and consequences of events are
understood in better way.
What is colonial:
1.When the subjugation of one country by another country leads to
change in social, culture, economic and political sphere, it leads to
colonization.
2.British rule brought about changes in values and tastes, customs and
practices.

How do we know Administration:

1.One important source is the official records of the British
administration.
2.The British felt all important documents and letters needed to be
preserved.
3.Specialized institutions like archives and museums were established
to preserve important records.
4.Administrative source only represents half of the picture as they all
were written and maintained by British officials.
5.Several other sources studied together give a better picture of
administration.
Sources of Information:

1.Official records, letters, memos, surveys, newspapers, magazines,

autobiographies, reports, experiences of travelers, novels and poems are some
important sources of information of British rule and atrocities.
2.The practice of surveying became common under colonial administration.’
3.Surveys like botanical zoological, archaeological, anthropological and forest
surveys were in the list of British administration.
4.Sources kept and written by both Indians and British studied together represents
several aspects of British rule and their efforts to modernize Indian population.

What do Official Records not Tell:

1.The official records do not tell about the needs of people of India.
2.Many official records hide the truth and only show one aspect of the event.
3.The official records does not represent the fall outs of British administration and
also do not represent the reactions and situation of Indians of every sphere of
society.
 Chapters Covered

01 How, When and Where

02 From Trade to Territory

03 Ruling the Countryside

East India Company comes East:

1. In 1600 royal charter granted to East India Company granting the sole right to
trade with the East.

2. East India Company bought goods at a cheap price and sold them at higher price
in Europe.

3.Cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe. Pepper, cloves,
cardamom, and cinnamon were in great demand.

4. East India company and its officials accumulated wealth by the trade of India
and caught attention of other European powers.

5. English east India company had to compete with other European companies
such as French, Dutch, and Portuguese.

6.Because of the powerful naval force, British won over other European powers and
became the champion of struggle of monotony of trade.
East India Company begins Trade in Bengal:

1. In 1651, the first English factory was set up on the banks of river Hugli.

2. Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty-free.

3. The company tried to press for more concessions and manipulate existing
privileges.

4. For trading purpose, the passes were issued to company officials, but they
misused these passes for private trade and accumulate wealth on the name of
company.
How did Trade Lead to Battles:

1. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Bengal Nawabs asserted their power and autonomy.

2. The Nawabs of Bengal refused to grant the company concessions as it was making
the revenue from Bengal trade less profitable.

3. The British wanted the duties to be abolished but Bengal nawabs refused.

4. British official knew the condition of administration in Bengal and tried their autonomy
by use of force.
The Battle of Plassey:

1. As a result of denial of trading rights, on June 1757, Battle of Plassey was

fought. It was the first major victory of English in India.

2. Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal.

3. In 1757, Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey.

4. Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar, one of
Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, betrayed Sirajuddaulah and never fought the battle.

5. Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah.

6. As par the deal Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal after the defeat and death
of Sirajuddaulah. But he was the nominal head of Bengal and actual power remained
in the hands of British.
The Battle of Buxar:

1. After the defeat at Plassey, Sirajuddaulah was assassinated and Mir Jafar was made
the Nawab.

2. Mir Jafar was just a puppet in the hands of Britishers.

3. In 1764, the Battle of Buxar was fought between Britishers and Mir Qasim, when Mir
Qasim denied the privileges given to Britishers.

4. Mir Qasim abolished the trade duty for everyone. But this was against the interest of
British and they declared war.

5.In 1765, the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of the provinces of
Bengal and they also got the Diwani rights of Bihar and Odisha.
Company Officials become ‘Nabobs’:

1.In 1764, Robert Clive was appointed Governor of Bengal.

2.‘Nabobs’-an anglicized version of the Indian word Nawab as British were leading a lavish
life similar to nawabs and everyone was on the mercy of British.
Company Rule Expands:

1. The process of annexation of Indian states by the East India Company from 1757
to 1857 brought forth some key aspects like the company rarely launched a direct
military attack on as unknown territory.

