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1. Gedewon Teka, MSC in Environmental Science.

2. Dejene Hailu, MPH.
3. Fitsum Girma, Mechanical Engineer.

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Galvis G.; Visscher, J.T. and Fernandez, B. (1994). Overcoming water quality limitations with the multi-
barrier concept: a case study from Colombia. In : Slow sand filtration. (pp. 47-60). Denver, CO: American
Water Works Association.
UNICEF/WHO, 2007. The state of the worlds children. New York: UNICEF; Geneva: WHO
WHO/UNICEF JMP 2000. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (2000). Global water supply and
sanitation assessment 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization and New York: UNICEF.
1.6 \07 Q(
#` $$È NQ- ^M #b`, UI , (Ug2) U, #ê 0Q(
M^POO
Van Wijk-Sijbesma, Christine. (1995). Gender in Community Water Supply, Sanitation and Water
Resource Protection, a guide to methods and techniques. Delft, the Netherlands. IRC International Water
and Sanitation Centre. (Occasional paper series 23).
(http://www.irc.nl/content/download/2562/26426/file/op23e.pdf)
Visscher, Jan Teun. (2006). Facilitating Community Water Supply Treatment: From technology transfer to
multi stakeholder learning. Thesis Wageningen Universiteit. (http://www.irc.nl/page/29361)
Bolt, Eveline; Fonseca, Catarina. (2001). Keep It Working: a field manual to support community
management of rural water supply. Delft, the Netherlands. IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.
(Technical paper Series P36).
(http://www.irc.nl/content/download/2602/27266/file/TP36_KeepItWorking.pdf)
Lockwood, Herald. (2004). Scaling up Community Management of Rural Water Supply. Delft, the
Netherlands. IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. (Thematic overview paper).
(http://www.irc.nl/content/download/9525/141513/file/ScalingUp_CM.pdf)
Cardone, Rachel; Fonseca, Catarina. (2003). Financing and Cost Recovery. Delft, the Netherlands. IRC
International Water and Sanitation Centre. (Thematic overview paper Series 7).
(http://www.irc.nl/content/download/8160/126955/file/TOP7_CostRec_03.pdf)
Smet, Jo; van Wijk, Christine (eds.) (2002). Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and
Partnership. Delft, the Netherlands. IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. (Technical paper Series
40). (http://www.irc.nl/page/1917)
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BGS, (2001). Groundwater Quality: Ethiopia, London: British

Geological Survey
Cairncross, S. and Feachem, R.G. (1983). Environmental health
engineering in the tropics:
an introductory text. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Howard, G. (2002). Urban water supply surveillance - a reference
manual. WEDC/DFID,
Loughborough University, UK.
Lloyd, B. and Helmer, R. (1991). Surveillance of drinking water quality
in rural areas.
Harlow: Longman.
WHO, 1997. Guidelines for drinking water quality. Volume 3
Surveillance and control of
community supplies. Geneva: WHO.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq2v1/en/index2.
html
WHO (2005). Children's environmental health (CEH). Geneva: World
Health Organization.
2.8 }ÚT] ”vw

}ÚT] °¨<kƒ TÓ–ƒ ŸðKÓ¡ Ÿ›=”}`’@ƒ “ ŸT>Ÿ}K<ƒ SíIõƒ TÓ–ƒ
ƒ‹LKI/i::
WHO, 1997. Guidelines for drinking water quality. Volume 3
Surveillance and control of
community supplies. Geneva: WHO.
(http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq2v1/en/index
2.html)
WHO (2008) Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Training materials. Geneva:
WHO
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/dwqtraining/en/inde
x.html
Water Safety Plans, managing drinking water quality from catchment
to consumer
(2005) by Davidson, A., Howard, G., Stevens, M., Callan, P., Fewtrell,
L., Deere, D. and
Bartram,J.WHO.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/wsp170805.pdf
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Abate, B and Migbar Assefe, A., (eds.) (2009) Preventive Operation and Maintenance of Water Lifting
Devices in the SNNPRS, a general guide line. Addis Ababa: SNV (Separately you will receive a summary
report with main trouble shooting)
Bolt E., Fonseca C. (2001) Keep It Working: a field manual to support community management of rural
water supply. IRC Technical Paper Series 36; IRC, the Netherlands
http://www.irc.nl/content/download/2602/27266/file/TP36_KeepItWorking.pdf
Brikke, F. and Bredero, M. (2003) Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the
context of community water supply and sanitation. Geneva: WHO and Delft: IRC
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153.pdf
NWP, Practica, Partners for Water, IRC, SIMAVI, Agromisa, NCDO, Aqua for All (2006). Smart Water
Solutions http://www.irc.nl/page/28654
Visscher J.T. (2006) Facilitating Community Water Supply, from technology transfer to multi stakeholder
learning. IRC, International Water and Sanitation Centre, the Netherlands
http://www.irc.nl/content/download/25104/278851/file/TP46_FacilitatingCWS.pdf
WHO, 2008 Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage. Geneva: WHO
http://www.who.int/household_water/en/index.html
3.7 P $( Q æ P
Q1. Answer B. Communication with the users and people living in the catchment
area and supply area is an important part of a sanitary survey. They know about
activities that take place in the area, which may be related to specific seasons. They
know if the water sometimes becomes turbid. They know if they receive water
intermittently or at low pressure etc. If you did not have provide the correct answer,
than also review Module 2.
Q2. All answers need to be marked. All four options can contribute to the
reduction of water loss. The water balance will give you insight in the level of the
water loss, the visual inspection may show some problem areas, the listening device
will help you to find mayor leakages and dripping taps in fact may produce
considerable leakage. Just as an experience put a bucket under a dripping tap and
come back an hour later. If you did not mark all answers than better review module
3 again.
Q3. Answers A and B are correct: In fact most problems in handpumps occur
because of normal wear and tear of cup seals and washers. Leaking pipes and
cracked cylinders are less common, but indeed may occur. Answer C is not correct. A
falling water table may cause a reduction in pump flow or the flow may stop entirely
if the water level drops below the cylinder. It does however not cause a „delayed‟
flow.
Q4. Answer C. All three answers are correct
Q5. Answer C. Even if the water supply system includes disinfection at the source
this may not be fully effective to the point of use. So you will need to explore if a risk
of recontamination exists. This risk may result from infiltration of impurities in for
example pipes which may be common in systems that operate intermittently, but
also from water carrying and home storage.
If you failed to provide several of the correct answers, then review this
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M. Adank, M. Jeths, B. Belete, S.l Chaka, Z. Lema, D. Tamiru and Z. Abebe, 2008, The costs
and benefits of multiple uses of water: the case of Gorogutu woreda of East Hararghe zone,
Oromiya Regional States, eastern Ethiopia, Ripple working paper
Coulter, L. (2010) Assessing seasonal water access and implications for livelihoods: a
guidance note for Woreda officials. RiPPLE Toolkit. www.rippleethiopia.org
Moriarty, P., J. Butterworth, B van Koppen (eds.), 2004, Beyond Domestic, Case studies on 54
poverty and productive uses of water at the household level, IRC Technical Paper Series 41
Koppen, B. van; Smits, S.; Moriarty, P.; Penning de Vries, F.; Mikhail, M.; Boelee, E.
(2009).Climbing the Water Ladder: Multiple-use water services for poverty reduction. The
Hague, The Netherlands, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre and International
Water Management Institute. (TP series; no. 52). 213 p.
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CWSS Modules Amharic

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