Topic-32 - DESIGN-AND-CONSTRUCTION-PROJECT-MANAGEMENT

Design and Construction
Project Management
Adame, Shiela F. (BSSE-4202)
Tanierla, Angelica Cherry Ubena D. (BSSE-4203)
TOPICS
Design of Timber Reinforced Concrete
01 02 Principles
Structures
Design and Steel Contract and

03 Structures 04 Specifications
01.
Design of Timber
Structures
TIMBER
Timber is a material that is used for a

variety of structural forms such as
beams, columns, trusses, girders, and
is also used in building systems such
as piles, deck members, railway
sleepers and in formwork for
concrete.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TIMBER, LUMBER & WOOD
Timber refers to wood Lumber is a type of Wood is used to

that has yet to be wood, which are describe the fibrous
harvested – meaning processed into beams substance that makes
that it is still in the form and columns and used up a tree; the very
of an undisturbed erect only for structural thing that supports it
tree whose roots are purpose. when it’s in the
seated in the ground. ground, allowing
growth and stability.
ASCENT MKE BUILDING, MILWAUKEE,WISCONSIN
Puente Madera Wooden Bridge, Mexico
Timber Footbridge, Zamboanga, Philippines
Mactan-Cebu International Airport
● Timber is readily available
● Timber is safe
● Timber is easy to work ADVANTAGES
● Timber is cost effective
● Timber is versatile and visually
appealing
● Timber is naturally anticorrosive
● Timber shrinks, swells, twists,
cracks and bends over time and
different climatic conditions.
DISADVANTAGES ● Most timbers are prone to pest,
rot, mold and fungi attacks.
● Timbers tend to silver or look old
if left natural and unpainted.
● Timber maintenance can seem to
be higher than other building
materials.
TIMBER DESIGN
Dressed Dimension (dD):
For dimensions 4 inches or less dD= dN - 3/8"
For dimension greater than 4 inches dD = dN -

1/2"
where dN = nominal dimension

TIMBER DESIGN
The SxS designation simply refers to

how many sides have been pre-
surfaced.
S2S = surfaced two sides
S3S = surfaced three sides
S4S = surfaced four sides.

TIMBER DESIGN
BOARDFOOT - unit of measurement for

timber; it is a unit of volume.
1 boardfoot is
= 12” x 12” x 1”
= 144 in3
= 1ft x 1ft x 1/12 ft

= 1/12 ft3
TIMBER DESIGN
Determine the dressed dimensions of Determine the dressed dimensions of

2” x 6” S2S lumber: 2” x 4” S4S lumber:
dD = dN – ½” dD = dN – ⅜”
dD = 6” - ½” dD= 4” - ⅜”
dD = 5 ½” dD = 3 ⅝”
dD = 2” x 5 ½”
dD = 2” - ⅜”
dD = 1 ⅝”
dD = 1 ⅝” x 3 ⅝”
02.
Reinforced Concrete
Principles
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Concrete
It is a mixture of sand, gravel crushed rock, or other
aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of
cement and water.
Reinforced Concrete
It is a combination of concrete and steel wherein steel
reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in
concrete. Steel reinforcing is also capable of resisting
compression forces and is used in column as well as in
other situations.
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete
● It has a relatively high compressive strength.

● It has better resistance to fire than steel.
● It has a long service life with low maintenance cost.
● In some types of structures, such as dams, piers, and
footings, it is the most economical structural material.
● It can be cast to take the shape required, making it
widely used in precast structural components. It yields
rigid members with minimum apparent deflection.
Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
● It has a low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its

compressive strength.
● It needs mixing, casting, and curing, all of which affect
the final strength of concrete.
● The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is relatively
high. The cost of form material and artisanry may equal
the cost of concrete placed in the forms.
● Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and the
application of live loads.
Structural Concrete Elements
SLABS
• Horizontal plate elements in building floors and roofs. They may carry gravity
loads as well as lateral loads. The depth of the slab is usually very small relative to
its length or width.
BEAMS
• Long, horizontal, or inclined members with limited width and depth. Their main
function is to support loads from slabs.
COLUMNS
• Critical members that support loads from beams or slabs. They may be
subjected to axial loads or axial loads and moments.
FRAMES
• Structural members that consist of a combination of beams and columns or

slabs, beams, and columns. They may be statically determinate or statically
indeterminate frames.
FOOTINGS
• Pads or strips that support columns and spread their loads directly to the soil.
WALLS
• Vertical plate elements resisting gravity as well as lateral loads as in the case
of basement walls.
STAIRS
• Provided in all buildings either low or high rise.

