Behavior of Feeding in Guppy Poecilia Re

Journal of Research in Animal Sciences
An International Online Open Access

Original Research Paper
Publication group
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Authors: ABSTRACT:
Rajaei M1, Nematollahi
MA1, Bahmaninezhad A1 The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is
and Lotfizadeh A2. developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is
behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this
experiment we study feeding behavior in P. reticulata by six treatments. Six
Institution: aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the
1. Department of Fishery, maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium
Faculty of Natrual
No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without
Resources, University of
feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in
Tehran, Karaj, Alborz, Iran.
aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark
2. Department of Fishery, conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness
Tarbiat Modares University, conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of
Noor, Mazandaran, Iran. fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2 it was about 92%. In aquarium No.3,
95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B.
In a uariu No and 6, 96% and 99. % of fish oved and didn’t ove to point A,
Corresponding author: respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good
Rajaei M. aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Email: Keywords:
MoeinRajaei@gmail.com Behavior, Ornamental fish, Poecilia reticulata, Visual feeding.
Phone No: Article Citation:

98-261-2245909 Rajaei M, Nematollahi MA, Bahmaninezhad A and Lotfizadeh A.
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 001-006
Web Address: Dates:

http://ficuspublishers.com/ Received: 16 Jul 2011 /Accepted: 25 Jul 2011 /Published: 24 Jan 2012
documents/AS0004.pdf
© Ficus Publishers.
This Open Access article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-
commercial, distribution, and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
Journal of Research in 001-006 | JRAS | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 1

Animal Sciences
An International Open Access Online Submit Your Manuscript
Research Journal www.ficuspublishers.com http://ficuspublishers.com/
Rajaei et al.,2012
INTRODUCTION have started in the early 1930’s in the United States

The annual value of the world’s wholesale (Whitem, 1962). One of the most important factors
trade in ornamental fish (including commodities) in selection the aquarium fish is the behavior of
was estimated 1 billion dollars in 2001 (Olivier, feeding. It is an interesting entertainment to observe
2001). The Free- On-Board export value of how fish take the food. Furthermore, one of the
freshwater and saltwater fish was estimated 264 most important factors in fisheries biology is food
million US dollars in 2005, an increase of 50% with consumption of species since it may contribute to
respect to 2001 (FAO, 2007). Ornamental fish limit production. This factor has previously been
farming is a relatively new branch of the estimated in several ways, including laboratory
agricultural industry in Iran. The culture of experiments under conditions simulating those in
maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people the field as closely as possible, studies of the
is developing every day. growth rates and energy budgets of species to
Fish visual census is the identification and determine this figure indirectly and quantitative
counting of fish observed within a defined area. analysis of the stomach contents over time in
Vision is the dominant sense of many fishes. This conjunction with knowledge on the gut evacuation
can often be predicted by the large size of the eyes rates of the species concerned (Richter, 1999). The
of species in which vision dominates feeding behavior of Guppy is rarely documented.
(Schwassmann & Kruger, 1968). Indirect evidence The problem of describing visual feeding
for the importance of visual signaling in fishes is may be greatly reduced if a theoretical model can
their conspicuous color or marking patterns, which be developed (Dag L. Aksnes and Jarl Giske, 1993).
are often species or sex specific and subject to The aim of this study was to determine feeding
change (William, 1999). Among vertebrates, fishes behavior in P. reticulata and report that is this
have a remarkable ability for color change, species a visual feeder?
surpassing even the chameleon in this regard
(Young, 1962). Male Guppies are brightly coloured MATERIAL AND METHODS
and vary greatly in their colour patterns, whereas Six aquariums by dimension of 30×40×75
females do not have conspicuous colour patterns. were made for doing this experiment and were
Guppies are small poeciliid fishes of inundation until 20 cm depth. The useful volume of
northeastern South America (Endler, J. A., 1987). the aquariums was 45lit.
Males are brightly coloured and vary greatly in their At first a Disinfectants elixir with the
colour patterns within and populations, whereas amount of 1 drop in 2lit water and anti chlorine
females do not have conspicuous colour patterns. elixir with the amount of 1 drop in 2lit water for
Their biology, ecology, behaviour and genetics disinfection of water were used. Six air stones and
have been reviewed previously (Endler 1978, aeration pumps (142×70×95mm, 3.5w, 3.2lit/min)
1983). Briefly, guppies live in tropical forests, in were used for aeration and the level of o 2 was stable
clear streams with clean gravel or sand bottoms, during the experiment and it was kept at about 7ppt.
and occasional patches of leaf litter. The temperature of the water by using a heater with
The larvivorous fish, Poecilia reticulata is the power of 250w was set at 27˚c in the
an effective biological control agent of mosquitoes experiment. Six filters with the power of 20w and
in different habitats in Iran. This specie regulates flow of 1000lit/h were used for elimination of
the populations of different species of pest and suspended and waste particles.
vector mosquitoes. P. reticulata can consume a For this experiment, 120 samples of guppy
good number of mosquito larvae, with the Poecilia reticulata were used. The lengths of all
consumption rate varying with the body size samples were the same and they had 5cm length.
(Manna et al., 2008). Hora & Mukherjee classified The samples were all 60_days old. All of the
the gender Poecilia in surface feeder which is less samples were female. Biomar by diameter of
efficient owing to their mode of life (Chakraborty et 0.3mm was used for feeding the fish and in each
al., 2008). How they recognize feed especially meal 1gr of it was feed in specified place.
immature mosquitoes is unknown yet. The fish were affecting by 6 treatments that
The history of domestication and artificial each one was 5 days. Two points (A, B) far in a
selection of colour-pattern and tail-shape and maximum distance were selected for feeding. In
feeding varieties of guppy from wild populations is aquarium No.1 hand move by feeding was done in
poorly documented, although it was reported to point A and in 10 meals the fish were affected by
002 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 001-006
Rajaei et al.,2012
this treatment. Feeding was done at 8:00 and 16:00 In aquarium No.3 the numbers of fish that
o’clock and the numbers of fish that moved and did by hand move in point A moved to this point and by
not move to point A were counted. In aquarium feeding in point B moved to this point were
No.2 in 5 days and 10 meals hand move without counted. In all of the replications more than 90% of
feeding in point A was done. The numbers of fish fish without any attention to feeding moved to hand
that moved and did not move to point A were move and in 4 Replication all of fish moved to this
counted. In aquarium No.3 hand move in point A point (Figure 3).
and feeding in point B were done. Feeding in point
B was done by a 2m distance tube. At first the
biomar was poured at the beginning of the tube and
then from 2m distance by 25% gradient for tube the
fish was feed. In this treatment the number of fish
that moved to points A and B were counted. In
aquarium No.4 feeding was done without hand
move in point B. The feeding method which was
used in aquarium No.3 was used in this aquarium
too and the numbers of fish that moved and did not
move to point B were counted. In all of the
treatments the feeding was done at 8:00 and 16:00
o’clock. Figure 1: Comparative Frequenty of the fish that by
Furthermore, these treatments feeding were hand move with feeding moved (A) and didn't move
done in dark and semi dark conditions. In semi dark (B) to the point A in aquarium No.1.
conditions hand move was done by feeding in point
A in aquarium No.5 and the numbers of fish that
moved and did not move to point A were counted.
The light intensity was 50µmolphotons-1. In dark
conditions the feeding was the same with as
aquarium No.1 and it was done in aquarium No.6.
In this condition the light intensity was
5µmolphotons-1.
The number of fish that moved to points A
and B were counted after 3s after the treatment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS: Figure 2: Comparative Frequenty of the fish that by
The number of fish that moved to points A hand move without feeding moved (A) and didn't move
and B were counted in 1-3 seconds in each (B) to the point A in aquarium No.2.
aquarium. In aquarium No.1, 2, 5 and 6, the
numbers of fish that moved and did not move to
point A were counted. In aquarium No.1, in 5
replications all of the fish moved to point A and in
9 replications more than 90% of fish moved to this
point. Only in R6 six fish did not move to this point
(Figure 1).
In aquarium No.2 like aquarium No.1, the
numbers of fish that moved to point A were more
than the numbers that did not move. In 9
replications more than 90% of fish by hand move in
point A without feeding moved to this point and in
R4 four samples of fish did not move to this point.
Figue 3: Comparative Frequenty of the fish that by hand
In 6 Replication 95% of fish moved to this point
move in point A moved to this point (A) and by feeding
(Figure 2). in point B moved to this point (B) in aquarium No.3.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 001-006 003

Rajaei et al.,2012
In aquarium No.4 only feeding in point B DISCUSSION

was done and the numbers of fish that moved and In aquarium No.1, 94% of fish moved to
did not move to this point were counted. The hand move by feeding and in aquarium No.2 it was
numbers of fish increased in each replication. In R1 about 92%. Comparison of these two treatments
and R2 the fish did not move to this point and only show that this fish prefer power vision than power
20% and 5% of fish moved to these points, of smell for feeding. Also in aquarium No.3 hand
respectively. After R2 in three replications more move and feeding were done simultaneously to
than 80% of fish moved to this point and in R6 & show the fish preference to move. The results show
R7, 90% of Guppies moved to the target point. in these species without any attention to feeding
R8 & R9, 95% and in R10, all of the fish moved to moves to hand move. Nicol (1989) examines
point B (Figure 4). several aspects of the visual capabilities of fish.
In aquarium No.5 feeding were like Perception of movement, colour vision and
aquarium No.1 but it was done in semi dark adaptation to photoenvironment are the most
condition. Like aquarium No.1 most of fish moved important factors. Confirmation of using power
to point A. In 3 replications 90% of fish, 2 vision hand move with feeding in darkness and
replication 95% of fish and in 5 replication all of semi darkness conditions were also done. In semi
the fish moved to point A (Figure 5). darkness conditions, 96% of fish moved to hand
In aquarium No.6 feeding were like move with feeding, this was similar in lighting
aquarium No.1 and 5 and it was done in dark conditions and in darkness conditions, 99.5% of
conditions. Despite aquarium No.1 and 5 the fish fish did not move to hand move with feeding
did not move to point A and only in R4 one fish (Figure 7). These two treatments show that P.
moved to this point and in the other replication reticulata use power vision while feeding.
none of the fish moved to this point.(Figure 6).
Figure 4: Comparative Frequenty of the fish that without Figure 6: Comparative Frequenty of the fish that by
hand move in point A and feeding in point B moved (A) hand move and feeding in darkness condition moved(A)
and didn't move (B) to the point B in aquarium No.4. and didn't move (B) to the point A in aquarium No.6.
Figure 5: Comparative Frequenty of the fish that by hand Figure 7: Average of comparative Frequenty of the
move and feeding in semi darkness condition moved (A) fish that in aquarium No.1,2,5 & 6 moved (a) and
and didn't move (B) to the point A in aquarium No.5. didn't move (b) to point A.
Rajaei et al.,2012
Munz and McFarland 1977 suggested that REFERENCES

characteristic fluctuations in light regime may be Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya SW, Bhattacharya
more important for a visual feeder than SA. 2008. Control of mosquitoes by the use of fish
characteristic variations in food abundance that was in Asia with special reference to India: Retrospects
similar to our results. anr prospects. J. Manusia Dan Lingkungan 15:147-
Munz and McFarland (1977) listed two 156.
conditions that must be met for an animal to see a
target: (1) enough light must come from the target Dag LA, Jarl G. 1993. A theoretical model of
to activate the visual receptors, i.e. the visual aquatic visual feeding. Ecological Modelling
system must be sufficiently sensitive; (2) there must 67:233-250.
be enough visual contrast so that the target can be
distinguished from the background against which it Endler JA. 1978. A predator's view of animal color
is viewed. This experiment showed that the fish see patterns. Evol Biol., 11:319-364.
the target in both lighting and semi darkness
conditions but in darkness conditions visual Endler JA. 1983. Natural and sexual selection on
receptor does not receive enough light and therefore color patterns in poeciliid fishes. Environ. Biol.
does not react to them. The results of aquarium Fishes 9:173-190.
No.4 showed that this specie uses power of smell
instead of power vision (Figure 8). Endler JA. 1987. Predation, light intensity and
According to the classification of Hora & courtship behaviour in Poecilia reticulata (Pisces:
Mukherjee (1938) P. reticulata is a surface feeder Poeciliidae). Anita. Behav., 35:1376-1385.
fish which we also resulted. Furthermore, this
specie consumes mosquito larvae in surface of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
water like our examination that shows they use 2007. http://www.fao.org;
visual system in order to see larvae and consume
them. Our results showed that this specie is a good Hora SL, Mukherjee DD. 1938. The absence of
aquarium fish for their feeding behavior. One of the millions, Lebistes reticulates (Peters) in India.
most important factors in selection aquarium fish is Malaria Bureau., 4:1-49.
the behavior of feeding and moving with hand
move which can be interesting for those who feed Manna B, Aditya G, Banerjee S. 2008.
the fish. Vulnerability of the mosquito larvae to the guppies
(Poecilia reticulata) in the presence of alternative
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT preys. J Vector Borne. 4:200–206.
The support provided by the Fisheries
Department, University of Tehran, Iran, is highly Munz FW, McFarland WN. 1977. Evolutionary
acknowledged. adaptations in fishes to the photic environment. In:
F. Crescitelli (Editor), The Visual System of the
Vertebrates. Handbook of Sensory Physiology
5:193-274.
Nicol JAC. The Eyes of Fishes. Clarendon Press,

Oxford, 1989;308.
Olivier K. 2001. The Ornamental Fish Market.

