TOPIC: Seismic Analysis of Engineering Structure

Name: Abid Gul

Student_id : 2023128918

Question 1 (30 points)

Given:
k = 2.85 x 10^7 N/m (stiffness)
m1 = m2 = 20000 kg (mass for the first and second floors)
m3 = 15000 kg (mass for the third floor)
xi = 0.05 (damping ratio)

Natural Frequencies and Periods:

omega1 = sqrt(k / m1)
omega2 = sqrt(k / m2)
omega3 = sqrt(k / m3)
T1 = 2 * pi / omega1
T2 = 2 * pi / omega2
T3 = 2 * pi / omega3

Interpolated Spectral Values from Graphs:

(These values are approximations and should be verified for accuracy)
Sd1 = Sd2 = 0.142 m (spectral displacement for T1 and T2)
Sa1 = Sa2 = 10.43 m/s^2 (spectral acceleration for T1 and T2)
Sd3 = 0.125 m (spectral displacement for T3)
Sa3 = 11.01 m/s^2 (spectral acceleration for T3)
Base Shear Calculations:
V1 = Sa1 * m1
V2 = Sa2 * m2
V3 = Sa3 * m3

Total Base Shear:

V_total = V1 + V2 + V3

Top Floor Displacement:

Displacement at top floor = Sd3

Calculation Steps:
omega1 = sqrt(2.85 x 10^7 / 20000)
omega2 = omega1 (since m1 = m2)
omega3 = sqrt(2.85 x 10^7 / 15000)
T1 = 2 * pi / omega1
T2 = T1 (since omega1 = omega2)
T3 = 2 * pi / omega3
V1 = 10.43 * 20000 = 208600 N
V2 = V1 (since Sa1 = Sa2 and m1 = m2)
V3 = 11.01 * 15000 = 165150 N
V_total = 208600 + 208600 + 165150 = 582350 N
Displacement at top floor = 0.125 m
Q2:
Catastrophe strength in designing designs alludes to the limit of a construction to endure, adjust
to, and recuperate from the effects of multi-risk occasions like tremors, floods, tropical storms,
and man-conveyed intimidations. This versatility is a basic part of present day designing plan,
intending to guarantee that structures protect the security of tenants as well as keep up with their
usefulness after a fiasco.
Keen debacle counteraction and alleviation includes the joining of trend setting innovations and
plan procedures into the construction to upgrade its flexibility. Key aspects include:
1. Risk Assessment and Multi-hazard Design: Designing designs are planned thinking
about different synchronous dangers. Utilizing design standards that take into account a
variety of scenarios, including rare and extreme events, and conducting a comprehensive
risk assessment to identify potential threats are two aspects of this.
2. Use of Smart Materials and Technologies: For improved resilience, smart materials are
utilized that are able to modify their properties in response to a variety of conditions.
Models incorporate shape memory amalgams and self-recuperating concrete. Also,
innovations like base segregation and energy dissemination gadgets help structures
assimilate and scatter energy during occasions like quakes.
3. Redundancy and Ductility: Structures are planned with overt repetitiveness, guaranteeing
that assuming one component falls flat, others can assume control over the heap bearing
capability. Malleability permits portions of the construction to go through huge
misshapenings without disappointment, which is especially significant in seismic plan.
4. Early Warning and Real-time Monitoring Systems: Consolidating sensor advancements
for continuous checking of underlying wellbeing can give early admonitions of likely
disappointments. These frameworks can screen for indications of stress, misshapening, and
material corruption, taking into consideration ideal support or departure.
5. Adaptive and Flexible Design: Structures can be designed to be easily upgraded and
adaptable to changes in usage, increased loads, and technological advancements over time,
extending their useful life and reducing the need for costly retrofits.
6. Emergency Preparedness and Response Plans: Compelling fiasco moderation
incorporates the underlying strength as well as the readiness of the tenants. Crisis reaction
plans, normal bores, and clear correspondence frameworks are vital to the general
wellbeing and versatility of a design.
7. Sustainability and Post-disaster Functionality: Post-catastrophe usefulness is
progressively being perceived as a basic part of tough plan. Structures are intended to
endure a catastrophe as well as to keep working, or to be immediately gotten back to
activity, to act as havens or war rooms if vital.
Q3:
The momentum research progress in the field of seismic way of behaving, examination, and plan
of underground designs is hearty and diverse, tending to the special difficulties these designs
present. Dissimilar to over the ground structures, underground offices are impacted by the seismic
waves in additional perplexing examples because of their association with the encompassing soil
or rock.
Current Research Progress:
1. Seismic Wave Amplification: Studies are continuous to comprehend how seismic waves
are enhanced by the dirt and what this intensification means for underground designs.
Research incorporates the advancement of new models to anticipate ground movement
designs and the resultant powers on underground designs.
2. Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI): SSI is basic in the plan of underground designs. To
better predict the dynamic interaction between the soil and underground structures during
seismic events, cutting-edge computational models and simulations are being developed.
3. Advanced Materials and Construction Techniques: Research is being directed into new
materials and development techniques that upgrade the toughness and adaptability of
underground designs. This incorporates the utilization of elite execution cement,
composites, and imaginative support procedures.