2. After battle of Buxar, the company appointed residents in Indian states.

3. The company forced the states into a ‘subsidiary alliance’ and the king had to put
an army of British.

4. In the case of nonpayment to army the nawab or the king had to give some part
of its territory.

5. When Richard Wellesley was Governor-General ( 1798-1805), the Nawab of

Awadh was forced to give over half of his territory to the Company in 1801, as he
failed to pay for the “subsidiary forces”. Hyderabad was also forced to cede
territories on similar grounds.
Tipu Sultan-‘The Tiger of Mysore’:

1. Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali, ruler of Mysore.

2. Tipu Sultan ruled Mysore from 1782 to 1799.

3. Tipu Sultan took the help of French to modernize his army and sent foreign
delegates to gather the foreign help against British.

4. Four wars were fought between Britishers and Mysore and were known as
the Anglo-Mysore wars(1767-1769, 1780-84, 1790-92 and 1799).

5. In 1799, the Britishers won the battle of Seringapatam against Mysore.

6. Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam.

Anglo – Maratha wars:

1. After the defeat of Maratha in battle of Panipat in 1761, they get divided
in various small dynastied such as Sindhia, Holkars, Gaikwad and Bonsle.

2. Three wars were fought between Marathas and British in 1782,1803-05

and 1817-19. The third war was the decisive war and after this peshwa
was deposed and the sent to the Northern India on a pension.

3. Now the company had control over the south of Vindhyas.

Claim to paramountcy:

1.As British were proving themselves as the best power across the India, this
enhanced their desire to rule whole territories and they started direct conquest
under lord Hastings (1813-23).

2.British also wanted to secure North West front of their empire in India. For this
they fought wars with Afganistan and Punjab and finally won over its territories
in 1843 (Sind) and 1849 respectively.

Doctrine of Lapse:

1.Under the reign of Lord Dalhousie (1848-56), they adopted the policy of Lapse.

2.According to this policy, the rulers who does not have any legal heir could not
pass on their property to the adopted son and it would be taken over by British.

3.Satara (1848), Sambhalpur (1850), Jhansi (1854) were annexed by this policy.
Administration under British:

1. In 1773, Warren Hastings become the Governor General of Bengal and

controlled the governors of other presidencies of Madras and Bombay.

2. Separate civil and criminal courts were set up under the supervision of
collector.

3. New set of laws were compiled by muftis and Brahmins for the religious
interpretation.
 Chapters Covered

01 How, When and Where

02 From Trade to Territory

03 Ruling the Countryside

Revenue for the Company:

On 12 August 1765, the Mughal emperor appointed the East India Company as
the Diwan of Bengal.

1.The company got the Diwani rights and started extracting more and more
revenue out of it and used various measures to get it but still saw itself
primarily as a trader.

2.Before 1865, the company purchased goods in India by importing gold and
silver from Britain. Now the revenue collected in Bengal could financial the
purchase of goods for exports.

3.Bengal economy was facing a deep crisis. Peasants and craftsmen were not
getting the proper amount of their sell.

4.In 1770, a terrible famine killed ten million people in Bengal. but no one gave
attention to the plight of affected people as revenue was under the control of
British and they did not pay heed to any of the matter related to peasants as
their main task was to make money by trade.
The Need to Improve Agriculture:

1. The company introduced Permanent Settlement in 1793 under the

reign of Lord Cornwallis.

2. Under Permanent Settlement, a fixed revenue was to be given to

British and it would not increase in future.

3. Zamindars were recognized as the collectors of revenue and it was

assumed that they would invest money to improve the crop production
and fertility of soil.

4. Zamindars did not pay attention to the condition of land and tried to
keep more and more money left after collection.

5. The Rajas and taluqdars were recognized as Zamindars.

6. As a result of greed for more revenue they blindly exploited the land
resources.
The Problem:

1. Numerous zamindaris were sold off at auctions organized by the

company, as anyone who failed to pay the revenue lost his zamindari.

2. The zamindars were not interested in the improvement of land which

led to reduced production of crop.

3. But with the rise in crop expansion and prices of crops in the
nineteenth century, the income of Britishers was not increasing this
concerned them a lot.

4. Because of the less revenue collection, British tried some other new
method of revenue generation such as Mahalwari system and Ryotwari
system.
A New System is Devised:

1.By the early nineteenth century, many of the company officials were
convinced that the system of revenue had to be changed again
because to get maximum profit.

2.An Englishman, Holt Mackenzie devised the new system which came
into effect in 1822. This was introduced in North India and came to be
known as Mahalwari settlement.