FAO/Globefish Research Programme, 67, FAO,
Rome. 99.
Richter H. 1999 A review of the fish feeding

model MAXIMS. Ecological Modelling 120:47–64.
Figure 8: T3: Average of comparative Frequenty of
the fish that moved to point A (a) and moved to point
B (b) T4: Average of comparative Frequenty of the Schwassmann HO, Kruger L. 1968. Anatomy of
fish that moved (a) and didn't move (b) to point B visual centers in teleosts. In: D. Ingle (ed.) The

Rajaei et al.,2012
Central Nervous System and Fish Behavior,

University of Chicago Press, Chicago 3-16.
Whitern WL. 1962. Hybrid guppies. T.F.H.

Publications, Jersey City 32.
Young JZ. 1962. The life of vertebrates. Clarendon

Press, Oxford. 820.
Submit your articles online at Ficuspublishers.com

Advantages
Easy online submission
Complete Peer review
Affordable Charges
Quick processing
Extensive indexing
Open Access and Quick spreading
You retains your copyright
submit@ficuspublishers.com
www.ficuspublishers.com/submit1.aspx.

Original Research
Publication group
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC-50) on physicochemical parameters of water

upon exposure to Ophiocephalus punctatus
Authors: ABSTRACT:
Swapan S. Bacher and
Arun M. Chilke.
Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high
Institution:
concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that
Division of Toxicology and
the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also
Biomonitoring, Department
of Zoology, Shree Shivaji change the physico-chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc
Arts, Commerce and Science chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total
College, Rajura-442805 alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs, whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in
(India). water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity,
free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due
to increase in the metabolic processes of Ophiocephalus punctatus upon exposure to
Corresponding author: zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Arun M. Chilke.
Email: Keywords:
achilke.2011@rediffmail.com Zinc, Physico-chemical parameter, Ophiocephalus punctatus.
Web Address: Article Citation:

http://ficuspublishers.com/ Swapan S. Bacher and Arun M. Chilke.
documents/AS0007.pdf Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC-50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon exposure
to Ophiocephalus punctatus.
Dates:
Received: 05 Mar 2012 /Accepted: 15 Mar 2012 /Published: 04 Apr 2012
cited.
Journal of Research in
Animal Sciences 007-012 | JRAS | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 1
Bacher and Chilke, 2012
INTROCUTION: fisherman of Mulchera (District-Gadchiroli). It was

Heavy metals accumulate in the aquatic carried to the laboratory in hygienic condition and
organism through various sources like sediments, soil acclimatized for fifteen days. During this period of
erosion and runoff, air depositions of dust, aerosol, and acclimatization fish were fed with boiled eggs and rice
discharge of waste water (Labonne et al., 2001; Goodwin bran. Zinc LC-50 for 96 hrs was carried out thrice to
et al., 2003). But majority of aquatic ecosystems are confirm exact dose of LC-50. Then the fish were divided
greatly affected by the industrial waste containing variety into six groups. Each group was contained twenty fish
of heavy metals. Heavy metals from industries not only each. Later all these fish were exposed to lethal
disturb the aquatic environment but leads to concentration of Zinc for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The
environmental health hazards (Shukla et al., 2007; Gupta estimation of water was carried out at the interval of 24
and Srivastava, 2006; Agtas et al., 2007; Yoon et al., hrs after real start time. All the physicochemical
2008). parameters were tested according to APHA (1989).
Zinc is a common trace metal essential in minute Values were calculated by one way ANOVA with
quantities for mammal and fish (Frieden, 1972 and software Graph pad-5 demo version.
Holcombe et. al., 1979), and is generally regarded as one
of the less hazardous element, though its toxicity may be RESULTS:
enhanced by the presence of other heavy metals like It fact the zinc is an essential inorganic element
cadmium, copper and ferrous etc. However small requires to perform normal physiological function.
quantities of zinc are required for normal development Deficiency of this element affects the general
and metabolism of organisms, if levels exceed the physiology. However the higher concentration causes
physiological requirements, zinc can act as a toxicant. the detrimental effect to all the aquatic organisms. In the
Exposure to excess zinc has been reported to bring about present study we observed that the Ophiocephalus
biochemical as well as histological changes in various punctatus exhibited 50% mortality at 44.25mg/l of zinc
organs of fishes (Agrawal and Srivastava, 2003; chloride.
Srivastava and Verma, 2009). Indeed, much work is At 50% lethal concentration of zinc chloride fish
available on the effect of zinc on various aspects of exhibited notable changes in its behavior like continuous
animal behavior, histopathology, biochemical and fin movement, intermittent twitch and rapid opening and
histochemical variation etc. But very little work has closing of operculum and mouth. All these activities
been done with respect to effect of heavy metal on were much more frequent in initial time of exposure
physicochemical change of water (Bacher and Chilke, compared to the later period but remained higher than the
2012) upon exposure to fish in general. In the present control throughout the experimental period. It was
work the attempt was made to fill out the lacunae by observed that the exposed fish secreted large quantity of
correlating the effect of zinc on alteration of mucus from 24 hrs to 96 hrs and till 96 hrs caudal region
physicochemical properties of water upon exposure to became blood red colored (Fig. 1).
Ophiocephalus puctatus. Atmospheric temperature was constant (25°C)
during experimental tenure i.e. from 24 to 72 hours of
MATERIALS AND METHODS: exposure. However, the water temperature was gradually
Healthy fingerlings of Ophiocephalus puctatus increased from 24 to 72 hrs. and at 96 hrs it was
measuring the size 12-15cm were purchased from observed to decrease (Table-1, Fig. 2).
observed decreasing consistently from 24 to 96 hrs of

exposure. But opposite results were obtained for the free
carbon dioxide. The free carbon dioxide was
continuously increased from 48 to 96 hrs. (Fig. 6), it was
recorded minimum at 24 hrs and maximum at 96 hrs of
exposure.
It was also observed that the total alkalinity as
calcium carbonate increased consistently similar to free
carbon dioxide from 24 to 96 hrs. The total alkalinity
Fig 1. Ophiocephalaus punctatus showing an excess
was noted minimum at 24 hrs and maximum at 96 hrs
secretion of mucous and redness of caudal fin on
exposure to Zinc Chloride LC-50 up to 96 hrs. (Fig. 7).
The water conductivity was steadily increased
(Table-1, Fig. 3) from 24 to 96 hrs, the maximum DISCUSSION:
conductivity (0.519 ± 0.006) was observed at 96 hrs. and Zinc has been recognized to play a vital role in
lowest at 24 hrs (0.379 ± 0.011). However the pH almost all aspects of living systems either directly or
(negative logarithmic hydrogen ion concentration) also indirectly (Alabaster and Lloyd, 1982 and Shukla et al.,
increased perpetually from 24 to 96 hours of exposure 2003). When zinc occurs at higher levels than normal, it
(Fig. 4). The maximum pH (6.84 ± 0.013) was noticed can act as a pollutant (Agrawal and Srivastava, 2003).
on fourth day (96 hrs) of exposure and minimum (6.35 ± However, no report is available on the extent of changes
0.009) at 24 hrs. in the physicochemical factors of water after exposure of
Dissolved oxygen (DO) in water was maximum fish to the LC-50 of Zinc chloride. Therefore the present
(Fig. 5) at 24 hrs (0.68 ± 0.87 mg/l) and minimum (0.28 study was undertaken to find out the induction of change
± 0.60 mg/l) was recorded at 98 hrs. The DO was in the physicochemical factors of water upon exposure of
Fig 2. Showing the difference in Ambient and Water Fig 3. Showing change in Water Conductivity from
Temperature during the experiment from 24hrs to 24hrs to 96hrs upon exposure of Ophiocephalaus
96hrs upon exposure of Ophiocephalaus punctatus to punctatus to Zinc LC-50.
Zinc LC-50.

Table-1. Effect of Zinc chloride (LC-50) on Physicochemical Parameters of Water

Sr.No. Parameters 24-Hrs 48-Hrs 72-Hrs 96Hrs.
1 Ambient Temp. 25 °C 25°C 25°C 25°C
2 Water Temp. 24°C 24°C 23.2°C 23.3°C
3 Conductivity 0.379 ± 0.011 0.452 ± 0.006 0.483 ± 0.008 0.519 ± 0.006
4 pH 6.35 ± 0.009 6.43 ± 0.011 6.70 ± 0.013 6.84 ± 0.013
5 Dissolved O2 0.68 ± 0.87 0.58 ± 0.60 0.45 ± 0.60 0.28 ± 0.60
6 Free CO2 15.48 ± 0.14 21.51 ± 0.28 23.39 ± 0.11 27.69 ± 0.15
7 Total Alkalinity 23.67 ± 0.42 25.5 ± 0.43 27.33 ± 0.49 32.67 ± 1.05
Ophiocephalus punctatus to the Zinc chloride. operculum and fins but fish was quiescent. However in
The murrel O. punctatus is well known to live in the last period of experiment from 72 to 96 hrs the entire
oxygen deficit polluted water in the Indian fresh water activity was seemed to increase as compared to earlier
ecosystem due to presence of accessory respiratory period along with excessive secretion of mucus. This
organs. Bacher and Chilke (2012) have reported the could be implicated to slightly increase in basic
effect of Cadmium LC-50 on the alternation of metabolic rate of fish till 96 hrs of incubation.
physicochemical characteristics of water. The overall conductivity of water consistently
It has been observed that the ambient increased from 24 to 96 hrs of exposure and this increase
temperature influence the temperature of aquatic media in water conductivity could be due to successive increase
and in general temperature of water is always lower than in the ionic strength of water. It could be concluded that
the ambient temperature. The Zinc at LC-50 were the zinc at above tolerance capacity induce the loss of
observed to decrease initially value of temperature till 72 ions by the fish. The pH of water gradually changed from
hrs of exposure and later in 96 hrs that got insignificantly the first day of exposure till 96 hrs was reported (Bacher
increased. This decrease in temperature could be due to and Chilke, 2012) upon exposure of fish to cadmium
decrease in basic metabolic rate of fish. It was observed chloride LC-50. The same was observed in the present
that the fish showed continuous movement of mouth, study that zinc also induces the loss of protons by the
Fig 5. Showing alternation in Dissolved Oxygen in

Fig 4. Showing change in pH (logarithmic hydrogen
water during the experiment from 24hrs to 96hrs
ion concentration) during the experiment from 24hrs
upon exposure of Ophiocephalaus punctatus to Zinc
to 96hrs upon exposure of Ophiocephalaus punctatus
LC-50.
to Zinc LC-50.
metabolic rate of fish. The total alkalinity as calcium

carbonate was also increased from 24 to 96 hrs of
exposure could be due to loss of calcium by the fish
which reacts with the excess of carbonic acid to form the
calcium carbonate.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are very thankful to the Principal, Shree
Shivaji Arts, Commerce and Science College, Rajura
(M.S.) for providing the laboratory facilities.
REFERENCES:
Fig 6. Showing variation in Free Carbon dioxide in Agrawal M and Srivastava N. 2003. Effects of chronic
water fom 24hrs to 96hrs upon exposure of zinc exposure on the thyroid gland activity of a fres
Ophiocephalaus punctatus to Zinc LC-50.
water fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). J. Ecophiol.
fish at lethal concentration-50. Occup. Hlth., 3: 273-278.
The gases like the oxygen and the carbon dioxide
Agtas, Semsettin, Huseyin Gey and Suleyman Gul.
exhibited dramatic change from 24 to 96 hrs. It was
2007. Concentrations of heavy metals in water and chub,
observed that quantitatively the level of oxygen
Leuciscus cephalus (Linn.) from the river Yildiz, Turkey.
decreased and contrary to this the level of carbon dioxide
J. Environ. Biol., 28, 845-849.
increased. This finding indicates the rate of oxygen
consumption increased and hence the carbon dioxide Alabaster JS and Lloyd R. 1982. In: Water quality
level in water increased might be due to increase in criteria for fresh water fish (Eds: Ababaster JS and Lloyd
R). Butterworth Scientific London. 160-163.
APHA. 1989. Standard methods for examination of

water and waste water. American public health
association, Washington DC.
Bacher SS and Chilke AM. 2012. On exposure to LC-

50 of cadmium chloride, Ophiocephalus punctatus alters
the physicochemical parameters of water. Journal of
Research in Biology 2:119-124.
Frieden E. 1972. The chemical elements of life.