Flexural Analysis
of Beams
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Flexural members are slender

members that deform primarily
by bending moments caused by
concentrated couples or
transverse forces. In modern
construction, these members may
be joists, beams, girders,
spandrels, lintels, and other
specially named elements.
Difference of Working Stress Design and Ultimate Stress Design
Working Stress Design (WSD)
Problem 1. (Cracked)
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300mm and an effective depth

of 600mm. It is reinforced for tension only with 5-32mm Ø bars. Materials
strengths are f’c = 21 MPa and fs = 130 MPa. Assume n = 10 and use
working stress design. Find the distance from N.A. to the extreme
compression fiber, the moment capacity of the beam, and the mode of
design.
GIVEN: ANALYSIS:
b = 300mm
d = 600mm
As = 5-32mm Ø
600mm
X
= 1280π mm2
fs = 130 MPa
f’c = 21 MPa
600-X
n = 10 5-32mm Ø nAs
REQUIRED:
1. X=?
2. Moment Capacity
3. Mode of design 300mm
SOLUTION ANALYSIS: FORMULAS:

1. About N.A. Moment E𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟
N = modular ratio = 𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟
of area in E𝑠 200000
compression is equal n = 𝐸𝑐 =
4700 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
to moment of area in
tension.
2. I = ∑I + Ad2
MC
3. Fb =
𝐼
SOLUTION: (According to NSCP 2015):
x
1. 300x (2) = nAs (600 – x) 1. Horizontal Members
x fc = 0.45 f’c
300x (2) 10(1280π mm2)(600mm - x)
fs = 0.5 fy
x = 288.8258443 mm
Where:
MC fs = 140 Mpa (for fy = 280 MPa)
2. Fb = ; MC can be either steel or
𝐼 fs= 170 MPa (for fy= 420 MPa)
concrete
fs = flexural stress of steel 2. Vertical Members
fc = flexural stress of concrete fc = 0.25 f’c
fs = 0.4 fy
SOLUTION:
Finding I. (1st method)
X
bh3 x 2
I= [ 12 + bh ] + nAs (600 – x) 2 ; h=x
2
bx3 x 2
I= [ + bx ] + nAs (600 – x) 2
12 2
600-X
bx3 nAs
I=[ 3 ] + nAs (600 – x) 2
(300)(288.8258443)3
I=[ 3 ] + (10)(1280π)(600 – 288.8258443) 2
I = 6303.135235x10 6 mm 4
SOLUTION:
Finding I. (2nd method)
X
I = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 dA
288.8258443
I=‫׬‬0 300𝑥 2 dx +
(10) (1280π) (600
600-X
– 288.8258443) 2 nAs
I = 6303.135235x10 6 mm 4
SOLUTION:
Moment Capacity Moment Capacity
• Steel • Concrete
fs MsCs McC𝑐
= 𝐼 fc= 𝐼
𝑛
130 Ms(600−288.8258443) M𝑐(288.8258443)
= 6303.135253𝑥106 0.45(21) = 6303.135253𝑥106
10
Ms = 263.3276464 kN - m Mc = 206.2302566 kN - m
SOLUTION:
3. Mode of Design
USD WSD
Under-reinforced: fs > fy Mc > Ms
Over-reinforced: fs < fy Mc < Ms
Balanced: fs = fy Mc = Ms
Since Mc < Ms, ∴ the mode of design of the reinforced concrete is OVER-
REINFORCED.
Problem 2. (Uncracked)
A 350 x 550 mm concrete beam is reinforced with 3-28 mm ∅ tension bars.
The modular ratio is 8. Assume effective depth as 465 mm. f’c= 21 MPa.
Find the moment of inertia of uncracked transformed section and the
cracking moment.
ANALYSIS:
x
465 mm +
3-28 mm ∅
As nAs 465-x
550-x
85 mm (n-1)As
350 mm 350 mm
GIVEN: REQUIRED:
b = 300mm 1. Inertia of uncracked
d = 485mm transformed section
As = 3-28mm Ø 2. Cracking moment
= 588π mm2
f’c = 21 MPa
n=8
SOLUTION:
x 550−𝑥
350x = 350 550 − 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐴𝑠 465 − 𝑥 - 𝐴𝑠 465 − 𝑥
2 2
x 550−𝑥
350x = 350 550 − 𝑥 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠 465 − 𝑥
2 2
x 550−𝑥
350x = 350 550 − 𝑥 + 8 − 1 588𝜋 465 − 𝑥
2 2
X= 286.9595074 mm
550-x= 263.0404926 mm
SOLUTION: dx
x
+
𝐼 = න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 465-x
dx 550-x
(n-1)As
286.9595074
I = ‫׬‬0 350𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 350 mm
263.0404926
‫׬‬0 350𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠 465 − 𝑥
𝐼
286.9595074 263.0404926
=න 350𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 350𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0
2
+ 8 − 1 588𝜋 465 − 286.9595074
𝑰 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
SOLUTION:
𝑀𝐶 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑦𝑡 𝒇𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝝀 𝒇′ 𝒄 -> NSCP 2015
2. 𝑓𝑏 = ; 𝑓𝑟 =
𝐼 𝐼𝑔
𝑓𝑟 = modulus of rupture 𝝀 = 1.0 (normal weight concrete)
= rupture stress of concrete 𝝀 = 0.85 (sand light weight concrete)
= tensile strength of concrete 𝝀 = 0.75 (all lightweight concrete)
𝑓𝑐𝑡
𝑦𝑡 = extreme tension fiber 𝝀= ′
(fct= average splitting
0.56 𝑓 𝑐
𝐼𝑔 = gross moment of inertia tensile strength of concrete)
SOLUTION:
ℎ
𝑀𝑐𝑟 2
ℎ
2. 0.62𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 𝑏ℎ3 2
12
550 ℎ
𝑀𝑐𝑟
2 2
0.62 1.0 21 = 350 550 3
12
𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟏 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Problem 3. (Doubly reinforced)
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 400 mm and a total depth of 550
mm. The longitudinal bars at the top are 2-28 mm and 4-32 mm at the
bottom. Concrete strength is f’c= 24 MPa and steel yield strength fy= 300
MPa. Steel cover is 70mm. Determine the transformed moment of inertia
and moment capacity of the beam.
70 mm (2n-1)A’s 2nA’s
ANALYSIS: A’s
x
2-28 mm ∅ X-70 X-70
+
410 mm
480-x 480-x
4-32 mm ∅
As
70 mm nAs nAs
400 mm 400 mm
GIVEN: REQUIRED:
b = 400mm 1. Transformed moment of
d = 480mm inertia
As = 4-32mm Ø = 1024π mm2 2. Moment capacity
A’s= 2-28 mm ∅ = 392𝜋 〖 𝑚𝑚〗^2
f’c= 24 MPa
fy= 300 MPa
SOLUTION:
x
1. 400x + 2𝑛𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑥 − 70 − 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑥 − 70 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠(480 − 𝑥)
2
x
400x
2
+ (2𝑛 − 1)𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑥 − 70 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠(480 − 𝑥)
𝐸𝑠 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑛= =
𝐸𝑐 4700 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐸𝑠 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑛= =
𝐸𝑐 4700 24
𝑛 = 8.68613384
𝒏 ≈𝟗
SOLUTION:
x
400x + 2𝑛𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑥 − 70 − 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑥 − 70 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠(480 − 𝑥)
2
x
400x + (2𝑛 − 1)𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑥 − 70 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠(480 − 𝑥)
2
x
400x + 2 9 − 1 392𝜋 𝑥 − 70 = 9 1024𝜋 (480 − 𝑥)
2
X= 179.2028386 mm
𝐼 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 + (2n-1)A’s 𝑥 − 70 2 + nAs 480 − 𝑥 2
179.2028386
𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 400𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 9 − 1 392𝜋 𝑥 − 70 2 + 9 1024𝜋 480 − 𝑥 2
𝑰 = 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔. 𝟔𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒

SOLUTION:
➢ Tension Steel
2. Moment Capacity 𝑓𝑠 𝑀 𝐶
= 𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑠
𝑛 𝐼
0.5(300) 𝑀𝑡𝑠 480−179.2028386
➢ Concrete =
𝑀𝑐 𝐶𝑐 9 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔.𝟔𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑓𝑐 = 𝐼 𝑴𝒕𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑀 179.2028386
𝑐
0.45(24) = 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔.𝟔𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
➢Compression Steel
𝑴𝒄 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝑓𝑠 𝑀𝑐𝑠 𝐶𝑐𝑠
2𝑛
= 𝐼
0.5(300) 𝑀𝑐𝑠 179.2028386−70
=
2(9) 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔.𝟔𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑴𝒄𝒔 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
Singly Reinforced Beams:

The beam that is longitudinally reinforced only in tension zone, it is known as a singly
reinforced beam. In Such beams, the ultimate bending moment and the tension due to
bending are carried by the reinforcement, while the compression is carried by the
concrete.
Doubly Reinforced Beams:

The doubly reinforced beams have compression reinforcement in addition to the tension
reinforcement, and this compression reinforcement can be on both sides of the beam (top
or bottom face), depending on the type of beam, that is, simply supported or cantilever,
respectively.
KEY FORMULAS:
For Strain Diagram:
ε𝑠 <
𝑓𝑠
ε𝑐 = 0.003 <- Compression Controlled
𝐸𝑠
ε𝑠 =
𝑓𝑠
𝐸𝑠
ε𝑠 ≥ 0.004
} Tension Controlled
ε𝑠 ≥ 0.005
Es = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
KEY FORMULAS:
For Stress Diagram:
𝐹 𝐶
σ= 𝐴 c = σA <- 0.85 f’c = 𝐴
𝑇
σ= 𝐴𝑠
0.85f ′ c ab = 𝐶
c=T 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝐜 𝐚𝐛 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒔
a = β1c
• NSCP 2001 • NSCP 2010/2015
f’c ≤ 30 MPa, β1 = 0.85 f’c ≤ 28 MPa, β1 = 0.85
0.05 0.05
f’c > 30 MPa, β1 = 0.85 –
7
(𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 30) f’c > 28 MPa, β1 = 0.85 – 7 (𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28)
*NOTE*
0.65 ≤ β1 ≤ 0.85
When f’c ≤ 28 MPa, use β1 = 0.85
When f’c > 56 MPa, use β1 = 0.65
KEY FORMULAS:
Nominal Moment:
Mn = 0.85f’c ab (for rectangular only)
𝑎
Mn = 0.85f’c ab (d- 2 ) -> Nominal Moment at T
𝑎
Mn = Asfs (d- 2) -> Nominal Moment at C
Mu = Ø Mn -> Ultimate moment
Reduction Factor (Ø):
• NSCP 2001:
Ø = 0.90
• NSCP 2010/2015:
𝑓𝑠 −𝑓𝑦
For Stress: Ø = 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
1000 −𝑓𝑦
ε𝑠−ε𝑦
For Strain: Ø = 0.65 + 0.25 (0.0005 −ε𝑦)
KEY FORMULAS:
Differentiate SRB and DRB:
• Singly-Reinforced Beam
ρ < Pmax : for rectangular only
As < Asmax : for any section
• Doubly- Reinforced Beam