3.Mahalwari system gave the revenue collection work to the village

headman (Mahal) instead of zamindar and revenue was not fixed
permanently.

4.Under this system the revenue was collected by Mahal and was given
to British.

5.This system was initiated in central part of India.

The Munro System:

1. In the British territories in the south, a new system was devised which was known
as Ryotwar or Ryotwari.

2. Ryotwari was initiated by Captain Alexander Read and Thomas Munro. This system
was extended all over the south India.

3. In this system, ryots were directly involved for the collection of revenue and it was
fixed after the proper assessment of individual land.

4. British officials were appointed to collect the revenue.

All was Not Well:

1. As they desired to increase the income from land, revenue officials fixed the
revenue rate very high.

2. As peasants were unable to pay, ryots filed the countryside and villages became
deserted in many regions.

3. Peasants were forcefully evicted from their lands and had to left their places and
clashes happened at different places.
Crops for Europe:

1. By the late eighteenth century, the company was trying to expand the
cultivation of opium and indigo, which was highly demanded in Europe.

2. The Britishers forced cultivators to produce jute, tea, sugarcane, wheat,

cotton and rice in various parts of India.

3. Indigo was highly demanded in Europe. Under this system, peasants had
to cultivate indigo on their land.

4.Because of the production of the cash crops and indigo which had to be
grown on the most fertile land, the farmers were left with little fertile region
to grow.

5.These crops reduced the production of food crops.

Does Colour have a History:

1. The rich blue colour was commonly called as Indigo and it was on a
high demand in Europe as it was used for dyeing purpose.

2.India was the biggest supplier of indigo in the world in 19th century.

3. Indigo cultivation was one of the reasons for poor condition of

farmers and led ryots in various farmers
Why the Demand for Indian Indigo:

1.By the thirteenth century, Indian Indigo was being used by cloth
manufacturers in Italy, France, and Britain to dye cloth.

2.Indigo produce a rich blue colour whereas the dye from woad another
plant was pale and dull.

3.Indigo plantations came up in many parts of North America and Mexico,

but during the wars in these regions and abolition of slavery in French
colonies, British started depending on India for the cultivation expansion
of Indigo.

4.Increased demand of indigo also came because of the heavy

industrialization in Britain.

5.To fulfill the demand of Indigo British used their colonies in tropical
region and mainly in Africa and India as the availability if land and cheap
labour were available.
Britain turns to India:

1.The company in India expanded the area under the indigo cultivation to meet
the rising demand for indigo in Europe.

2.As the indigo trade grew commercial agents and officials of the company
began investing in indigo production.

How was Indigo Cultivated:

1.There were two main systems of Indigo cultivation: Nij and Ryoti.

2.In Nij system, the planter produced indigo in lands that he directly controlled
or rented from zamindars.
The Problem with Nij Cultivation:

1.This cultivation needed fertile and big lands and it was difficult to get big
areas as they were already highly populated. for this, they had to evict
population which led to conflicts.

2.Nij cultivation on a large scale required many ploughs and bullocks, investing
on purchase and maintenance of ploughs was a big problem. At the same time
of its cultivation, the cultivation of rice also took place, that is why ploughs
were not available on rent too.

3.Availability of labour was also a problem as peasants were engaged in rice

cultivation at the same time.
Indigo on the Land of Ryots:

1.In Ryoti system, the planters forced the ryots to sign a contract an agreement
(satta).

2.Those who signed the contract got cash advances from planters at low rates
of interest to produce indigo.

3.The peasants got very low price for the indigo they produced and the cycle of
loans never ended.

4.After an indigo harvest, the land could not be sown with rice which the
peasants preferred as Indigo production reduced the fertility of soil.
The ‘Blue Rebellion’ and after:

1.In March 1859 thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo.

2.As the rebellion spread, ryots refused to pay rents to the planters and
attacked indigo factories.

3.Ryots swore they would no longer take advances to sow indigo nor be
bullied by the planters’ lathiyals.

4.The government set up the indigo commission to enquire into the

system of indigo production.

5.It declared that indigo cultivation was not profitable for ryots. Hence
they could refuse to produce indigo in future.

6.After the revolt, indigo production collapsed in Bengal. The planters now
shifted their operations to Bihar.