Scientific American. 337: 52-60.
Goodwin TH, Young AR, Holmes MGR, Old GH

Fig 7. Showing change in Total Alkalinity in water and Hewitt N. 2003. The temporal and spatial variability
during the experiment from 24hrs to 96hrs upon
exposure of Ophiocephalaus punctatus to Zinc of sediment transport and yields within the bradford beck
LC-50. catchment, West Yorkshire. Sci. Total Environ., 314-

316:475-494.
Gupta P and Srivastava N. 2006. Effects of sub lethal

concentrations of zinc on histological changes and
bioaccumulation of zinc by kidney of fish, Channa
punctatus (Bloch). J. Environ. Biol., 27:211-215.
Holcombe GW, Benoit DA and Leonard EN. 1979.

Long-term effects of zinc exposure on brook trout
(Salvelinus fontinalis). Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 108:76-
87.
Labonne M, Othman DB and Luck JM. 2001. Lead

isotopes in muscels as tracers of metal sources and water
movements in a Lagoon (Thau Basin, S. France). Chem.
Geol., 181:181-191.
Shukla V, Rathi P and Sastry KV. 2003. Effect of

Cadmium individually and in combination with other
metals on nutritive value of freshwater fish, Channa
punctatus. J. Environ. Biol., 23:105-110.
Shukla V, Dhankhar M, Prakash J and Sastry KV.

2007. Bioaccumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd in Channa
punctatus. J. Enivron. Biol., 28:395-397.
Srivastava N and Verma H. 2009. Alterations in

biochemical profile of liver and ovary of zinc-exposed
fresh water murrel, Channa punctatus. J. Environ. Biol.,
30:(2/3).
Yoon S, Sang-Seop H and Rana SVS. 2008. Molecular

markers of heavy metal toxicity - A new paradigm for
health risk assessment. J. Environ. Biol., 29:1-14 Submit your articles online at Ficuspublishers.com
Advantages
Affordable Charges
Quick processing
Extensive indexing

Original Research
Publication group
Induction of tetraploidy in an ornamental fish koicarp

Cyprinus carpio L, using heat shock
Authors: ABSTRACT:
Ananth Kumar1 and
Mohamed Abdul Koicarp is potentially an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater.
Kadher Haniffa2. Moreover there were reports existing on genetic manipulation of koicarp by
application of the heat shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a
protocol for induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in the koicarp.Induction of
tetraploidy was attempted in Cyprinus carpio L, Koicarp by heat shock. Eggs from five
females and milt from five males ok Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required
Institution: quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After insemination the eggs were
1. V.H.N.S.N divided into three batches each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25min,
CollegeVirudhunagar 27min and 30min after insemination. Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were
626001,Tamilnadu, India. exposed to hot water at 38° C, 39° C, 40° C & 41° C for durations of 2min and four min.
One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was used as control. After
2. Centre for Aquaculture treatments, eggs were immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Tetraploidy
Research and Extension was ascertained by karyotyping as well as RBC nuclear micro measurements.Heat
(CARE), St Xavier’s College shock of 41°C for four min, imparted to eggs for 20 min after fertilization induced a
(Autonomous), maximum of 60± 2% tetraploidy and maximum hatchability of 10± 1.5%. A large
Palayamkotai-627002, proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed morphological abnormalities such
India. as short and curved tail, destroyed yolksac, deformed vertebral column and
malformed cephalic region. A maximum of 60± 2% tetraploids (4n = 156) were
obtained when the fertilized eggs (20 min old) were heat shocked at 41° C for four
min duration. The tetraploid red blood cells (RBCs) nucleus volume was 2.1 times
greater than those of the diploid RBC nucleus.Given that koicarp are such a useful
Corresponding author: model for other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the induction of
Ananth Kumar. tetraploidy in this species will lead to a better understanding of polyploidy induction
and the establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other species as well.
Email: Article Citation:

annthneon@rocketmail.com, Ananth Kumar and Mohamed Abdul Kadher Haniffa.
labeoshark@gmail.com. Induction of Tetraploidy in an Ornamental Fish Koicarp
Cyprinus carpio L, Using Heat Shock.
Phone No: Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 013-019
+91-4562-280154.
Dates:
Fax : Received: 16 Feb 2012 /Accepted: 22 Mar 2012 /Published: 13 Apr 2012
+091-4562-281338.
Web Address:
http://ficuspublishers.com/ This Open Access article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://
documents/AS0006.pdf commercial, distribution, and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

Animal Sciences
Kumar and Haniffa, 2012
INTRODUCTION (Pandian and Koteeswaran 1998). A number of methods

Chromosome manipulation has become an have been developed to confirm ploidy in fishes as
important tool to understand the interactions between monogenic and polyploid fish are not morphologically
dissimilar or unequal genomic combinations and their distinguishable from diploids (Pandian and Koteeswaran,
impact on survival, growth and reproduction in fish 1998). Among all methods, karyotyping is most widely
(Pandian and Koteeswaran 1998). In the loach, Cobitis used to confirm ploidy. The presence of a marker
biwae, (Kusunoki et al., 1994) produced the first bred chromosome, in H.fossilis (Haniffa et al., 2004) and in
gynogen by heterologus activation of 2n eggs of Oreochromis mossambicaus (Varadarj and Pandian
tetraploids and (Thorgaard et al., 1990) were the first to 1988) can be used in the rapid identification at various
produce a bred androgen activating the irradiated egg levels. Measurements of cell and nucleus size/ volume of
with sperm from tetraploid salmon. Tetraploid rainbow erythrocytes are other methods used to confirm triploidy
trout has been crossed with diploids to produce triploids (Pandian and Koteeswaran 1998). Most of the authors
(Myers and Hershberger 1996). A good number of have chosen the combination of karyotyping and
publications are available on chromosome manipulation measurement of erythrocyte to confirm ploidy. Another
in ornamental fishes and edible fishes mainly due to the potentially powerful technique for ploidy assessment is
ease with which the gametes of oviparous fish can be isozyme variation and it has been effectively used to
procured, fertilized in vitro and subject to induction or separate gynogens or androgens or triploids from
after activation/fertilization. (Thrope et al., 1984; diploids and mitotic gynogens in C.gariepinus (Na-
Springate and Bromage, 1985; Tabata 1991; Pandian Nakorn et al., 2004).
1993; Cherfas et al., 1994, Horvath and Orban Varadaraj (1993) alone succeeded in producing
1995;Jonson and Svavarsson 2000) and recent work with live and gynogenetic, haploid Oreochromis
other species (Gisbert et al., 2000; Ouellet et al., 2001; mossambicus, grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella
Zaho et al., 2001; Pandian and Koteeswaran 1998 , (Cassani and Caton 1985)and, Nile tilapia Oreochomis
Pandian et al., 1999 and Haniffa et al., 2004) made an niloticus (Don and Avtalion 1988). Koicarp is potentially
extensive effort to critically review various aspects of an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater.
chromosome manipulation. The underlying reason for Moreover, there are some reports that exists on the
amenability of fish to different types of ploidy induction genetic manipulation of koicarp by application of heat
is that ploidy induced fish (with exception to androgens shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a
and paternal triploids) tolerate unequal genomic protocol for the induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in
contributions, so long as the genomic contribution of the koicarp.
female exceeds that of male (Pandian and Koteeswaran
1998). Studies on the occurrence of natural ployploids MATERIALS AND METHODS
have been reported in a number of fish species by Collection of eggs
Pandian and Koteeswaran (1998 & 1999) in H.fossilis. In Induction of tetraploidy in koicarp by heat shock
male heterogametic species, induction of triploidy, was attempted. Eggs from five females and milt from
pentaploidy, hexaploidy and meiotic gynogenesis require five males of Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required
the retention of the second polar body but the production quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After
of tetraploids, mitotic gynogens and androgens insemination the eggs were divided into three batches in
necessasarily require the inhibition of the first cleavage each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25,
27 and 30min after insemination. and the suspension was quickly drawn back into the
Treatment by using heatshocks Pasteur pipette. The slides were allowed to air dry. They
Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were were stained in 5% geimsa stain made up in 0.01M
0
exposed to hot water at 38, 39, 40 & 41 C for the phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for about 20 min.The slides
durations of 2 or 4 min at each of the tested temperature. were rinsed in distilled water and air- dried. They were
One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was observed for chromosome spreads under a microscope
used as control. After the treatments, eggs were (NikoE - 400). Tetraploidy was ascertained by
immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Dead eggs karyotyping (Haniffa et al., 2004) as well as RBC
were removed and the survivors were counted at nuclear micro measurements (Pandian and Koteeswaran
hatching. 1998). The data were analyzed by Standard deviation
Karyotyping and means using Tukey’s multiple range test (Zar 2000)
Chromosome preparation of the hybrids and to determine significant differences. The statistical
male parent (Koicarp) and female parent (goldfish) were significance was calculated at [P<0.05%].
made following Sridhar and Haniffa 1999. The selected
fishes were kept alive in water containing 0.75% RESULTS
colchine for six hours. The fishes were sacrified and their The percentage of tetraploids, diploids and
gills, kidney and fins were dissected out. The tissues deformed fry resulting from heat shock experiments were
were minced into small pieces (1 mm) and placed in calculated. Heat shock at 410C for 4 min, imparted to
0.8% KCL solution (Hypotonic treatment) for 30 eggs 30 min after fertilization induced a maximum of 60
minutes. The tissues were individually fixed in methanol: ± 2 % tetraploidy and maximum hatchability 58± 1.5 %
acetic acid (3:1) for 30 min with three changes of 10 (Table 1). Among the treated eggs, majority of them
minutes each. Tissues were then stored in the fresh died before hatching or immediately after hatching. A
fixative in a refrigerator until further use.For slide large proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed
preparation the fixative was replaced by a few drops 50% morphological abnormalities such as short and curved
glacial acetic acid and agitated gently using a Pasteur tail; destroyed yolksac; deformed vertebral column and
pipette.The tissue suspension (in acetic acid) was malformed cephalic region (Fig. 1-4). Heat shock below
0
expelled on the slides, heated to about 55 C on a slide 400C proved to be 60 % survival and about 18± 3.5%
warmer.About 4 or 5 drops were expelled to each slide (Table 3) of the induced tetraploids were deformed when
Table 1. Effect of heat shock (380C )on survival at hatching and tetraploid induction in Koicarp Cyprinus
carpio. Each value represents the average of three repetitions and ± indicated the standard deviation.
Time after Shock duration No. of eggs Hatching Survival Tetraploid Deformed
fertilization (Min) (min) (%) (%) (%) (%)
5 2 100 72.3 ± 2.5 54.3 ± 4 0 0
5 4 100 64.3 ± 4 40.0 ± 5 0 0
10 2 100 55.6 ± 4 57.6 ± 2.5 0 1
10 4 100 63.3 ± 4.16 59.3 ± 5.1 0 1
15 2 100 56 ± 4 41.0 ± 3.6 0 0
15 4 100 70.3 ± 1.5 70.0 ± 5 0 0
20 2 100 64 ± 1.4 70.0 ± 5 0 0
20 4 100 65.0 ± 3 62.3 ± 2.5 0 0
Deformed fry include diploid and haploid

compared to only 4 ± 2 % and 2% deformed fry at 390C the extrusion of second polar body can be inhibited by
(Table 2) and in control, only deformed was observed heat shocking 2-4 min old eggs at 40 to 420C for 2-5 min
(Table 4). Among the tetraploid induced individuals duration (Varadaraj and Pandian1988 and Haniffa et al.,
none survived to feeding stage (4 days after hatching). 2004). Till date it has been possible to produce live
The tetraploidy was confirmed by chromosome counts tetraploids in about few species. A survey of the relevant
and erythrocyte nuclear volumes. The metaphase spreads literature shows that the optima protocol of tetraploidy in
of diploid control (2n = 78) and tetraploid (4n = 156) are fishes varied from species to species. Thus, in the present
shown in (Fig. 5-6). The nuclear volume of diploid study 25-30 min old embryos were used for heat
RBCs was 8 ± 2 μm and that of tetraploid was 19 ± 2.5
3
shocking. Tetraploid embryos of koicarp were obtained
μm (Fig. 7-8) .
3
when heat shock was applied 30 min after fertilization.
The doubling of chromosome was due to suppression of
DISCUSSION first cleavage. 4n embryos successfully produced in
The results of the present study showed that O.niloticus (Myers, 1996) and O.mossambicus (Pandian
tetraploidy could successfully be induced in koicarp by and Varadaraj, 1987) where as H.fossilis (Haniffa et al.,
heat shocking 4 min and 30 min old eggs (post 2004) failed to survive in first feeding stage. In this
0
fertilization) respectively at 41 C for 4 min duration. present study also 4n koicarp hatchlings failed to survive
Previous studies have shown that in most tropical fishes till first feeding. Low yields of 4n at other temperatures
Table 2. Effect of heat shock (390c )on survival at hatching and tetraploid induction in koicarp cyprinus
Time after Shock duration No. of eggs Hatching Survival Tetraploid Deformed
5 2 100 68 ± 2.6 44 ± 4 0 0
5 4 100 61 ± 3.6 42 ± 2 0 0
10 2 100 58 ± 2 34 ± 4 0 0
10 4 100 54 ± 2 33 ± 4 0 0
15 2 100 58 ± 2 36 ± 1 0 0
15 4 100 54 ± 2 34 ± 2 0 0
20 2 100 50 ± 5 36 ± 4 4±2 2
20 4 100 53 ± 2 36 ± 1.5 0 0
Table 3. Effect of heat shock (400C )on survival at hatching and tetraploid induction in Koicarp Cyprinus
Time after Shock duration Hatching Survival Tetraploid Deformed