4. Performance-Based Design (PBD): PBD approaches are being coordinated into
underground construction configuration, zeroing in on accomplishing wanted execution
goals as opposed to stringently sticking to prescriptive code prerequisites.
5. Resilience and Recovery Modeling: There's a developing accentuation on enduring
seismic occasions as well as on fast recuperation. This exploration incorporates creating
models to foresee post-tremor usefulness and recuperation times.
Future Research Directions:
1. Smart Monitoring Systems: putting in smart sensors that can monitor strain,
displacement, and damage to underground structures in real time to make it easier to
respond right away.
2. 3D Printing and Robotics in Construction: Investigating the utilization of 3D printing
and mechanical technology to develop underground designs with mind boggling
calculations that are stronger to seismic powers.
3. Enhanced Seismic Isolation Techniques: Creating further developed seismic segregation
frameworks explicitly intended for underground applications.
4. Multi-hazard Approach: Taking into account the consolidated impacts of seismic
occasions with different dangers, like flooding or compound spills, especially for utility
passages and transportation frameworks.
 5. Adaptive Design Frameworks: Making plan systems that can be effortlessly refreshed as
new examination discoveries arise, taking into consideration the powerful advancement of
underground seismic plan rehearses.
6. Sustainability: Examining the drawn out maintainability of underground designs,
including their ecological effect and energy proficiency post-development.
Q4:
Engineering structures with seismic energy dissipation technologies is an essential component of
earthquake engineering. These innovations, ordinarily alluded to as seismic dampers, are intended
to ingest and scatter a part of the energy input into a design during a tremor, consequently
decreasing the extent of vibrations and limiting underlying harm.
Common Seismic Energy Dissipation Technologies:
1. Viscous Dampers: Use the movement of a cylinder inside a gooey liquid to change over
dynamic energy into heat. They are speed subordinate gadgets that give predictable
damping during seismic occasions.
2. Friction Dampers: Utilize sliding plates with frictional obstruction. The development
between the plates during seismic movement scatters energy.
3. Yielding Dampers: These dampers are intended to yield or distort plastically under
seismic burdens, retaining energy through inelastic misshapening.
4. Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs): consist of a mass that oscillates in opposition to the
building's sway, reversing the earthquake's motion.
5. Metallic Dampers: Utilize the plastic twisting of metals to assimilate and disseminate
seismic energy.
6. Elastomeric Dampers: Produced using high-damping elastic or comparative materials,
they join flexible twisting with innate damping properties.
Recent Research Progress:
Recent advancements focus on improving the efficiency, reliability, and adaptability of these
damping systems:
1. Smart Damping Technologies: The advancement of brilliant dampers that can change
their damping properties continuously founded on the power and qualities of the seismic
information. This incorporates the utilization of magneto-rheological (MR) and electro-
rheological (trama center) liquids whose consistency can be modified by applying an
electric or attractive field.
2. Hybrid Systems: Joining various sorts of dampers to exploit different damping
instruments for ideal execution under fluctuating seismic circumstances.
 3. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs): Examination into SMAs which can go through enormous
distortions and return to their unique shape when warmed. They offer potential for re-
focusing abilities after a seismic tremor.
4. Energy Dissipation in Joints: Researching the utilization of dissipative joints in measured
development that give energy scattering as well as work with simpler fix and substitution
after a seismic occasion.
5. Nano-technology: incorporating nanomaterials into damping devices to enhance their
capacity for energy dissipation and mechanical properties.
6. Biological Inspiration: investigating biomimicry for the purpose of designing dampers
that imitate natural energy dissipation mechanisms.
Applications in Engineering Structures:
Both new designs and renovation projects increasingly include seismic dampers. They are
pertinent in elevated structures, spans, and modern offices. The selection of dampers and their
situation inside the construction rely upon the structure's plan, the normal seismic movement, and
financial contemplations.
References:
1. Khalil Yahya Mohammed Almajhali, Review on passive energy dissipation devices and
techniques of installation for high rise building structures, Structures,Volume
51,2023,Pages10191029,ISSN23520124,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.03.025.(htt
ps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352012423003119)
2. Symans, Michael D., Finley A. Charney, Andrew S. Whittaker, Michael C. Constantinou, Charles
A. Kircher, Martin W. Johnson and Robert J. McNamara. “Energy dissipation systems for
seismic applications: Current practice and recent developments.” Journal of Structural
Engineering-asce 134 (2008): 3-21.
3. Titirla, Magdalini D. 2023. "A State-of-the-Art Review of Passive Energy Dissipation
Systems in Steel Braces" Buildings13,no.:851.https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040851