7.In Bihar, the Champaran movement led by Gandhi ji in 1917, ended the
Indigo production through tinkathia system.
 James Mill divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim, Christian.

A True
Question 1

B False
 James Mill divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim, Christian.

A True
Question 1

B False
 Match the following and identify the correct option

List- l List ll
1. Diwani a. Tipu Sultan
2. “Tiger of Mysore” b. Right to collect land revenue
3. Faujdari Adalat c. Sepoy
Question 2

4. Rani Channamma d. Criminal Court

5. Sipahi e. Led an anti-British movement in Kitoor

A 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-e, 5-c C 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d, 5-e

B 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c, 5-e D 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-e , 5-c
 Match the following and identify the correct option

List- l List ll
1. Diwani a. Tipu Sultan
2. “Tiger of Mysore” b. Right to collect land revenue
3. Faujdari Adalat c. Sepoy
Question 2

4. Rani Channamma d. Criminal Court

5. Sipahi e. Led an anti-British movement in Kitoor

A 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-e, 5-c C 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d, 5-e

B 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c, 5-e D 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-e , 5-c
 Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of Lapse.

A True
Question 3

B False
 Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of Lapse.

A True
Question 3

B False
 Why did the British preserve official documents?
Question 4
 Why did the British preserve official documents?

• Preserved official documents as it be easier for them

to study them and debate.
Question 4

• They kept official records

• Records could serve as proof of all the decisions that

they had taken.
 Why did the British preserve official documents?

• The British preserved official documents because they thought if they wrote and
recorded everything, it would later be easier for them to study them and debate.
Question 4

• They kept official records of what they thought was right so that in the future,
those records could serve as proof of all the decisions that they had taken.
 What attracted European trading companies to India?
Question 5
 What attracted European trading companies to India?

• European companies were looking for

places buy goods at a cheap price and sell
at higher prices.
Question 5

• Cotton and silk produced in India had a big

market.

• Spices like pepper, cloves, cardamom and

cinnamon too were in great demand.
 What attracted European trading companies to India?

• European trading companies were looking for new lands from which they could buy goods at
a cheap price and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices.
Question 5

• The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe.

• Spices like pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon too were in great demand.

• These were the reasons that attracted European trading companies to India.
 How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?
Question 6
 How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

• Diwani rights are the rights that the British

acquired to collect their own revenues and
have the authority to decide on civil cases.
Question 6

• allowed the Company to use the vast

revenue resources of Bengal.

• Monopoly on trade started.

• Revenue of Bengal was used to export

goods.
 How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

Diwani rights are the rights that the British acquired to collect their own
revenues and have the authority to decide on civil cases.
Question 6

This right benefited the East India Company in several ways:

a. It allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal.

b. The monopoly of the East India Company on trade started.

c. Revenue of Bengal was used to export Indian goods out of the country.
 Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.
Question 7
 Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.

The system of the subsidiary alliance made Indian rulers let go

of their armed forces and come under the protection of the East
Question 7

India Company.
 Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.

The following changes occurred when this system came into being:

a. The East India Company became the guardian of the territories.

b. An English resident was appointed in the territory to keep a check

Question 7

on the ruler.

c. The Indian rules were asked not to allow any other European
companies to trade with them and enter their territory.

d. Indian rulers were told to pay for the subsidiary armed forces of
the EIC, disobeying which led to that part of the territory being
forfeited by the company.
 Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.

The system of the subsidiary alliance made Indian rulers let go of their armed forces
and come under the protection of the East India Company.

The following changes occurred when this system came into being:
Question 7

a. The East India Company became the guardian of the territories.

b. An English resident was appointed in the territory to keep a check on the ruler.
c. The Indian rules were asked not to allow any other European companies to
trade with them and enter their territory.
d. Indian rulers were told to pay for the subsidiary armed forces of the EIC,
disobeying which led to that part of the territory being forfeited by the
company.
 How was the Mahalwari System different from the Permanent Settlement?.
Question 8
 How was the Mahalwari System different from the Permanent Settlement?.