ρ > ρmax : for rectangular only
As > Asmax : for any section
KEY FORMULAS:
Steel Reinforcement Ratio, ρ:
• NSCP 2001:
ρmax = 0.75 ρbal
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 𝛽1 600
ρbalance or ρbal = ( ), fs = fy
𝑓𝑦 600+𝑓𝑦
• NSCP 2010/2015:
0.85𝑓 ′𝑐 𝛽1 0.003 0.85𝑓 ′𝑐 𝛽1 3
ρmax 0.004 = = 𝑓𝑦
(0.003+0.004
) ρmax = 𝑓𝑦
(7)
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 0.003 3 600𝑑

ρmax 0.005 = 𝑓𝑦
(0.003+0.004
); Cmax = 7 d Cbal = 600+𝑓𝑦
600 (𝑑−𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥)
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1( )
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.85 f’c 𝛽1 Cmax b= Asmax 𝑓𝑦
KEY FORMULAS:
Mode of Design:
1. Under-reinforced: fs > fy ∴ steel yields
2. Over-reinforced: fs < fy ∴ steel does not yield
3. Balanced: fs = fy
ANALYSIS:
1. Check if SRB or DRB.
2. Solve for ρ and ρmax or As and Asmax.
3. If ρ > ρmax or As > Asmax, DRB – Doubly Reinforced Beam

If ρ < Pmax or As < Asmax, SRB – Singly Reinforced Beam
4. C = T
0.85f ′ c ab = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠
5. Assume steel yields

0.85f ′ c ab = 𝐴𝑠𝐹y
ANALYSIS:
6. Check if steel yields.
600 (𝑑−𝑐)
fs = > fy; ∴ steel yields
𝑐
Recompute if steel does not yield and assumption is wrong
0.85f ′ c ab = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠
600 (𝑑−𝑐)
0.85f ′ c ab = 𝐴𝑠( ); a = β1c
𝑐
600 (𝑑−𝑐)
0.85f ′ c β1cb = 𝐴𝑠( 𝑐
)
7. Solve for reduction factor (Ø)
8. Solve for moment capacity
Shear in Beams
SHEAR IN BEAM
Shear design of reinforced

concrete (RC) beam involves the
determination of spacing
between stirrups. Shear is a word
used for forces that work
perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis of RC beam.
SHEAR IN BEAM
Steps in calculating spacing, s:
Vu = Ultimate shear strength

@ section considered, critical section
Vc = Shear strength provided by concrete
Vs = Shear strength provided by stirrups
s = Spacing of stirrups, round down
Check Smax – Code (NSCP 2015)
SHEAR IN BEAM
Formula: (NSCP 2015) B. Detailed

1. (w/o axial)
Vu = ᵠ (Vc + Vs) Vc = (0.16˄√f’c + 17 ᵖw Vud )bWd
where ᵠ = 0.75, reduction factor Mu
Vc = (0.16˄√f’c + 17 ᵖw)bWd
For Vc: Vc = 0.29˄√f’c bWd
A. Simplified
1. (w/o Axial) Vc = 0.17˄√f’c bWd 2. (w/ axial)
2. (w/ Axial) Vc = 0.17˄√f’c bWd (1 + Nu ) Vc = (0.16˄√f’c + 17Pw Vud )bWd
14Ag Mm
Nu (-) tension Mm = Mu – Nu (4h –d) > 0
8
Vc = 0.29˄√f’c bWd √1 + 0.29 Nu
Ag
SHEAR IN BEAM
For Vs & S: (NSCP 2015)

S = Avfytd
Vs ˄ = 1.0 normal weight concrete
˄ = 0.85 sand light weight concrete
For Smax: ˄ = 0.75 all light weight concrete
Smax = d/2 or 600 ; Vs ≤ 0.33√f’c bWd ˄= fct
0.56 √f’c
Smax = d/4 0r 300 ; Vs > 0.33√f’c
bWd
Given that Vsmax = 0.66√f’c bWd,

Vs > 0.66√f’c bWd, beam is inadequate
SHEAR IN BEAM
PROBLEM: GIVEN:
A rectangular beam has a width of 260 bw = 260 mm
mm and an overall depth of 470 mm. h = 470 mm
Concrete cover is 60 mm from the cc = 60 mm
centroid of bars. Concrete compressive f’c = 21 MPa
strength f’c = 21 MPa. Steel yield strength fy = 415 MPa
are 415 MPa for longitudinal bars and 275 fyh = 275 MPa
MPa for hoops. Determine the shear d = 470 mm - 60 mm = 410 mm
strength provided by concrete using the
simplified calculation. (a) if the beam is REQUIRED:
subjected to shear and flexure only, and a) Vc = ?
(b) if the beam is subjected to axial b) Vc = ? ; Nu = 80 KN
compressive force of 80 KN.
SHEAR IN BEAM
SOLUTION:
a. Vc = 0.17˄√f’c bWd
Vc = 0.17(1)√21 (260)(410)
Vc = 83,045.4367 N
Vc = 83.045367 KN
b. Nu = 80 KN = 80,000 N Nu/Ag MPa N/mm2
Vc = 0.17˄√f’c bWd (1 + Nu/14Ag) Ag = bh