No. of eggs
47 ± 2.5
5 2 100 62 ± 2.5 0 3
55 ± 3
5 4 100 60 ± 2 0 0
50 ± 1.5
10 2 100 56 ± 1.5 0 0
49 ± 2
10 4 100 53 ± 1.5 0 0
46 ± 1.5.
15 2 100 52 ± 3 0 2
47 ± 2
15 4 100 50 ± 1.5 11 ±1.20 5
50 ± 1.5
20 2 100 50 ± 1 0 0
50 ± 4.7
20 4 100 46 ± 2 18 ± 3.5 8

Table 4. Effect of heat shock (410C ) on survival at hatching and tetraploid induction in Koicarp Cyprinus
Time after Shock duration Hatching Survival Tetraploid Deformed
No. of eggs
5 2 100 40 ± 0.5 24 ± 4 13 ± 1.5 12
5 4 100 58 ± 1.5 43 ± 3 30 ± 1.5 10
10 2 100 24 ± 4 15 ± 3 6 ± 4.1 0
10 4 100 19 ± 1 10 ± 1.5 0 0
15 2 100 0 0 0 0
15 4 100 0 0 0 0
20 2 100 0 0 0 0
20 4 100 10 ±1.2 8±3 60 ± 2 15
Control 100 60 ± 2 70 0 0
(38, 39 & 400C) at embryo ages higher or lower than 30 CONCLUSION

st
min may be due to the inability in suppression of 1 Given that koicarp are such a useful model for
cleavage of the zygote. The exact time of shock applied other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the
should correspond to karyokinesis or cytokinesis. In induction of tetraploidy in this species will lead to a
salmonids species treatment time for inhibition of better understanding of tetraploidy induction and the
karyokinesis are resulted in better survival Pandian and establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other
Koteeswaran 1998. The developmental abnormalities species as well.
observed in the study appeared to be caused by the heat
shocks and not the presence of extra sets of chromosome
in the tetraploids. This assumption is based on the fact
that some normal appearing fish were tetraploid and
some abnormal fish were diploid. Studies on
chromosome set manipulation in other fishes have found
abnormal appearances that the fish to be a diploid
(Haniffa et al., 2004) adding support to the hypothesis
that abnormalities result from the shocks and not from
the extra chromosome sets.
The tetraploid RBCs nuclear volume was on an
average 1.5 and 2.1 times greater than that of the diploid
RBCs nuclear volume respectively. Similar results in
RBCs nuclear volume were reported by Haniffa et al.,
(2004) in triploid and tetraploid H.fossilis. The
chromosome number for diploid (2n = 78) and tetraploid
(4n = 156) koicarp obtained in the present study
correspond with the observations of Pandian and
Koteeswaran 1999 in natural polyploids. According to
Haniffa et al., (2004) the chromosome number of diploid
and tetraploidy H.fossilis were as 2n = 58 and 4n = 116.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Myers JM and Hershberger WK. 1996. Artificial

We sincerely thank Rev. Dr A. Alphonse spawning of tilapia eggs. Journal of world Aquaculture
Manickam S.J., Principal, St Xavier’s College, society 22:77-82.
Palayamkottai, for providing necessary facilities.
Ouellet P, Lambert Y and Bérubé I. 2001. Cod egg
characteristics and viability in relation to low
REFERENCES:
temperature and maternal nutritional condition. ICES
Cassani JR and caton WR. 1985. Induced triploidy in
Journal of Marine Science 58:672-686.
grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella val. Aquaculture
46:3-44. Pandian TJ. 1993. Endocrine and chromosome
manipulation techniques for the production of all male
Cherfas NB, Peretz Y, Bendom N, Gomelsky B and
and all female population in food and ornamental fishes
Hulata G. 1994. Induced Diploidgynogenesis and
Proc. Ind. Nat.Sci.Acad.59B:549-566.
polyploidy in the ornamental (koi) carp, Cyprinus carpio
L.4.Comparative-study on the effects of high- Pandian TJ and Varadaraj K. 1987. Techniques to
temperature and low-temperature shocks.Theoretical and regulate sex ratio and breeding in tilapia. Cur.Sci.,
Applied Genetics, 89:193-197. 56:337-343.
Don J and Avtalion DR. 1988. Production of viable Pandian TJ and Koteeswaran R. 1998. Ploidy
tetraploid tilapias using the cold shock technique, induction and sex control in fish. Hydrobiologia 384:167
Bamidgeh 40:17-21. -243.
Gisbert E, Williot P and Castello-Orvay F. 2000. Pandian TJ and Koteeswaran R. 1999. Natural
Influence of egg size on growth and survival of early occurrence of monoploids and polyploids in the Indian
stages of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) under small catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Current Science 76:8,
scale hatcheryconditions. Aquaculture, 183:83-94. 1134 -1137.
Haniffa MA, Sridha S and Nagarjan M. 2004. Na-Nakorn U, rangsin W and Boon-ngam J. 2004.
Introduction of triploidy and tetraploidy in stinging Allotriploidy increases sterility in the hybrid between
catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) using heat Clarias macrocephalus and C.gariepinus. Aquaculture,
shock . Aquaculture Research, 35:937-942. 237:73-88.
Horvath L and Orban L. 1995. Genome and gene Springate JRC and Bromage NR. 1985. Effects of egg
manipulation in the common carp, Aquaculture 129:157- size on early growth and survival in rainbow trout
181. (Salmo gairdneri R). Aquaculture, 47:163-172.
Jónson B, Svavarsson E. 2000. Connection between Thorgaard Gh, Scheerer PD, Hershbergar Wk and
egg size and early mortality in arctic charr, Salvelinus Myers JM. 1990. Andrigenetic rainbow trout produced
alpinus. Aquaculture, 187:315-317. using sperm from tetraploid males show improved
survival, Aquaculture 85:215-221.
Kusunoki T, Arai K and Suzuki. 1994. Production of
viable gynogens without chromosome duplication in Thrope JE, Miles MS and Keay DS. 1984.
Spinous loach, Cobitus biwae, Aquaculture 119:11-19 Developmental rate, fecundity and egg size in Atlantic

salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture, 43:313-322.
Tabata K. 1991. Application of chromosomal

manipulation in aquaculture of Hirame, Paralichthys
Olivaceus. Bull. Kyogo Pref. Fish. Exp. 28-134.
Varadaraj K. 1993. Endocrine and genetic studies on

sex regulation in tilapia. Ph.D. thesis, Madurai Kamaraj
University, Madurai India 55.
Zaho YC and Brown JA. 2001. Impacts of egg size and

larval size on survival and growth of Atlantic cod under
different feeding conditions. Journal of Fish Biology, 59:
569-581.
Zar JH. 2000. Biostatistical analysis (2 nd Eds) Prentice -

Hall International, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersery.

Advantages
Affordable Charges
Quick processing
Extensive indexing

Original Research
Publication group
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in

Tilapia Mossambicus
Authors: ABSTRACT:
Anushia C, Sampath
kumar P and Selva Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above
Prabhu A. certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median
lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus
Institution:
Centre of Advanced Study in fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
Marine Biology, Faculty of 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two
Marine Sciences, Annamalai aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data
University, Parangipettai- obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Kar er’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu
608 502, Tamil Nadu, India. for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Kar er’s
Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be
4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Kar er’s Method. The ehavioral hanges of
Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that
Corresponding author: Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
Anushia C. cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Email: Keywords:
anushiaanubiotech@gmail.com. Toxicity, Aquaculture, Trace metals, Tilapia mossambicus.

http://ficuspublishers.com/ Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
documents/AS0008.pdf A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Dates:
Received: 10 Mar 2012 Accepted: 19 Apr 2012 Published: 13 Jun 2012
cited.

Animal Sciences
Research Journal www.ficuspublishers.com http://ficuspublishers.com/JRAS.php
Anushia et al., 2012
INTRODUCTION aquatic ecosystem (Fafioye et al., 2002).

Fishes are widely used to evaluate the health of Trace metals, such as Cu, Ni, Fe, and Cd are
aquatic ecosystems because pollutants build up in the accumulated over time in higher concentrations in fish
food chain and are responsible for adverse effects and liver, gills and muscles (Taylor et al., 1985). Besides the
death in the aquatic systems (Farkas et al., 2002; Yousuf direct impact of heavy metals in fish, the synergistic
and El-Shahawi, 1999). The studies carried out on action of some hydrological variables and nutrients to
various fishes have shown that heavy metals may alter fish was found to enhance heavy metal toxicity in fish
the physiological activities and biochemical parameters (Bu-Olayan and Thomas, 2005; Franco et al., 2006). The
both in tissues and in blood (Basa and Rani, 2003; Canli, acute trace metal toxicity levels in fish exposed from
1995; Tort and Torres, 1988). Tilapia is distinguished by 24 h to 96 h was statistically tested using Profit program
its adaptation to living in fresh, brackish and nearly (USEPA, 1993) by various investigators (Abel and
saline water, and can survive in partially polluted water Axiak, 1991; APHA, 1992; Wayne and Ming, 1998;
(Zyadah, 1995). It is less sensitive to most toxic Franco et al., 2006). Heath (1987) described varied
substances than most other aquatic species. Any toxicant pattern of inorganic pollutant bioaccumulation in
that affects Tilapia would most likely be toxic to other different fish tissues such as liver, muscles and gills.
aquatic organisms (Murungi and Robinson, 1987). The Toxicity tests using aquatic organisms play an
toxic effects of heavy metals have been reviewed, important role in the development of proposals for
including bioaccumulation (Waqar, 2006; Adami et al., environmental management and protection, especially
2002; Rasmussen and Anderson, 2000; Rani, 2000; for the aquaculture environment (Wall and Hanmer
Aucoin et al., 1999). Marine coastal ecosystems could 1987; Hoi, 2004. In addition, it is an important step to
therefore be endangered by pollutants, such as heavy detect the levels of toxicants to be used in the
metals, pesticides and antifoulants that could be easily experimental studies of the accumulation and effect of
detected in the water column or in the sediment of these toxicants to the marine organisms. There are many
harbors and estuaries (Castillo et al., 2006; studies concern with the toxicity of cadmium on
Antizar, 2008; Bellas, 2005). vertebrates and invertebrates (Rasmussen and Andersen,
Heavy metals are considered the most important 2000, Adami et al., 2002 and Filipovic and Raspor,
form of pollution of the aquatic environment because of 2003). These metals are readily seeped by industries into
their toxicity and accumulation by organisms, such as our waters daily, thereby increasing their accumulation
fish (Emami Khansari, Ghazi-Khansari, and Abdollahi, level. Therefore, it is necessary to study the toxicity of
2005). Besides, the dangers involved from the presence cadmium and copper with a view to predict their level of
of metals in the environment derive not only from their toxicity to Tilapia mossambicus.
persistence and toxicity, but also from the remarkable
degree of bioaccumulation they undergo through the MATERIALS AND METHODS
tropic chain, thus becoming serious danger to man Fish management
(Bishop, 2000). Heavy metals such as cadmium, copper Apparently healthy Tilapia mossambicus
and lead are found in most of the industrial, mineral (3.5±0.2g) were obtained from local fish farm Pinnalore,
exploration and other miscellaneous anthropogenic Cuddalore Dist, Tamilnadu, India. Prior to the
effluents. In Nigeria, these effluents are indiscriminately experiment, fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in 12
discharged into natural waters, thereby contaminating numbers 40-L glass aquaria under laboratory conditions
Table 1. The cumulative mortalities and acute 96 h LC 50 of Cu in Tilapia mossambicus