Mahalwari System Permanent Settlement

Holt Mackenzie devised it, and it came into effect Permanent Settlement was brought by Lord
Question 8

in 1822 Cornwallis in 1793

The epicentre of the system was a village There was no such epicentre
Villages were called ‘Mahal’ –
The estimated revenue of each plot within a village
The revenue was fixed that each zamindar had to
was added up to calculate the revenue that each
pay to the company
village (mahal) had to pay
The revenue was to be revised periodically Revenue was fixed
The charge to collect the revenue was on the The charge to collect the revenue was on the
village headman village zamindar (rajas/taluqdars)
 Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.
Question 9
 Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.

The new Munro system of fixing revenue posed two problems:

Question 9

a. The revenue demand was fixed way too high for peasants to pay.

b. Peasants were unable to pay the rent, which culminated in villages

getting deserted.
 Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?
Question 10
 Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?

The ryots were reluctant to grow indigo for the below-given reasons:

a. They were paid very low prices for it.

Question 10

b. The ryots never saw any profit accruing from the indigo plantation.

c. Ryots were asked to grow indigo on the fertile parts of their land by the
planters, which they were apprehensive about.
Mind Map: Resources

Resource conservation Resources Sustainable development

Types of resources

Natural resources Human-made resources Human resources

Renewable resources Non-renewable resources

Mind Map: Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation,
and Wildlife Resources

Natural
Land Soil Water vegetation and
wildlife
Mind Map: Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Resources

Land

Land use Classification of land Conservation of land

 Mind Map: Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Resources
Soil

Factors of Factors of Prevention of

Soil profile
soil degradation soil formation soil erosion

Flora and
Parent rock Climate Relief Time
fauna
Mind Map: Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Resources
Natural Vegetation and
Water
Wildlife

Conservation of
Causes of Conservation Distribution of
natural vegetation
water scarcity of water natural vegetation and wildlife
 Resources drawn from nature and used without much modification are
called

A human made resources

B natural resources
Question 1

C cultural resources

D none of these
 Resources drawn from nature and used without much modification are
called

A human made resources

B natural resources
Question 1

C cultural resources

D none of these
 Coal is an example of

A renewable resource

B non exhaustible resource

Question 2

C Non-renewable resources

D none of these
 Coal is an example of

A renewable resource

B non exhaustible resource

Question 2

C Non-renewable resources

D none of these
 The mass movement of rocks, debris, or earth down a slope is simply
known as

A earthquake

B landslide
Question 3

C soil erosion

D avalanche
 The mass movement of rocks, debris, or earth down a slope is simply
known as

A earthquake

B landslide
Question 3

C soil erosion

D avalanche
 Major factors of soil formation include soil erosion and deforestation.

A True

B False
Question 4
 Major factors of soil formation include soil erosion and deforestation.

A True

B False
Question 4
 Match the following and identify the correct answer.

List- l List ll
1. Soil Formation (a) mulching
2. Weathering (b) Tropical and Tundra
3. Method of soil conservation (c) the breaking up of exposed rocks
Question 5

4. Forests classification (d) medicinal herb

5. Ashwagandha (e) Nature of parent rock

A 1-C, 2-B, 3-E, 4-A, 5-D C 1-D, 2-C,3-E, 4-A, 5-B

B 1-A, 2-B,3-C, 4-D, 5-E D 1-E, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B, 5-D

 Match the following and identify the correct answer.

List- l List ll
1. Soil Formation (a) mulching
2. Weathering (b) Tropical and Tundra
3. Method of soil conservation (c) the breaking up of exposed rocks
Question 5

4. Forests classification (d) medicinal herb

5. Ashwagandha (e) Nature of parent rock

A 1-C, 2-B, 3-E, 4-A, 5-D C 1-D, 2-C,3-E, 4-A, 5-B

B 1-A, 2-B,3-C, 4-D, 5-E D 1-E, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B, 5-D

 Explain how resources are classified broadly.
Question 6
 Explain how resources are classified broadly.

Resources

Natural Resources Human Made Resources Human Resources

Question 6

Renewable
Non - Renewable Resources
Resources
Explain how resources are classified broadly.

• Resources are broadly classified into natural, human-made and human.

• Natural resources are those resources which are taken from nature. They are used without
modifying them ,e. in the same form as they exist in.
Examples- rivers, lakes, soil, minerals

• Human made resources have not been provided to us by nature. Human beings have used
their intelligence to manufacture them for their own use. Example vehicles, buildings,
roads.