Vc = 0.17(1)√21 (260)(410)(1 + 80,000 ) = (260)(470)
14(122,200) = 122, 200 mm2
Vc = 86,928.7866 N
Vc = 86.9287866 KN
REINFORCED
CONCRETE SLABS
REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS
Used to provide structural floor support

to a foundation. It is a large flat plates
that are supported by reinforced
concrete beams, walls or columns; by
masonry walls; by structural steel
beams or columns; or by the ground.
Slabs are classified into two types:

• One Way Slab
• Two Way Slab
One Way Slab Two Way Slab

Is a slab which is supported by Is a slab which is supported by
beam on the two opposite sides to beam on all four sides and the loads
carry the load along one direction. are carried by the supports along
a. Supported on two opposite sides with both directions.
only a. Supported by beams on all four
b. The bending is in one direction types of edges.
only that is perpendicular to the b. The bending is in both direction
supported edges.
Long side / Short side ≥ 2

Long side / Short side <2


DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
• A one way slab is assumed to be a rectangular beam with a large ratio of

width to depth.
SI Units – Normally, a 1 meter piece of such a slab is designed as a beam, the

slab being assumed to consist a series of such beams side by side.
English Units – Normally, a 12 inch piece of such a slab is designed as a beam,

the slab being assumed to consist a series of such beams side by side.
DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
Formula: ᵖ = 0.85f’c (1 - √1-2Rn)

fy 0.85f’c
a = ASfy = ᵖ fyd where ᵖ = AS
0.85f’cb 0.85f’c bd
ᵠMn = ᵠAsfy (d – a )
2
ᵠMn = Mu = ᵠbd2fyᵖ (1 - ᵖ fy )
1.7f’c
Rn = Mu
ᵠbd2
03.
Design and Steel
Structures
• ”
Steel is a term given to alloys containing a high
proportion of iron with some carbon.
• It is the most suitable building material among
metallic materials.
Definition of Steel
Classification of Steels
Based of Carbon Content
Manufacturing Processes
1. Bessemer Process 6. Duplex Process
2. Cementation Process 7. Lintz And Donawitz (Ld)
3. Crucible Process Process
4. Open Hearth Process
5. Electric Process
Environmental Implications
• Due to the nature of the steel making process, large amounts of
solid, liquid and gaseous wastes are generated in the steel plant.
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Steel Design
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Better quality control
2. Lighter
1. Skilled labor is required
3. Faster to erect
2. Higher cost of construction
4. Reduced site time – Fast track
3. Maintenance cost is high
construction
(Due to corrosion)
5. Large column free space and
4. Poor fire proofing as at
amenable for alteration
1000o F (538oC) 65% and
6. Less material Handling at site
at 1600o F (871oC) 15% of
7. Less percentage of floor area
strength remains
occupied by structural elements
5. Electricity may be required
8. Has better ductility and hence
(to hold joints, etc.)
superior lateral load behavior,
better earthquake performance
PROPERTIES AND USES OF STEEL
Mild Steel
• Also known as LOW CARBON or SOFT STEEL. It is ductile, malleable;

tougher and more elastic than wrought iron.
• Mild steel can be forged and welded, difficult to temper and harden. It rusts
quickly and can be permanently magnetized.
• The properties are: sp. Gr. = 7.30, ultimate compressive and tensile strengths
800–1200n/mm and 600–800n/mm
• Mild steel is used in the form of rolled sections, reinforcing bars, roof coverings
and sheet piles and in railway tracks.
High Carbon Steel
• The carbon content in high carbon steel varies from 0.55 to 1.50%.
• It is also known as HARD STEEL.
• It is tougher and more elastic than mild steel.
• It can be forged and welded with difficulty.
• Its ultimate compressive and tensile strengths are 1350 n/mm and 1400–2000n/mm
respectively.
• Its sp. Gr. Is 7.90.
• High carbon steel is used for reinforcing cement concrete and pre stressed concrete
members. It can take shocks and vibrations and is used for making tools and machine
parts.
High Tensile Steel
• The carbon content in high tensile steel is 0.6–0.8%, manganese 0.6%, silicon 0.2%,
sulphur 0.05% and phosphorus 0.05%.
• It is also known as HIGH STRENGTH STEEL and is essentially a medium carbon steel.
• The ultimate tensile strength is of the order of 2000 n/mm and a minimum
elongation of 10 per cent.
• High tensile steel is used in prestressed concrete construction.
Anatomy of Steel Structures
Beams Columns Floors
Bracing Systems Foundations Connections

Factors Influencing the
Properties of Steel
1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
2. HEAT TREATMENT
3. MECHANICAL WORK
• ”
Presence of carbon in steel gives high degree of
hardness and strength.
• Addition of carbon to iron decreases the malleability
and ductility of the metal, and reduces its
permeability to magnetic forces.
Chemical Composition
EFFECTS OF PRINCIPAL IMPURITIES ON STEEL
Remove oxygen and Acts as cleanser and