according to Behrens-Karber’s method (Klassen, 1991).
No of dead fish
Cu dose(mg/L) No. of exposed fish Overall deaths within 96 h A B AB
D1 D2 D3 D4
0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 10 0 0 0 1 1 2 0.5 1
4 10 0 1 1 1 1 2 1.0 2
6 10 1 4 5 5 5 2 3.0 6
8 10 6 8 8 8 8 2 6.5 13
10 10 8 10 10 10 10 2 9.0 18
∑AB =40
Where A = differences between the two consecutive doses and B = arithmetic mean of the mortality caused
by two consecutive doses. 96 h LC50 = LC100 - ∑ (A x B)/N = 10 – 40/10 = 6. Ppm.
(natural photoperiod 11.58-12.38 h); 10 fish per each Cu and Cd concentrations along with the control group.
aquarium. The continuous aeration was maintained in In this study, the acute toxic effects of Cu and Cd on
each aquarium using an electric air pumping Tilapia mossambicus were deter mined by
compressors. Behrens-Karber’s method using the following formula
Analysis of the water physico-chemical variables (Klassen, 1991):
Temperature LC50 = LC100 ∑A x B / N as mg/L;
The atmospheric temperature and surface water Where LC50 and LC100 indicate the lethal doses for 50%
temperature were noticed with the help of a degree and 100% of the tested fish. Value ‘‘A” gives the
Celsius thermometer. differences between the two consecutive doses, ‘‘B” the
Salinity arithmetic mean of the mortality caused by two
Salinity was recorded using a hand consecutive doses and ‘‘N” the number of tested fish in
Refractometer (Atago, Japan). each group. The dead fish were removed immediately.
Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH)
Water pH (Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion RESULTS
concentration) was noted by a calibrated pH pen The data obtained from the acute toxicity test of
(pH Scan 1 Tester-Eutech Instruments, Singapore). copper for Tilapia mossambicus revealed that the Cu
Dissolved oxygen toxicity increased with increasing concentration or
Dissolved oxygen was measured by using a exposure time. The numbers of dead fishes in relation to
modified Winkler’s titration methods described by different Cu concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10mg/L) were
Strickland and Parsons (1972). assessed and counted during the exposure in different
Experimental procedures time intervals at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Then the dead
The heavy metal Cu in the form of Copper fishes were removed immediately from the culture tanks.
chloride anhydrous (Merck, Mumbai, India) and Cd in No mortality was observed during the 96 h at control
the form of Cadmium chloride (Merck, Mumbai, India) (0.0mg Cu/L) and 100% mortality rate was achieved
was used in the present study. The acute toxicity test was only at 10mg Cu/L
performed for 4 days in which two replicates of seven During the toxicity tests, the temperature, salinity
different Cu and Cd concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and and ph of the test water remained fairly constant at
10mg/L) were used (10 fish for each aquarium). At 24, 28.5±1.5°C, 3.1±2.6mg/l and 7.5±0.4 respectively, while
48, 72, and 96 h, fish dead were counted in the different dissolved oxygen was higher than 5.84±0.72mg/l. There

Table 2. The cumulative mortalities and acute 96 h LC50 of Cd in according to

Tilapia mossambicus Behrens-Karber's method (Klassen, 1991).
No of dead fish
Cd dose (mg/L) No. of exposed fish Overall deaths within 96 h A B AB
D1 D2 D3 D4
0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 10 0 1 2 3 3 2 1.5 3
4 10 1 2 3 3 3 2 3.0 6
6 10 2 3 4 6 6 2 4.5 9
8 10 4 7 8 9 9 2 7.5 15
10 10 6 10 10 10 10 2 9.5 19
∑AB =52
Where A = differences between the two consecutive doses and B = arithmetic mean of the mortality caused
by two consecutive doses. 96 h LC50 = LC100 - ∑ (A x B)/N = 10 – 52/10 = 4.8ppm.
This value was estimated to be 4.8mg/L with the Behrens–Karber’s method (Table 2).
was 100% survival at initial exposure in the different bioaccumulation rate among the aquatic organisms. A
concentrations, but the survival rate started declining clear variation in LC50 and acute toxicity in tested
with an increase in concentrations and time of exposure. organisms were evident. 96hr LC50 of Cu was 6.0mg
Effect of Copper Cu/l, while in Cd was 4.8mg Cd/l. Other research
When exposed to copper, Tilapia mossambicus reported lower Cu concentrations 96hr- LC50 for marine
recorded 80% and 50% mortality in 8mg/l and 6mg/l of crustaceans as; 0.017mg Cu/l for Acartice tansa;
Cu respectively at 96h duration. The lowest 0.049mg Cu/l for Cancer magister and 0.1mg Cu/l for
concentration (2.0mg/l) produced 10% mortality at 96 h Homarus americanus (Martin et al., 1981 and Mance,
in Tilapia mossambicus. When compare to control 1987).
mortality was inhibited at 2mg/L in 48 hrs. The 96h The effect produced by both metals coupled is
LC50 value (6.mg/L) of T. mossambicus was determined less than the effects produced by individual metal. This
based on measured concentration of copper with the may attributed to substitution and competition between
Behrens-Karber’s method (Table 1). Cu and Zn for available sites during protein synthesis as
Effect of Cadmium suggested by Bryan, (1971) and Abdel-Moati and Farag
In Cadmium exposure percentage of mortality at (1991). The variety degree is related to kind of species,
96 h was 90% in 8mg/l and 60% in 6mg/l of Cd, while its sensitivity and physiological responses to pollutants.
30% mortality occurred in 2mg/l and 4mg/l at 96 h. And their uptake and depuration rate of heavy metals
Tilapia mossambicus had 100% mortality in 10mg/l. The (Salanki and V. -Balogh 1985; Salanki and V. -Balogh
96h LC50 value was estimated to be 4.8mg/L with the 1989). El- Gindy, et al., (1991) recorded 24h LC50 for
Behrens-Karber’s method (Table 2). mo l lu s k s B i o m ph al a r i a al ex an d ri na a nd
Bulinus truncatus of Cu and Zn toxicity as 1.38, 0.99 and
DISCUSSION 54, 40 ppm, respectively. The 96hr LC50 value for Cu in
Toxic effect on the fish in the present study and L, balteni was 0.9 ppm (Abdel-Moati & Farag 1991), but
toxicity increased with increased concentration. The in Mugil fry was 1.3 ppm (El-Rayis and Ezzat 1984).
observed increasing state of inactivity with both The 96h LC50 of Zn in L. bolteni was 58 ppm
increasing concentrations and exposure period agree with (Abdel-Moati and Farag 1991), while that for
the report of Ayoola, (2008a). The present investigation Portunus pelagicus was 100 ppm, (El-Rayis and Ezzat
showed big differences of both toxicity and (1984). However T. zillii have the ability to live in
polluted areas for long time than other species of fish El-Moselhy, (2001) stated that toxicity of Cd to
(Zyadah, 1999). The actual and back calculated LC50 of Mugil seheli decreased with increasing the exposure time
Cu, Zn. and Cd values for the experimental species and the recording LC50 values were 12.34, 8.92, 6.01 and
during the exposure periods showed a close concordance. 3.45mg/l for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, respectively. The
Other results in the world showed different LC50 of Cu, 96 h LC50 values of copper was 1.83 ppm for fish
Zn, and Cd values, where flounder fish exposed to 0.1 to Etroplus maculaus reported by Gaikwad, (1989).
10 mg Cd/l for 15d (Larsson et al., 1976); Juvenile Taylor et al., (1985) reported LC50 values of about 0.3 to
striped bass was exposed to 0.01 mg Cd/l for 120d 50mg Cd/1. While 96 h LC50 of Cu ranged from 0.2 to
(Dawson et al., 1977) and juvenile of shrimps 3mg/1 for various marine fish and crustaceans (Bryan,
Penaeus duorarum exposed to 5 mg Cd/l for 96hr 1971). Pagenkopf, (1986) studied the toxicity of copper,
(Nimmo et al., 1977). The rate of bioaccumulation of cadmium, lead and zinc to fishes.
heavy metals by fish and shrimp appeared within a wide The values worked in the present experiment as
range. The bioaccumulation factor of Cd by Mysis sp. safe concentrations of Cu and Cd to reach LC50
was 1215 times more than control concentration after concentration and total mortality dose to aquatic
48hr exposure, and reaches 858 times in T. zillii after organisms, these are of great practical utility for
356hr exposure. Other studies in USA showed the regulating and controlling the pollution limits in the
average residues of Cd in some invertebrate species to water resources by those pollutants and to regulate their
reach approximately 1000 to 9000 times greater than discharge to near-by water for protect the life within the
correspond control concentration after 28d exposure aquatic environment.
(Spehar et al., 1978). The susceptibility of fish to a particular heavy
In the present study, it was observed that exposed metal is a very important factor for LC50 values. The fish
Tilapia mossambicus to various concentrations of that is highly susceptible to the toxicity of one metal may
cadmium and copper were weakened progressively with be less or non-susceptible to the toxicity of another metal
time prior to mortality. Similarly, the toxic effect of the at the same concentration of that metal in the milieu.
metals produced molting in the fish at a faster rate than Similarly, the metal which is highly toxic to one
control. These facts, therefore, affirm that heavy metals organism at low concentration may be less or non-toxic
can cause physiological stress and dysfunction in to other organism at the same or even higher
crustaceans (Gao and Zou, 1995). concentrations with two juvenil Brazilian indigenous
The observed increasing state of inactivity with fishes which showed that both species were more
both increasing concentrations and exposure period agree sensitive to copper and cadmium found that with
with the report of Ayoola, (2008a). The results of Daphnia pulex the order of toxicity of different metals
toxicity test indicated that the ionic form of Cu is more was Cu>Cd>Ni.
toxic than the ionic form of Cd to Mugil seheli, and the
fingerlings are more sensitive to copper toxicity than that REFERENCE
of cadmium. Denton and Burdon-Jones (1986); Abdel-Moati A, Farag E. 1991. Toxically and
Cui-Keduo et al., (1987). Spehar et al., (1978) reported bioaccumulation studies of Cu, Zn and Pb in the fresh
that the 96 h LC50 of Cd for flag fish, water gastropods, Lanistes bolteni Chemnitz, 1786.
Jordanella floridae, was 2.5mg /l. Hamed, (2002) found (Gastropoda:Ampullaridae). J Egyptian Germany Soc
that the 72 h LC50 of Cd for Mugil seheli was 4.87mg/1. Zool, 4:289-299.