• Human resources include people who serve us in any way. Example Doctor, construction
worker etc.
 What is sustainable development? Mention some of its principle.
Question 7
 What is sustainable development? Mention some of its principle.

Sustainable development is utilizing resources in such a way that we not

only think of meeting our own requirements of the present but also we are
aware of their conservation for our future generations.
Question 7

Some principles of sustainable development :

• Respect and care for all forms of life
• Iprove the quality of life
• Conserve the earth’s vitality and diversity
• Minimise the depletion of natural resources
 Write any two reasons for land degradation today.
Question 8
Write any two reasons for land degradation today.

Overexploitation leads to land degradation

Soil erosion Desertification Landslides

 Write any two reasons for land degradation today.

• The overuse of chemical fertilizers and deforestation are the two main
reasons for land degradation.
• The growing population and their ever-growing demand has led to
Question 8

large scale destruction of forest cover and arable land and has created a
fear of losing this natural resource.
 Why is land considered an important resource?
Question 9
 Why is land considered an important resource?
Question 9

Agriculture Building houses Industries

Forestry Roads
 Why is land considered an important resource?

• Land is considered an important resource because it can be put to use for

various purposes like agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads
and setting up of industries.
Question 9
 Suggest three ways to conserve water.
Question 10
 Suggest three ways to conserve water.

Treating industrial effluents

Question 10

Public awareness

Regulating use of chemical fertilisers

 Suggest three ways to conserve water.

Methods to Conserve Rainwater and Surface Runoff

Question 10

Surface run-off harvesting Rooftop rainwater harvesting

 Suggest three ways to conserve water.

Three main ways to conserve water are:

a. Increasing forest cover and other vegetation to slow the
surface runoff
Question 10

b. Replenishing underground water through rainwater

harvesting
c. Reducing the loss of water in irrigation and shifting to less
water-intensive methods of agriculture
 Chapters Covered

01 The Indian Constitution

02 Understanding Secularism

03 Parliaments and The making of Laws

 Concepts Covered

What is a Need for a

constitution? constitution

The Indian
Constitution

Key features of Making of

the Indian the Indian
constitution constitution
 Constitution
It is a set of fundamental It determines the relations
rules that define how a between
state or a country is run. the citizens and
the government.
Need for a Constitution

01 It specifies how the government will be constituted.

02 It generates trust and coordination between the government and the citizens.

03 It guarantees rights to the citizens of a country.

04 It checks the power of the government by protecting citizens′rights.

05 It expresses the aspirations of the people to create a good society.

 Making of the Indian Constitution

The Cabinet Mission Plan is The Constituent Assembly

sent to India for smooth meets for the first time in The Indian constitution is
transfer of power. Delhi. adopted by the assembly.
March 1946 9 December 1946 26 November 1949

May 1946 29 August 1947 26 January 1950

The mission makes the Drafting Committee is The Indian constitution
recommendation to form a constituted under the comes into effect.
constituent assembly. leadership of
Dr B. R. Ambedkar.
The Indian constitution helps us understand the minds of its makers.
Based on the given details below, identify the constitutional features.

Union Government
Freedom to
Legislature form associations
Central Government

Judiciary
State governments

Executive
Local governments

Federalism Separation of power Fundamental rights

Refers to the existence of more Incorporated to prevent abuse Protect citizens against the
than one level of power by one arbitrary and absolute exercise of
of government branch of government power by the state
Features of the Indian Constitution

Secularism: Separation of religion Federalism: Power is shared

from social and between a central government
political affairs and its constituent units

Fundamental rights: Rights Separation of power: Division

guaranteed to all people of powers between
by the Constitution various organs of the government
 Right to Equality:
Ensures equal rights to all and
prohibits discrimination
based on religion, caste, or sex
Right to Freedom of Religion:
Gives citizens the right to
practice, profess, and propagate
the religion of choice
Right to Freedom:
Right against Exploitation:
Freedom of speech
Prohibits human trafficking,
and expression, right to form
forced labour, and child labour
associations, and more
Fundamental Rights
Cultural and Educational Rights: Right to Constitutional Remedies:
Protects the rights Gives citizens the right to approach
of linguistic, cultural, and the Supreme or high courts if their
religious minorities fundamental rights are violated
Parliamentary Form of Government in India

• The parliamentary system is based on the

principle of cooperation and coordination
between the legislature (lawmakers) and
executive (law implementers).
• The members of the executive are
responsible to the lower house of the
legislature.
• The government runs under the leadership of
the prime minister (at the centre) and the
chief minister (at the state level).