Silicon diminish blow holes hardener
Manganese
Promote Increases resistance to

enlargement of the corrosion when
Phosphorus grains and thus present in small Copper
produce brittleness percentage.
Has a tendency to
Has a tendency to
segregate and form
Sulphur brittle networks at
raise the strength Arsenic
and brittleness.
the grain boundaries
*Red shortness is the brittleness at high temperature that makes iron or steel
hard to roll or forge.*
NON METALLIC IMPURITIES
Are mechanically suspended in the metal and are often called slag
inclusions causing brittleness.
• ”
Influences the solubility relations of the constituents,
changes the crystallization either with respect to form
or degree of aggregation and introduces or relieves
internal stresses in the metal.
Heat Treatment
PRINCIPLE PURPOSES OF HEAT
TREATMENT
1. To enhance properties such as strength, ductility, hardness and
toughness.
2. To relieve internal stresses and strains.
3. To refine the grain.
4. To remove gases.
5. To normalize steel after heat treatment.
Heat Treatment
HARDENING
• This heat treatment consists of heating the steel above the upper critical
temperature holding at that temperature until phase equilibrium has been established,
and then quenching rapidly to produce a martensite structure.
• MARTENSITE is the chief constituent of hardened steel and is fibrous or needle like
structure.
• Hardened steel is very brittle and cannot be used for practical purposes.
• The objective of this treatment may be to secure a given hardness to a desired depth
in steel.
• Fully hardened steel are not suitable for most commercial uses because they are
hard and brittle and have poor toughness.
Heat Treatment
ANNEALING
• It is a general term used for heating and slow cooling of metal, glass or any
other material, which has developed strain due to rapid cooling. The process
consists of heating the steel to a temperature below the critical range, but high
enough to obtain strain recrystallization and then cooled in any manner. The exact
heating temperature depends on the composition of steel and the amount of work
that it has received, but is frequently between 500°C to 600°C.
Heat Treatment
ANNEALING
• Annealing of steel in addition to removing strain introduces one or more of the

following properties.
1. Introduces softness, ductility and malleability.
2. Alters electrical, magnetic and other physical properties.
3. Produces a definite microstructure and grain refinement.
4. Removes gases.
• Full annealing consists of heating iron alloy 20°C to 50°C above critical
temperature range, holding at that temperature for the required period of time to
convert it to austenite followed by slow cooling. Full annealing usually decreases
hardness, strength and resistance to abrasion, and increases ductility and
mechaneability.
Heat Treatment
NORMALIZING
• It is heating steel above critical range and cooling rapidly in air, but at rate
slower than the critical cooling rate. The purpose of this heat treatment is to refine
the grain structure resulting from rolling, forging or other manufacturing processes
MECHANICAL WORKS
The most important methods of hot working steel are hot

rolling, hammer forging, hydraulic and mechanical press forging, and
hot extrusion.
Miscellaneous hot working methods include hot spinning, hot

deep drawing, hot flanging and hot bending, heat treatment after hot
working is seldom used with low-carbon steels, whereas high carbon
steels are always hardened and tempered.
MECHANICAL WORKS
The principle methods of cold working steel are cold rolling,

cold drawing and cold extrusion. The cold working methods are used
to provide increased strength, accurate dimensions, and bright and
scale free surfaces. Thin sheets and small diameter wires are produced
by cold working methods. Cold working results in increased density,
hardness, and brittleness, and produces an internally strained
condition in the steel.
ROLLED STEEL
SECTION
Rolled Steel Section
ROLLED I SECTION
I Beam was introduced by Zores of France in
1849. An I-Section is 500 mm deep and the self
weight is 735.7 n per meter length.
CHANNEL SECTION
A channel section is 350 mm deep and the self
weight is 380.6 n per meter length.
ANGLE SECTION
An Angle-Section is designated by its leg lengths
and thickness. For example, 40 × 25 × 6 mm
means, the section is an unequal angle with legs
40 mm and 25 mm in length and thickness of the
legs 6 mm.
STEEL TUBE SECTION

Steel tubes are designated by their outside
diameter and self weight.
STEEL FLATS
Designated by width and thickness of the section,
e.g., 30 x 10 mm means the flat is 30 mm wide
and 10 mm thick.
STEEL PLATES
Designated by length, width and thickness,
e.g.,2000 mm × 1000 mm × 8 mm.
STEEL SHEETS
Designated by length, width and thickness,
e.g.,2000 mm × 600 mm × 4 mm.
STEEL STRIPS
Designated by width and thickness, e.g., 200 mm
× 2 mm.
• ”
It is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a
tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced
masonry structures to strengthen and hold the
concrete in tension.
Reinforced Steel Bars or Rebars
Effects of Concrete Cover
Placing and fixing of reinforcement into the forms for the

structure is one of the most important aspects of the construction of a
structure. Cover has the most significant effect on the long term
durability of reinforced concrete and therefore of the structure.
Excess cover should be avoided as micro cracking due to

bending stress can result in the growth and development of cracks and
resulting corrosion of reinforcement or member loss due to spalling.
The correct cover is required to ensure that reinforced concrete
members meet.
Rebar Sizes
Types and Grades
Rebar is available in grades and specifications that vary in yield strength, ultimate
tensile strength, chemical composition, and percentage of elongation.
RUSTING AND
CORROSION
Corrosion
• process of formation of rust over the surface of reinforcing bar and