Abel PD and Axiak V. 1991. Ecotoxicology and the Soc London B 177:389-410.
marine environment. (England, Ellis Horwood
Bu-Olayan AH and Thomas BV. 2005. Toxicity and
Publisher).
bioaccumulation of heavy metals in mullet fish Liza
Adami GM, Barbieri P, Fabiani M, Piselli S, klunzingeri (Mugilidae: Perciformes).Chem. Ecol.,
Predonzani S, Reisenhofer E. 2002. Levels of cadmium 21(3):191-197.
and zinc in hepatopancreas of reared Mytilus
Canli M. 1995. Natural occurrence of metallothionein
galloprovincialis from the Gulf of Trieste (Italy).
like proteins in the hepatopancreas of the Norway lobster
Chemosphere, 48(7):671-677.
Nephrops Norvegicus and effects of Cd, Cu, and Zn
Antizar-Ladislao B. 2008. Environmental levels, exposures on levels of the metal bound on
toxicity and human exposure to tributyltin (TBT)- metallothionein. Turk. J. Zool., 19:313-321.
contaminated marine environment. A review. Environ.
Castillo LE, Martinez E, Ruepert C, Savage C, Gilek
Inter, 34:292-308.
M and Pinnock M. 2006. Water quality and
APHA. 1992. Standard method for the examination of macroinvertebrate community response following
water and wastewater. In: Arnold EG, Lenore S.C., pesticide applications in a banana plantation, Limon,
Eaton A.E., (Eds). 4-75, American Public Health Costa Rica. Sci. Total Environ, 367:418-432.
Association, Washington.
Cui-Keduo, Liu-Yumei and Hou-Lanying. 1987.
Aucoin J, Blanchand R, Billiot C. 1999. Trace metals Effects of sex heavy metals on hatching eggs and
in fish and sediments from Lake Boeuf, South Eastern survival of larval of marine fish. Oceanological.
Louisiana. Micro. Chem. J., 62(2):299-307. Limnology.18(2):138-144.
Ayoola SO. 2008a. Toxicity of glyphosate herbicideon Dawson M, Gould E, Thurberg F, Calabrese A. 1977.
Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) juvenile. African Physiological response of Juvenile Stiped bajj, Morone
Journal of Agricultural Research, 3:825-834. saxatilis to low levels of cadmium and mercury.
Chesapeake Sci 18:353-359.
Basa Siraj P and Usha Rani A. 2003. Cadmium
induced antioxidant defense mechanism in freshwater Denton GRW and Burdon-Jones C. 1986. Trace
teleost Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia). Eco. Metals in Algae from the Great Barrier Reef. Marine
Toxicol. Environ. Saf., 56(2):218-221. Pollution Bulletin, 17:98-107.
Bellas J. 2005. Toxicity assessment of the antifouling El-Gindy H, Rawi S, Abo-el-Hassan A, Abdel-Kader
compound zinc pyrithione using early of developmental A. 1991. Effect of fresh water pollutants on the control
stages of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Biofouling, of Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus. J.
21:289-296. Egyptian Germany Soc Zool 6:297-312.
Bishop PL. 2000. Pollution prevention. Fundamentals El-Moselhy, Kh M. 2001. Toxicity of cadmium to the
and practice. marine fish Mugil seheli and its accumulation in different
tissues. Journal Egypt Academy Society. Environmental
Bryan GW. 1971. The effects of heavy metals (other
Development. 2 (1):17-28.
than mercury) on marine and estuarine organisms. Royal

El-Rayis O and Ezzat A. 1984. Bioaccumulation of of Oceanography and Fisheries, 96.

some heavy metals in coastal marine animals in vicinity
Hoi ND. 2004. Toxicology of Water Environment for
of Alexandria. Part I. Bioassay Meeting on the Toxicol
Aquaculture. Research Institute of Aquaculture 1,
and Bioaccumulation of selected subst. in marine
Ministry of Aquaculture, Vietnam, 43.
organisms, Rovinji 1:5-9.
Klassen CD. 1991. Principles of toxicology. In: Gilman,
Emami Khansari F, Ghazi-Khansari M and
A.G., Tall, T.W., Nies, A.S., Taylor, P. (Eds.),
Abdollahi M. 2005. Heavy metals content of canned
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, eighth ed.
tuna fish. Food Chemistry, 93:293-296.
McGraw-Hill, Berlin, 49-61.
Fafioye OO, Adeogun OA, Olayinka EA, Ayoade AA.
Larsson A, Bengtsson B, Svanberg O. 1976. Some
2002. Effects of sublethal concentrations of lead on
haematological and biochemical effects of cadmium in
growth of Clarias gariepinus J. of Nigerian Society for
fish. In effects of pollutants on aquatic organisms, ed.
Exp. Biol., (NISEB) 2:11-15.
by Lockwood, A: 35-45. Soc. Exper. Biol.,Seminar Ser.
Farkas A, Salanki J, Specziar A. 2002. Relation no. 11, Cambridge Univ. Press.
between growth and the heavy metal concentration in
Mance G. 1987. Pollution threat of heavy metals in
organs of bream Abramis brama L. populating Lake
aquatic environments.Elsevier Applied Science
Balaton. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 43(2):236-
Publishers LTD., 372.
243.
Martin M, Osborn K, Billig P and Glickstein N. 1981.

Filipovic V and Raspor B. 2003. Metallothionein and
Toxicities of ten metals to Crossostrea and Mytilus
metal levels in cystol of liver, kidney and brain in
edulis embryos and Cancer magister larvae. Mar. Pollut.
relation to growth parameters of Mullus surmuletus and
Bull., 12:305-308.
Liza aurata. From the Eastern Adriatic Sea. Water
Research. 37:3253-3262. Murungi JI and Robinson JW. 1987. "Synergistic
Effects of pH and Aluminium Concentration on Life
Franco A, Malavasi S, Zucchetta M, Zucchetta M,
Expectancy of Tilapia (Mozambica) Fingerlings."
Franzoi P and Torricelli P. 2006. Environmental
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, A22
influences on fish assemblage in the Venice Lagoon,
(5):391.
Italy. Chem., Ecol., 22(1):105-118.
Nimmo D, Lighter D, Bahner L. 1977. Effects of

Gaikwad SA. 1989. Acute toxicity of mercury, copper
cadmium on the shrimps, Penaeus duorarum,
and selenium to the fish Etroplus maculatus.
Palaemonetes pugio and Palaemonetes rulgaris. In
Environmental Ecology 7 (3):694-696.
physiological responses of marine biota to pollutants, ed.
Gao S and Zou D. 1995. Acute toxicity of Cd, Zn and by Vernberg, F.; Calaberse, A.; Thurberg, F. &
Mn to larvae of. Penaeus pencillatus. Bulletin of Marine Vernberg, W., 131-183, New York, Academic Press.
Science. 14:83-86.
Pagenkopf GK. 1986. Metal ion speciation and toxicity
Hamed MA. 2002. Physicochemical variables that in aquatic systems. Pages 101-118 in Editor H. Sigel.
regulate mobilization and immobilization of toxic heavy Concepts on Metal Ion Toxicity.
metals in aquatic environment. Report National Institute

Rani AU. 2000. Cadmium induced bioaccumulation in Wall TW and Hanmer RW. 1987. Biological testing to
tissue of freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus. control toxic water pollutants. Journal of the Water
Ann. N.Y. Acad., 919(1):318-320. Pollution Control Federation 59(1):7-12.
Rasmussen AD and Andersen O. 2000. Effects of Waqar A. 2006. Levels of selected heavy metals in Tuna
cadmium exposure on volume regulation in the lugworm, fish. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 31(1A):89-92.
Arenicola marina. Aquatic toxicology. 48:151-164.
Wayne GL and Ming HY. 1998. Introduction to
Salanki J, V- Balogh K. 1989. Physiological environmental toxicology: Impacts of chemicals upon
background for using freshwater mussels in monitoring ecological systems. 134-138, (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC
copper and lead pollution. Hydrobiologia, 188/189:445- Press Inc., Lewis Publishers).
454.
Yousuf MHA and El-Shahawi. 1999. Trace metals in
Salanki J, V Balogh K. 1985. Uptake and release of Lethrinus lentjan fish from Arabian Gulf: Metal
mercury and cadmium in various organs of mussels accumulation in Kidney and Heart Tissues. Bull.
(Anodonta cygnea L.) In: Heavy metals in water, Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 62(3):293-300.
organisms (Ed by Salanki, J) Akademia Kiado Budapest
Zyadah M. 1999. Accumulation of some heavy metals
Symposia .Biologica, Hungarica, 29:325-342.
in Tilapia zillii organs from Lake Manzalah, Egyptian
Spehar R, Anderson R, Fiandt J. 1978. Toxicity and Turkish J. of Zool., 23:365-372.
bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in aquatic
Zyadah M. 1995. Environmental impact assessment of
invertebrates. Environ Pollut1 5:195-208.
pollution in Lake Manzalah and its effect on fishes.
Strickland JDH and Parsons TRA. 1972. Practical Ph.D.Thesis, Faculty of Science, Mansura University,
nd
hand book of sea water analysis 2 edition. Fish Res. Egypt, 127.
Bd. Canada, (125):311.
Taylor D, Maddock B and Mance G. 1985. The acute

toxicity of nine "grey list" metals (arsenic, boron,
chromium, copper, lead, nickel, tin, vanadium and zinc)
to two marine fish species: dab (Limanda limanda) and
grey mullet (Chelon labrosus). Aquatic Toxicology,
7:135-144.
Tort L and Torres P. 1988. The effects of sub lethal
Advantages
concentration of cadmium on hematological parameters Easy online submission
in the dog fish, Scyliorhinus Caniccula. J. Fish. Biol., 32 Complete Peer review
Affordable Charges
(2): 277-282. Quick processing
Extensive indexing
USEPA. 1993. Statistical analysis for biological Open Access and Quick spreading
methods. 1, United States Environment Protection You retains your copyright
Agancy, Available from http://www.epa.gov/nerleerd/ submit@ficuspublishers.com
www.ficuspublishers.com/submit1.php.
stat2.htm#probit.
Original Research
Publication group
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictaginaceae) against

the growth and development of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. l. (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: ABSTRACT:
Rajmohan D and
Logankumar K. Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis was
evaluated for the egg hatchability, larvicidal and pupicidal activity of mosquito,
Aedes aegypti under the room temperature in the laboratory. A relationship was
Institution: observed between the plant extract dose and the percentage of egg hatchability,
PG and Research
larval and pupal mortality. Dosage value as expressed in % was 0.01 to 4.0 for
Department of Zoology
Aedes aegypti. The percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality were
Kongunadu Arts and Science
College, Coimbatore - found to increase with the dosage indicating a relationship between the two. Based
641 029, Tamilnadu, India. on the probit analysis the LC50 (mg/l) value of egg (31), I instar (59), II instar (231),
III instar (606), IV instar (1578) and pupa (2637) were observed.
Corresponding author: Keywords:

Rajmohan D Aedes aegypti, Bougainvillea spectabilis, LC50
Email: Article Citation:

rajmohandevadass@gmail.com Rajmohan D and Logankumar K.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictaginaceae)
against the growth and development of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. l.
(Diptera: Culicidae)
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 028-032
Web Address:
http://ficuspublishers.com/
documents/AS0012.pdf
Dates:
Received: 16 Jul 2012 Accepted: 25 Jul 2012 Published: 14 Aug 2012
cited.

Animal Sciences
Rajmohan and Logankumar, 2012
INTRODUCTION Keeping this in view, the present study has been carried
Mosquitoes are the most important single group out to evaluate the effect of Bougainvillea spectabilis on
of insects well- known for their public health importance, the growth and development of Aedes aegypti.
since they act as a vector for many tropical and
sub tropical diseases such as dengue fever, yellow fever, MATERIALS AND METHODS
malaria, filariasis and encephalitis of different types Important vector species of mosquito,
including, Japanese encephalitis. (Service and Aedes aegypti (L) is selected for the present
Youdeowei, 1983). Mosquitoes transmit some of the study (Jan 2007- July 2007). Leaves of
world’s worst life threatening and debilitating parasitic Bougainvillea spectabilis were collected from wasteland
and viral diseases including malaria, filariasis and and brought to the Kongunadu Arts and Science College
dengue fever. These diseases are on the rise in many research laboratory. The separated leaves were dried
tropical and subtropical areas (WHO, 1986). under shade at room temperature (29±1°C) for about
Insect- transmitted diseases remain a major source of 20 days. The completely dried leaves were powdered and
illness and death world wide. Mosquitoes alone transmit sieved to get fine powder of leaf. The acetone leaf extract
diseases to more than 700 million people annually from the sieved fine leaf powder was obtained by using
(Taubers. 1997). Aedes aegypti is a principal vector of Soxhlet apparatus. One gram of the concentrated extract
dengue fever and dengue hemorrhage fever and it is of dried leaf of Bougainvillea spectabilis was dissolved
reported to infect more than hundred million people in 100ml of acetone and kept as stock solution
every year in more than 100 countries in the tropics (10mg/ml). This stock solution was used to prepare the
(Halstead, 2000). Mosquitoes cause annoyance to man desired concentration of the extract for exposure of the
and other animals and affect health for centuries. mosquito egg, larvae and pupae.
These are the carriers of malaria, yellow fever, filariasis The eggs of Aedes aegypti were procured from
and Encephalitis (Perich et al., 1994). Control of such the research laboratory of Indian Center for
mosquito borne diseases is becoming more and difficult, Communicable Diseases at Mettupalayam and were
because of the increasing resistance to pesticides, lack of maintained in the laboratory conditions (29±1°C). On the
effective vaccines and drugs against disease causing next day, the eggs were observed to hatch out into first
mosquitoes. Hence, an alternative approach for mosquito instar larvae. Appropriate amount of nutrients
control is the use of extract of plant origin (El Hag et al., (Yeast powder and glucose) were added to the culture
1999). Search of natural insecticides, which do not have medium. For the treatment of egg, larvae and pupae with
any ill effects on the non-target population and are easily the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis 100ml of tap
degradable, remains to be one of the top priority issues water was kept in a series of glass beakers (of 200ml
for the tropical countries (Redwane et al., 2002). capacity). Required quantity of stock solution
Recently the workers have shifted their focus from (containing 10 mg/ml) was added into each beaker
synthetic insecticides to botanicals because plant (containing 100 ml of tap water) to obtain a particular
materials are non-toxic to non-target animals, have no concentration of the extract. Control medium was also
phytotoxic properties and leave no residues in the maintained with 100ml of tap water added with
environment. Plants and their products could be used in maximum quantity of acetone present in the stock
the control of insects, offering a safer alternative to the solution of the extract. Separate series of exposure
conventional use of pesticides (Mulla et al., 2003). medium with desired concentration of extract were kept
029 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 028-032
Mortality percentage of different stages of Aedes aegypti against the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis
Table 1.1 Egg
Concentration (%)
Mean percentage Control 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Egg hatchability
100 78 72 62 40 24 14
Table 1.2 I instar
Concentration (%)

mortality 0 14 20 34 46 70 84
Table 1.3 II instar

Concentration (%)

mortality 0 32 52 62 74 78 84
Table 1.4 III instar

Concentration (%)

mortality 0 18 34 52 64 82 96
Table 1. 5 IV instar
Concentration (%)
Control 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Mean percentage
mortality
0 30 44 62 68 86 94
Table 1.6 Pupae