Parliament of India
 Concepts Covered

What is Importance of
secularism? secularism

Understanding
Secularism

Secularism Secularism
in USA in India
Meaning of Secularism

It means that religion is separated from the political, economic, social,

and cultural aspects of life and is treated as a purely personal matter.

The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976

added the word ‘secular’ to the Preamble of the Indian constitution.
 Importance of Secularism

It allows people to interpret

It strengthens a country's
religious teachings
democratic system.
according to their own beliefs.

It allows individuals to leave

It protects citizens from
one faith and
religious abuse.
join another.
 Secularism in India

• India has no official religion.

Strategy • Government spaces like courts, police stations, and
of distancing government schools are not supposed to promote any
religion.

• The State can make certain exceptions to respect

Secularism Strategy of religious sentiments.
in India non-interference • For example, Sikhs are not required to wear a helmet
while riding a two-wheeler.

• The State can intervene in religious matters if certain

Strategy religious beliefs violate the fundamental rights of citizens.
of intervention • For example, untouchability has been banned as
it was discriminatory in nature.
Secularism in USA Secularism in India

The First Amendment to the US The Indian secular state can

Constitution prohibits the legislature positively intervene in
from making laws ‘respecting an religious affairs.
establishment of religion’ or
For example, Article 17 of the
‘prohibiting the free exercise
Indian Constitution empowers the
of religion’.
state to ban the practice
This means that the legislature of untouchability.
cannot declare any religion as the
official religion or give preference to
one religion over another.
Secularism in USA
State and religion are entirely
separate in USA, meaning that neither
the Church or any other religious
institution nor the state can interfere
in one
another's affairs.
Secularism in India
The state is not strictly separate
from religion and maintains a
principled distance vis-à-vis
religion through the ideals laid out
in the Constitution.
For example, the government does
not interfere with the customs of
Sikhs wearing turbans by not
forcing them to
to wear helmets.
 Concepts Covered

Parliament and
Making of
new laws

Meaning and
composition Role of the People in the
of Parliament Parliament Parliament
 Mind Map
Meaning
Made up of representatives
from different constituencies who
control and guide the government
Members
Lok Sabha:
Maximum strength: 550
Current strength: 543
Rajya Sabha:
Maximum strength: 250
Current strength: 245
Components
A bicameral legislature comprising
two Houses: Rajya Sabha and Lok
Sabha, and the President of India
Elections
Lok Sabha: Elected usually every five
years through direct elections
Rajya Sabha: Elected by the system
of proportional representation through
the single transferable vote
 Mind Map
To select
the national government
The party or coalition that enjoys a
majority in the Lok Sabha forms
the national government.
Role of the Parliament
To control, guide, and inform the
To make laws
government The primary function of the
The ruling government is accountable
Parliament is to make fresh laws
to the Parliament and remains in
and bring changes in the existing
power if it enjoys the trust of more
laws following
than 50% of the members of the Lok
constitutional procedures.
Sabha.
 Parliament of India

Constituency is a geographically defined area in which

voters elect a representative to a legislative body.
The executive is responsible for executing and enforcing
the law. It consists of the president, the governor, and
the central and state ministers.
The Rajya Sabha is the representative of states in the
Parliament. It can also start legislation and must approve a
bill to become a law.
Did You Know?

• A coalition government is formed when a number

of political parties come together to form a
government when a single political party fails to
secure majority of seats on its own.
• For example, the National Democratic Alliance
(NDA) led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee was an alliance
of more than 20 parties.
• It was in power at the centre from 1998–2004.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee,

10th Prime Minister of India
Making of Laws

The law is primarily introduced in the Parliament

as a bill for discussion.

The bill proceeds further once both

houses of the Parliament pass it.

The bill becomes an act only after the President

of India gives consent.
Making of Laws: Role of the Citizens

Citizens play an instrumental role in helping the

parliament formulate laws.

Television, newspapers, radio broadcasts, and local

meetings provide a platform to raise citizens’
demands.