resulting in the depassivation of steel
• “Cancer” for concrete
• Corrosion of reinforcing steel is one of the most important and
prevalent mechanisms of deterioration for concrete structures.
• Factors influencing Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement:
- pH value, Moisture, Oxygen, Carbonation, Chlorides, Ambient
temperature and relative humidity, Severity of exposure, Quality of
construction materials, Quality of concrete, Cover to the reinforcement,
Initial curing conditions, and Formation of cracks
Effects of Corrosion
1. Cover Cracking
2. Spalling of Concrete
3. Reduce the steel elongation at

maximum load
Damages to Concrete Due to Corrosion of Steel
Reinforcement ( Stages of Destruction)
1. Formation of White Patches

2. Brown Patches along reinforcement
3. Occurrence of cracks
4. Formation of multiple cracks
5. Spalling of Cover Concrete
6. Snapping of bars
7. Buckling of bars and bulging of concrete
How to Minimize Corrosion?
QUALITY OF CONCRETE
• Quality is controlled largely by minimizing permeability.
DEPTH OF REINFORCEMENT STEEL COVER

• Recommendations for minimum depths of cover are given in the codes of
practice and are based on exposure conditions and minimum cement contents.
MATERIALS OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

• Blended cements made from combinations of PC/PFA and PC/GGBS can
lead to significant reduction in chloride penetration.
TENSILE TESTING OF
STEEL SECTIONS
•
”
It is used to determine the elastic modulus, yield and
tensile strength, elongation, strain hardening rate,
poisson’s ratio and other mechanical properties.
TENSILE TESTING OF STEEL SECTIONS

VARIOUS TEST ARRANGEMENTS FOR TENSILE TESTS
FLEXURAL TEST
04.
Contract and
Specifications
CONTRACT
An agreement between two or more competent parties to do

something for a consideration establishes the basis for a
contract. What is agreed to be performed (or refrained to be
performed) cannot be
impossible or enjoined by law.
TYPES OF CONTRACTS
Lumpsum Contract Lumpsum & Scheduled Contract
A lump-sum, or stipulated-sum,
contract is one in which the contractor The contractor offers to do a
quotes one price, which covers all particular work at a fixed sum
work and services required by the within a specified time as per
contract plans and specifications. plans and detailed specifications.
Item Rate Contract Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contract
The contractor undertakes the The amount of fee is determined as a

execution of work on an item rate plump sum from a consideration of the
basis. scope of work, its approximate cost,
nature of work, estimated time of
construction, manpower and equipment.
TYPES OF CONTRACTS
Cost Plus Percentage of Cost

Contract
Special Contracts
The actual cost of construction is There are certain contracts which

reported by the contractor and is are used at different occasions:
paid to him by the owner together
with a certain percentage as Turn-key Contract
agreed earlier. Package Contract
Negotiated Contract
Continuing Contract
Running Contract
CONDITIONS OF CONTRACTS
1. Rates of each item of work inclusive of materials, labor, transport, plant/equipment,

and other arrangements required for completion work.
2. Manner of payment of contractor including running payment final payment, refund
of security money etc.
3. Time of completion of work.
4. Proportionate progress to be archived.
5. Penalty for poor quality and unsatisfactory work, lack of proportionate progress and
for delay in completion.
6. Extension of time for completion of work.
7. Engaging other agency at contractor's cost and risk.
8. Termination of contract.
9. Subletting of the work.
10. Changer in design/drawings etc. and valuation of variations.
11. Arbitration for settlement of disputes. In addition to the above, performance.
ELEMENTS OF CONTRACTING
• Offer
An invitation to make a contract.
• Acceptance
The point at which one party agrees to the other parties offer.
• Consideration
Is what each side gives to the other. Courts will only enforce a contract if
both sides are getting something.
Web-based contracting provides an
environment supporting scheduling,
controlling, regulating, analyzing, and
auditing the procurement and delivery of WEB-BASED CONTRACTS
materials and services for construction in
an electronic format.
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CONTRACTS
In this type of contract, construction

management is defined as that group of
management activities related to a
construction program, carried out during
the predesign, design, and construction
phases, which contributes to the control of
time and cost in the construction of a new
facility.
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AT RISK
In construction-management (CM) type contracts, one firm is retained to

coordinate all activities from concept design through acceptance of the facility.
The firm represents the owner in all construction management activities. In