Concentration (%)

mortality 0 18 32 44 56 72 86
Table 1.7 LC50 (ppm) of the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis on the different stages of Aedes aegypti.
95%Fiducial limit (mg/l)
Plant Stages LC50 (mg/l) Lower Upper
Egg 31 19 71
I Instar 59 48 103
II Instar 231 65 726
Bougainvillea spectabilis
III Instar 606 298 889
IV Instar 1578 843 2117
Pupa 2637 2044 4102
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 028-032 030

for Aedes aegypti. The egg hatchability, larval and pupal 24h of exposure of Aedes aegypti are given in Table 1.7.
mortality of Aedes aegypti were observed separately. Based on the probit analysis, the 24h LC50 (mg/l) value
Twenty numbers of eggs, first instar to the fourth larvae of the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis for egg,
and pupa of Aedes aegypti were separately introduced different instar larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti was
into control and different concentrations of the seed found to be 31 mg/l (egg), 59mg/l (I instar), 231 mg/l
extract. At the end of 24 h the number of survival (II instar), 606 mg/l (III instar), 1578mg/l (IV instar) and
organisms were recorded and the percent mortality 2637 mg/l (pupa) (Table. 1.7). The results of the
values were calculated. Based on the percent study revealed that the experimental plant,
mortality values, LC50 value of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis is more toxic against all the
Bougainvillea spectabilis for Aedes aegypti was obtained developmental stages of Aedes aegypti. Therefore it is
separately by calculating the regression line employing understood that the plant, Bougainvillea spectabilis could
probit analysis of Finney (1964) as described by Busvin be employed for the mosquito control programme.
(1971). `The control of mosquito borne diseases can be
The effect of leaf e xt r act of achieved either by killing or preventing mosquitoes from
Bougainvillea spectabilis on the mortality of the egg, biting human beings (by using repellents) or by causing
larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti following 24h were larval mortality in a large scale at the breeding centers of
corrected for natural response by Abbot’s formula the vectors in the environment. A survey of literature on
(Abbot, 1925) as follows: corrected % kill= (Proportion the control of different species of mosquito revealed that
of less mortality -Proportion of control mortality)/ the assessment of the efficacy of different
(1- Proportion of control mortality) 100. Busvin (1971) phytochemicals obtained from various plants exhibited
suggested that the critical doses of susceptibility could be more pronounced inhibition over the developmental
estimated with sufficient accuracy from a probit/log stages of mosquito. Despite many plants of
concentration graph. Based on the log concentration and mosquitocidal property, a very few plant products only
the probit mortality percentage values, regression have shown practical utility for mosquito control in an
equation was obtained. LC 50 (median lethal effective manner (Sukumar et al., 1991). Development of
concentration) values of the leaf extract of insecticides from plant origin is essential because of their
Bougainvillea spectabilis for 24 h of exposure of egg, biodegradable, non-toxic quality and also safe for the
larvae and pupae (Aedes aegypti) and their fiducial limits public health. Thus the observations made in the present
(95% upper fiducial limit and lower fiducial limit) were study have come as yet another evidence for the
calculated. significant influence of the plant desired botanical
pesticide like Bougainvillea spectabilis in the control of
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the mosquito, Aedes aegypti.
Mortality values of egg, larvae and pupae treated
with different concentration (ranging from 0.01% to
4.0%) of the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis at REFERENCES
the end of 24hrs are represented in Tables 1.1 to 1.6 for Abbot WS. 1925. A method for computing the
egg, different instar larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti. effectiveness of the insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol;
The LC50 values and their 95% upper and lower fiducial 18:265-7.
limits of the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis for
Busvin R J. 1971. A critical review of the techniques (Diptera Culicidae). /. Med. Entomol. 31(6):833-837.
for testing insecticides. Commonwealth Agricultural
Redwane A, Lazrek HB, Bouallam S, Markouk M,
Bureau, London, 263-288
Amarouch H. and Jana M. 2002. Larvicidal activity of
El Hag EA, El Nadi AH and Zaitoon AA. 1999. Toxic extract from Querus lusitania var infectoria galls (oliv).
and growth retarding effects of three plant extracts on J. Ethenopharmaco. 79:261-263.
Culex pipens larvae (Diptera:Culicidae). Phytother. Res.
Service MW and Youdeowei A. 1983. Management of
13(5):388-392 .
vectors. Editors. Pest Vector Management in Tropics;
Finney DJ. 1964. Probit analysis. 2nd Edition, 265-280.
Cambridge University Press, London, 20.
Sukumar KMJ, Perich and Boombar LR. 1991.
Halstead SB. 2000. Global perspective on Dengue Botanical derivatives in mosquito control: A review. J.
Research. Dengue Bulletin, 24:77-82. Am. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 7:210-237.
Mulla MS, Thavara U, Tawatsin A, Chompoosri J Taubers G. 1997. A. Mosquito bites bank. New York
and Zaim M. 2003. Laboratory and field evaluation of Times Magazine. August 24:40-46.
novaluron, a new insect growth regulator (IGR), against
WHO. 1986. Resistance of vectors and reservoirs of
Aedes aegypti. Journal of Vector Ecology 28:241-254.
disease to pesticides. Tenth report of the Expert
Perich MJ, Berstsch W and Tredwau KE. 1994. Committee on Vector Biology and Control. Technical
Toxicty of extracts from three Tagetes against adults and Report Series, 737:87.
larvae of yeiow fever mosquto and Anopheles stephensi

Advantages
Affordable Charges
Quick processing
Extensive indexing

Original Research
Publication group
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,

Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions
Authors: ABSTRACT:
Bilal Ahmad Paray,
Haniffa MA and Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus
Manikandaraja D. (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east
monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic
Institution: Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates
Centre for Aquaculture
were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of
Research and Extension,
C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave
St. Xavier’s College
(Autonomous), satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection.
Palayamkottai, India, The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours
Pin-627 002. after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate
varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be
Corresponding author: satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Haniffa MA.
Email: Keywords:
haniffacare@gmail.com Induced breeding, snakehead murrel, Channa striatus.

http://ficuspublishers.com/ Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
documents/AS0010.pdf Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039
Dates:
Received: 16 May 2012 Accepted: 04 Jul 2012 Published: 17 Aug 2012
cited.

Animal Sciences
Paray et al., 2012
INTRODUCTION sufficient and is also decreasing day by day. Therefore,

The striped murrel, Channa striatus commonly proper management initiatives of this species should be
called snakehead (Bloch, 1793) (Channiformes: taken to save this fish and the knowledge on proper
Channidae) is a commercially important ubiquitous breeding techniques is one of them.
species and along with other species of the genus, is one Murrels breed naturally during southwest
of the most important sources of food fish. The flesh of monsoon and northeast monsoon in flooded rivers, paddy
this fish is firm, white, practically boneless, and has a fields and ponds in India. But monsoon failure often
most desirable flavour. Moreover it is the main food fish limits their breeding behaviour. In this regard,
in South-East Asia. The heavy dark skin and head are hypophysation is a simple practical technique but suffers
good for soup preparation and is usually sold separately from the disadvantage of gonadotropic potency of the
(Davison, 1975). It is cultured in India, Pakistan and pituitary and difficulty to standardise. Hence alternative
Thailand and commercially cultured in Thailand, sources viz. human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Philippines, Cambodia and Vietnam (Wee, 1982). (Mollah and Tan 1983; Zairin et al., 1992; Inyang and
Its flesh is claimed to be rejuvenating, particularly during Hettiarachchi 1994), luteinizing hormone releasing
convalescence from serious illness as a post natal diet hormone (LH-RH) (Billard et al., 1984; De Leeuw et al.,
(Wee, 1980). The fish is very hardy and if kept moist, 1985; Fermin 1992) and Ovaprim (Alok et al., 1993;
can remain alive for a long time out of water and is Francis 1996; Haniffa et al., 1996) have been attempted
mostly sold alive. This fish can survive in harsh in air-breathing fishes. C. striatus is now considered to
environments with low dissolved oxygen and high be an endangered fish in Bangladesh (IUCN, Bangladesh
ammonia (Ng and Lim, 1990; Qin et al, 1997) and 1998). Considering their economic as well as biological
therefore are often cultured in shallow waters. importance, the present study was undertaken to develop
This characteristic is valuable for marketing, because a simple induced breeding technique of C. striatus.
live snakehead fetch considerably higher prices than
dead fish (Wee, 1982; Qin and Fast, 2003). Because of MATERIALS AND METHODS
its hardy nature and capacity to thrive in swamps and The experiments were conducted during the
other derelict waters, murrels have attracted the attention north-east monsoon, the natural breeding season of
of the fish farmers for culture in shallow water C. striatus (October; 2009) in fibre tanks of different
bodies/artificial earthen ponds without much investment. capacity (1000 L and 5000 L) at the Centre
Till two decades ago murrels were available in for Aquaculture Research and Extension (CARE),
adequate number in many water bodies in the haors, St Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli. The
baors, beels, rivers, ponds, ditches and even in irrigation brooders were collected from Thamirabarani river
canals of India which is not the case now. The main system in Tamilnadu (8.44°N, 77.44°E) and were safely
reasons are the destruction of their breeding grounds, transported to CARE Aquafarm. The brooders were
catching of young Juveniles and the outbreaks of acclimatized to laboratory conditions for a month and
ulcerative syndrome disease, use of agro-chemicals and were fed with semi moist feed consisting of
pesticides. To obtain quality fish, fish seed is anchovy (35%), jawala (25%), tapioca (10%), wheat
prerequisite. The fish seeds from the wild still remain the flour (15%), and rice flour (15%) and chopped chicken
main source of seed supply in the country. But the supply intestine ad libitum. Mature healthy males (40) and
of fish seeds from the natural spawning grounds is not females (20) were selected from the available brood
Paray et al., 2012
stock by sexual dimorphism. The abdomen in female fish of fertilized eggs/number of total eggs × 100. After
is slightly bulged which is not observed in male fishes. 22-30 h of fertilization, hatchlings emerged out of the
Vent is pale and slit like in male, which is round in shape egg shell and hatching was completed within the next six
and reddish in colour in female fish. Anal papilla like hours. The rate of hatching was calculated as number of
structure appeared prominently with pointed tip in male hatchlings/ number of total eggs ×100
fish; whereas a slightly reddish dot was noticed in female
fish (Chakrabarty, 2006). The female fish oozed eggs RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
while stripping whereas male never. The average weight The results of breeding trials of C. striatus under
of male and female breeders for the present experiment captive conditions are summarized in Table 1 and
was 681g and 744 g respectively. The corresponding Table 2. Each female paired with only a single male
lengths were 27 cm and 29 cm. A day before the (Parameswaran and Murugesan 1976; Thakur, 1976;
experiment the required breeders were transferred to Moitra et al., 1979) and the other male was rejected. The
fibre tanks (1000L and 5000L) filled with tap water spawning pairs were seen moving together in the
(dissolved oxygen: 5.8-6.5 ppm; CO2 5.2-6 ppm; breeding tank. Male showed more aggressiveness and
pH 7.5-8.1; salinity 1.01-1.04%; temperature 27-29°C). active participation in mating. Mating was preceded by
Three doses of HCG were chosen viz: low an elaborate courtship. The active male chased the
dose (2000 IU/kg body weight), medium dose female and frequently excited its movement which
(4000 IU/kg body weight) and high dose commenced from 10-12 h after the hormone injection,
(6000 IU/kg body weight). For each dose two trials in irrespective of the dosage of the hormone and capacity of
two different size fibre tanks (1000 L and 5000 L) with
triplicates were made and each dose was administered
only once to male and female. Each breeding set
consisted of two males and one female (2:1) (fig. 1).
Injections were made intra-muscularly in the
dorso-lateral region using 1 ml insulin syringe (fig. 3).
1. Breeding Set 2. HCG Vial
After HCG injection, the breeding sets were released into
fibre tanks separately. A control set was maintained for
both the experiments without administration of hormone.
Each breeding tank was covered by a mosquitonet and
aquatic weed viz: Hydrilla verticillata was introduced.
Breeding behaviour was observed after the breeders were
injected by the hormone and spawning occurred after 3. Hormonal Injection 4. Breeding Behaviour
24 hrs. After 3-4 days, spent fishes were removed from
the breeding tanks, washed in KMnO4 solution and
released back into the stocking pond. Eggs were adhesive
in nature which provided good protection to them. The
transparent eggs were considered as fertilized ones
whereas the opaque eggs were considered as dead eggs. 5. Egg mass 6. Hatchlings
The percentage of fertilization was calculated as number Plate 1