Citizens’ involvement makes parliament's work

more accessible and transparent.
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

Domestic violence can manifest in several forms such

as physical, sexual, verbal, emotional or economic
abuse, or the threat of abuse.

It is primarily meant to provide protection to the

wives or female live-in partners from domestic
violence at the hands of their husband or male live-in
partners or their relatives.
 What is the significance of the Preamble in the Indian Constitution?

A States the objectives of the president

Question 1

B States the objectives of the election

C States the objectives of the Constitution

D None of these
 What is the significance of the Preamble in the Indian Constitution?

A States the objectives of the president

Question 1

B States the objectives of the election

C States the objectives of the Constitution

D None of these
 What do you mean by secular state?

A Don′t have any offical religion

B Don′t have any king

Question 2

C Don′t have any preamble

D None of these
 What do you mean by secular state?

A Don′t have any offical religion

B Don′t have any king

Question 2

C Don′t have any preamble

D None of these
 What are the Fundamental Rights provided by the Constitution of India?

A Right to equality

B Right to freedom
Question 3

C Right against exploitation

D All of the above

 What are the Fundamental Rights provided by the Constitution of India?

A Right to equality

B Right to freedom
Question 3

C Right against exploitation

D All of the above

 Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?
Question 4
 Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?

There are various reasons why a democratic country needs a

Constitution.
1) The basic ideals on the basis of which we as citizens aspire to
live in our country are mentioned in the Constitution.
Question 4

2) It tells the fundamental nature of society

3) To define the nature of the political system of the country.

4) It states a set of rules based on which people belonging to

different religions and communities can peacefully co-exist
with each other.
 What is the difference in who exercises ‘Executive Power’ in the above two
Constitutions of Nepal?
Question 5
 What is the difference in who exercises ‘Executive Power’ in the above two
Constitutions of Nepal?

• In Article 35 of the 1990 Constitution of Nepal, the power to rule

the country, to set rules and to manage the country are all
vested in the King of the country and the Ministers appointed
Question 5

under him.

• However, Article 75 of the 2015 Constitution of Nepal states

that the rules, governance and management of the country will
be based on the laws mentioned in the Constitution of the
country under the supervision of the Ministers.
 The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This
idea can be quite confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the
chapter as well as those that you might have come up with.
Question 6
 The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This
idea can be quite confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the
chapter as well as those that you might have come up with.

• The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes
in religion.
• If a person with a majority religious group gets the state power, he
Question 6

may use the power to discriminate and persecute the people of other
religions.
• The majority may even deprive the minority of practising their
religion. For example, untouchability still exists in the Hindu
community.
• If the state power is handed over to a person belonging to an upper-
caste Hindu majority, they may use it as a weapon against the lower-
class people of the society or that state.
 Write a brief note on the Members of Parliament.
Question 7
 Write a brief note on the Members of Parliament.

• The Members of Parliament are from different backgrounds.

• Groups and peoples that were not unrepresented so far, are beginning to
get elected to the Parliament.
• Today there are more number of people from the Dalit and backward
Question 7

castes and the minorities, in Parliament.

• It is good to have representatives in the Parliament from all sections of
society, so that every Indian will be represented in the decision- making
body.
 Write a brief note on the struggle for freedom in Nepal.
Question 8
 Write a brief note on the struggle for freedom in Nepal.

• In Nepal, there was a people’s struggle for freedom in 1990.

• Democracy was established and it lasted for 12 years until 2002.
• In October 2002, King Gyanendra began taking over the
government with the assistance of the army.
• In 2005 King Gyanendra took over as the head of the government.
Question 8

• In 2006 people’s movement for democracy began gaining

immense force.
• In April 2006 the King restored the Third Parliament and asked
the political parties to form a government.
• In 2007, Nepal adopted an Interim Constitution and Nepal gained
political freedom.
 What is universal adult franchise?
Question 9
 What is universal adult franchise?

• Universal adult franchise is every adult citizen having a right to

vote irrespective of sex, caste, creed, education and financial
status.
Question 9
 What are the strategies followed by the Indian government to establish secularism?
Question 10
 What are the strategies followed by the Indian government to establish secularism?

• The strategies followed by the Indian government to establish

secularism are:
1. Strategy of distancing itself from religion
2. Strategy of non-interference
Question 10

3. Strategy of intervention
Homework
Question