this type of contract, construction management is defined as that group of management
activities related to a construction program, carried out during the predesign, design,
and construction phases, which contributes to the control of time and cost in the
construction of a new facility.
IMPORTANT CONDITIONS OF CONTRACTS CONNECTED WITH CONTRACTUAL
PROBLEMS
1. TIME OF COMPLETION. The Contractor is required to complete the work within the agreed
time of completion which is specified in a suitable unit of time (year, month, week etc.)
2. DELAY AND EXTENSION OF TIME. Delay in completion of work not attributed to the contractor
should be brought to the notice of the owner by the contractor in writing, within the time
specified in the contract, for seeking extension of time.
3. PENALTY. It is a fine imposed on the contractor for nonfulfillment of his contractual
obligations.
4. COMPENSATION FOR DELAY IN COMPLETION OF WORK. The contractor is liable to pay
compensation to the owner for delay attributed to him in completion of work.
5. LIQUIDATED DAMAGES. It is a fixed stipulated sum payable by the contractor on
account of penalty for delays and does not bear any relationship to the real damage
to the owner.
IMPORTANT CONDITIONS OF CONTRACTS CONNECTED WITH CONTRACTUAL
PROBLEMS
6. DEBITABLE AGENCY. Whenever the contractor fails to fulfil his contractual obligation
in respect of progress or quality of work even after giving due notice by the owner, it
becomes necessary to appoint a debitable agency which works at the cost and risk of
the contractor.
7. TERMINATION OF CONTRACT. The owner can terminate the contract in the event of
default or bankruptcy of the contractor and may impose penalty as per the contract
agreement.
8. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES. Efforts should be made to resolve disputes amicably
between the owner and the contractor through mutual discussions and negotiations.
9. FORCE OF NATURE AND NATURAL DISASTERS. Natural disasters are acts of nature, such as
unprecedented floods / rainfall, earthquake, hurricanes, typhoons, fire etc.
These disasters along with occurrence of riots, civil commotion, revolt etc.
10. PRICE ESCALATION. During execution of the work, labor wages and material prices may
increase as a result of inflation.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Specifications are statements which describe the nature and

class of work, materials to be used, labor to be employed, method of
work, precautions to be taken, quality of workmanship etc. The
contract documents must convey the requirements of the project to
potential bidders and establish a legally precise picture of the
technical aspects of the work to be performed. This is accomplished
visually through the use of drawings. A verbal description of the
technical requirements is established in the technical specifications.
ADDENDA
• Any changes in detail, addition, correction and contract conditions that varies
before bids are opened that are intend to become part of the bid package and the
basis for bidding are incorporated into the bid package through addenda.
GUIDE SPECIFICATION
• These specifications provide a guideline for preparing contract specifications

and give a broad idea about class and type of construction for a particular purpose.
STANDARD SPECIFICATION
• These specifications are prepared for various materials or group of materials

for the guidance of all concerned with construction or construction industry.
MANUFACTURER’S SPECIFICATION
• These specifications also include installation instructions and other guidelines

for use and maintenance of products. These specifications are generally provided
in the form of manuals.
COMPONENTS OF TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
1. Background
2. Project Description and Location
3. Construction Phase
4. Selection of Contractor
5. Eligibility Requirements
6. Eligibility Criteria
7. Construction Personnel
8. Scope of Works and Project Implementation
9. Overall Project Time Schedule.
10. Codes and Standards
11. Materials
12. Mode of Payment
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Design and Construction

Design and Steel Contract and

Timber is a material that is used for a

Timber refers to wood Lumber is a type of Wood is used to

Dressed Dimension (dD):

For dimensions 4 inches or less dD= dN - 3/8"

For dimension greater than 4 inches dD = dN -

where dN = nominal dimension

The SxS designation simply refers to

S2S = surfaced two sides

S3S = surfaced three sides

S4S = surfaced four sides.

BOARDFOOT - unit of measurement for

= 1ft x 1ft x 1/12 ft

Determine the dressed dimensions of Determine the dressed dimensions of

● It has a relatively high compressive strength.

● It has a low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its

• Structural members that consist of a combination of beams and columns or

• Provided in all buildings either low or high rise.

Flexural members are slender

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300mm and an effective depth

SOLUTION ANALYSIS: FORMULAS:

𝑰 = 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔. 𝟔𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒

Singly Reinforced Beams:

Doubly Reinforced Beams:

• Doubly- Reinforced Beam

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 0.003 3 600𝑑

1. Under-reinforced: fs > fy ∴ steel yields

2. Over-reinforced: fs < fy ∴ steel does not yield

2. Solve for ρ and ρmax or As and Asmax.

3. If ρ > ρmax or As > Asmax, DRB – Doubly Reinforced Beam

5. Assume steel yields

Shear design of reinforced

Steps in calculating spacing, s:

Vu = Ultimate shear strength

Formula: (NSCP 2015) B. Detailed

For Vs & S: (NSCP 2015)

Given that Vsmax = 0.66√f’c bWd,

b. Nu = 80 KN = 80,000 N Nu/Ag MPa N/mm2

Vc = 0.17˄√f’c bWd (1 + Nu/14Ag) Ag = bh

Used to provide structural floor support

Slabs are classified into two types:

One Way Slab Two Way Slab

Long side / Short side ≥ 2

One Way Slab Two Way Slab

One Way Slab Two Way Slab

• A one way slab is assumed to be a rectangular beam with a large ratio of

SI Units – Normally, a 1 meter piece of such a slab is designed as a beam, the

English Units – Normally, a 12 inch piece of such a slab is designed as a beam,

Formula: ᵖ = 0.85f’c (1 - √1-2Rn)

• Also known as LOW CARBON or SOFT STEEL. It is ductile, malleable;

High Carbon Steel

High Tensile Steel

Beams Columns Floors

Bracing Systems Foundations Connections

Remove oxygen and Acts as cleanser and

Promote Increases resistance to

• Annealing of steel in addition to removing strain introduces one or more of the