Paray et al., 2012
Table 1: Breeding performance of C. striatus injected with different doses of HCG (1000 L fibre tank)
Weight of
B reeding Breeders (gms) HCG dosage Latency Fertilization In cu b at i on Hatching
Set IU/Kg BW Period (h) Rate (%) Period (h) Rate (%)
Male Female
680
1 700 2000 29 40 34 60
650
650
2 720 2000 - - - -
690
770
3 830 2000 - - - -
710
730
4 790 4000 24 70 26 65
770
740
5 750 4000 - - - -
680
740
6 780 4000 23 75 30 70
610
690
7 720 6000 21 80 22 75
710
720
8 750 6000 21 75 24 75
710
650
9 690 6000 19 75 24 80
640
630
10 710 Control - - - -
690
the breeding tanks. In all the sets, the important potency of the hormone (Legendre, 1986). The latency
observation was that the male was more actively period available in the literature is 24-30 h in
involved in the courtship and spawning irrespective of Channa punctatus (Marimuthu et al., 2009) 22-25 h for
the dosage of the hormone and capacity of the breeding H. fossilis (Kohli and Goswami 1987) and 16-20 h
tanks. It was also observed that the male was hitting the (Munshi and Hughes 1991) for Clarias gariepinus.
snout and vent region of the female more frequently. The Higher latency period in HCG injected breeders at the
mating pair inclined slightly to one side, keeping the anal dose of 2000 IU/kg of body weight indicates the
regions close to each other, forming an X-shaped difference in the mode of action of the hormone. The
appearance (fig. 4). At the time of courtship, the male difference in the latency period was irrespective of the
bent its body close to the female and the breeders joined breeding tank capacity. No marked differences in
together which ultimately resulted in the release of the breeding and spawning behaviour were observed in case
milt from the male and the eggs from the female of males, with varied dosages of the hormone. The eggs
followed by external fertilization. were straw yellow in colour and spherical in shape. The
It has been observed that early spawning fertilized eggs (1.3±0.05 mm) were adhesive and found
(19-24 h) occurred in the fishes injected with the doses to stick on to the aquatic weeds (fig. 5). The fertilization
of 4000 and 6000 IU/kg body weight, as compared to rate varied from 40-80%. Low rate of fertilization was
lower dose (2000 IU/kg); it took 27-29 h for spawning. recorded (40-50%) in the case of lower dose
Francis (1996) too reported high latency period for (2000 IU/kg) whereas not much difference was observed
Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus due to low in the other two doses of HCG. The eggs hatched out
Paray et al., 2012
Table 2: Breeding performance of C. striatus injected with different doses of HCG (5000 L fibre tank)
Weight of
Breeding Breeders (gms) HCG dosage Latency Fertilization Incubation Hatching Rate
Set IU/Kg BW Period (h) Rate (%) Period (h) (%)
Male Female
670
1 760 2000 - - - -
680
650
2 710 2000 27 50 36 55
630
660
3 760 2000 - - - -
640
660
4 750 4000 22 70 27 60
670
640
5 750 4000 24 70 29 60
690
650
6 760 4000 - - - -
690
680
7 780 6000 22 75 22 70
710
660
8 720 6000 24 70 26 70
650
710
9 730 6000 - - - -
700
690
10 720 Control - - - -
650
between 22-36 h after fertilization. The incubation period way towards commercialization of the technology for
showed a decrease as a function of increase in the dosage upscaling of seed production at stakeholders farms.
of the hormone in both the experiments. The changes in
colour of eggs and other characteristics were noticed ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
during embryonic development. The hatching percentage The study was supported by the ICAR-NAIP Sub
ranged from 55-80%. Hatching rate in both the Project (F. No: 1 (5)/ 2007 – NAIP dt 22 August 2008)
experiments was comparatively higher for the dose of New Delhi sanctioned to Dr.M.A. Haniffa, Director
6000 IU/kg body weight. Throughout the hatching period CARE. The authors would like to thank
male attended fanning over the eggs, keeping the eggs Rev. Dr. Alphonse Manickam S.J, Principal St. Xavier’s
aerated and guarding eggs and hatchlings. College for providing the necessary facilities and
encouragement.
CONCLUSION:
In the present study among the 20 breeding sets, REFERENCE:
11 sets responded spawning. No breeding activity was Alok D, Krishnan T, Talwar GP, Garg LC. 1993.
observed in the control sets indicating that inducing Induced spawning of cat fish Meter opneustes fossilis
agent is necessary for breeding under captivity. Based on (Bloch), using D-Lys super (6) salmon gonadotropin
our findings HCG dose of 6000 IU/kg body weight could releasing hormone analog. Aquaculture, 115:159-167.
be recommended for seed production of C. striatus under
Billard R, Reinaud P, Hollebecq MG, Breton B. 1984.
captivity using fibre tanks. The successful development
Advancement and synchronization of spawning in
of protocols for captive breeding is likely to pave the

Paray et al., 2012
Salmo gairdneri and Sital trutta. following Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 1(1):06-09.
administration of LHRHa combined or not with
Moitra A, Pandey A, Ghosh TK, Munshi JSD. 1979.
pimozide. Aquaculture, 43:57-66.
Spawning behavior, post-embryonic development and
Chakrabarty NM. 2006. Murrels & Murrel Culture, culture of Anabastes tudineus (Bloch). Symposium on
Narendra Publishing House, Delhi. Inland Aquaculture held at CIFRI, Barrackpoore, West
Bengal, Abstract No. 3:2-3.
Davison A. 1975. Fish and Fish Dishes of Laos.
Imprimerie Nationale Vientiane.202. Mollah MFA, Tan ESP. 1983. HCG-induced spawning
of the catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunter).
De Leeuw R, Goods HJT, Richter CJJ, Edind EH.
Aquaculture, 35:239-247.
1985. Pimozide-LHRHa induced breeding in the African
catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). Aquaculture, Munshi DJS, Hughes GM. 1991. Air breathing fishes
44:299-302. of India. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
Fermin JDT. 1992. Induction of oocyte maturation
and ovulation in the freshwater Asian catfish, Ng PKL and Lim KKP. 1990. Snakeheads (Pisces:
Clarias macrocephalus by LHRHa and pimozide. Channidae): natural history biology and economic
J. Appl. Ichthyol., 80:90-98. importance. In: Chou, L. M. and K. L. P. Ng (eds.),
Essays in Zoology. Papers Commemorating the 40th
Francis T. 1996. Studies on the effect of pituitary
Anniversary of the Department of Zoology. National
hormone and feeds on the reproduction of
University of Singapore, Singapore. 127-152.
Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). PhD Thesis. Tamilnadu
Veterinary and Animal Science University, Madras, Parameswaran S, Murugesan VK. 1976. Observation
India. on the hypophysation of murrels (Ophiocephalidae).
Hydrobiology, 50:81-87.
Haniffa MA, Shaik Mohamed J, Merlinrose T. 1996.
Induction of ovulation in Channa striatus (Bloch) by Qin JG and Fast AW. 2003. Intensive culture of
SGnRH. Fishing Chines, 23-24. snakehead (Channa striatus) during larval, juvenile and
growth stages. American Fisheries Society Symposium
Inyang NM, Hettiarachchi M. 1994. Efficacy of human
38:33-41.
chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and crude extract of fish
and frog in oocyte maturation and ovulations in African Qin J, Fast AW and Kal AT. 1997. Tolerance of
catfish Clarias gariepinus Burchell. Aquacult. Fish. snakehead Channa striatus to ammonia at different pH.
Manag., 25:245-258. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 28:87-90.
Kohli MPS, Goswami UC. 1987. Spawning behaviour Thakur NK. 1976. On the spawning behavior of
of a freshwater airbreathing Indian catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn). Japan J. Ichthyol., 23:178-180.
Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Matsya, 12:180-183.
Wee KL. 1982. The biology and culture of snakeheads.
Marimuthu K, Jesu Arockiaraj A, Haniffa MA. 2009. In: Recent Advances in Aquaculture (ed. by J.F. Muir &
Effect of diet quality on seed production of the spotted R.J. Roberts), 180-211. Westview Press, Boulder,
snakehead Channa punctatus (Bloch). International CO, USA.

Paray et al., 2012
Wee KL. 1980. Snakeheads: Their biology and culture.

In: Advance in Aquaculture. Vol. III. (Ed., Roberts, T.J.)
181-211.
Zairin M. jr, Furukawa K, Aida K. 1992. Induction of

ovulation by HCG infection in the tropical walking
catfish Clarias batrachus reared under 23-25°C. Nippon
Suisan Gakkaishi, 59,9:1681-1685.

Advantages
Affordable Charges
Quick processing
Extensive indexing

Behavior of Feeding in Guppy Poecilia Re

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Behavior of Feeding in Guppy Poecilia Re

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Journal of Research in Animal Sciences

An International Online Open Access

Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.

Phone No: Article Citation:

Web Address: Dates:

Journal of Research in 001-006 | JRAS | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 1

INTRODUCTION have started in the early 1930’s in the United States

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 001-006 003

In aquarium No.4 only feeding in point B DISCUSSION

Munz and McFarland 1977 suggested that REFERENCES

Nicol JAC. The Eyes of Fishes. Clarendon Press,

Olivier K. 2001. The Ornamental Fish Market.

Richter H. 1999 A review of the fish feeding

Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 001-006 005

Central Nervous System and Fish Behavior,

Whitern WL. 1962. Hybrid guppies. T.F.H.

Young JZ. 1962. The life of vertebrates. Clarendon

Submit your articles online at Ficuspublishers.com

006 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 001-006

Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC-50) on physicochemical parameters of water

upon exposure to Ophiocephalus punctatus

Web Address: Article Citation:

INTROCUTION: fisherman of Mulchera (District-Gadchiroli). It was

observed decreasing consistently from 24 to 96 hrs of

Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 007-012 009

Table-1. Effect of Zinc chloride (LC-50) on Physicochemical Parameters of Water

Fig 5. Showing alternation in Dissolved Oxygen in

metabolic rate of fish. The total alkalinity as calcium

APHA. 1989. Standard methods for examination of

Bacher SS and Chilke AM. 2012. On exposure to LC-

Frieden E. 1972. The chemical elements of life.

Goodwin TH, Young AR, Holmes MGR, Old GH

Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 007-012 011

Gupta P and Srivastava N. 2006. Effects of sub lethal

Holcombe GW, Benoit DA and Leonard EN. 1979.

Labonne M, Othman DB and Luck JM. 2001. Lead

Shukla V, Rathi P and Sastry KV. 2003. Effect of

Shukla V, Dhankhar M, Prakash J and Sastry KV.

Srivastava N and Verma H. 2009. Alterations in

Yoon S, Sang-Seop H and Rana SVS. 2008. Molecular

012 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 007-012

Induction of tetraploidy in an ornamental fish koicarp

Cyprinus carpio L, using heat shock

Email: Article Citation:

Journal of Research in 013-019 | JRAS | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 1

INTRODUCTION (Pandian and Koteeswaran 1998). A number of methods

Deformed fry include diploid and haploid

Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 013-019 015

Deformed fry include diploid and haploid

Time after Shock duration Hatching Survival Tetraploid Deformed

Deformed fry include diploid and haploid

(38, 39 & 400C) at embryo ages higher or lower than 30 CONCLUSION

Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 013-019 017

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Myers JM and Hershberger WK. 1996. Artificial

018 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 013-019

salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture, 43:313-322.

Tabata K. 1991. Application of chromosomal

Varadaraj K. 1993. Endocrine and genetic studies on

Zaho YC and Brown JA. 2001. Impacts of egg size and

Zar JH. 2000. Biostatistical analysis (2 nd Eds) Prentice -

Submit your articles online at Ficuspublishers.com