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A Aplicação de Softwares Matemáticos Nos Ensinos Básico e Superior
A Aplicação de Softwares Matemáticos Nos Ensinos Básico e Superior
Pointwise Convergence
Uniform Convergence
Properties of Uniform Convergence
Aye Pyone
Professor
Department of Mathematics
University of Mandalay
ayepyone2006@gmail.com
09 403711872
Outline
2 Pointwise Convergence
3 Uniform Convergence
Introduction
a sequence is a succession of numbers whose order is
determined by a formula or a function
1,1/2,1/3,1/4,. . . ,1/n,1/(n +1),. . . is a sequence of real
numbers with nth term is 1/n
1
rewrite it by a formula an = n
let A = {a1 , a2 , . . .} and N = {1, 2, . . .}. A sequence is a
function f : N → A defined by f (n) = an
the limit is a basic idea of many important ideas
If a sequence has a finite limit then it converges.
Some results of sequences of real or complex numbers and
sequences of functions on a set are discussed in [2]
In [1], it is considered sequences of functions whose domain is
in the set of real numbers.
Aye Pyone Math 3
Sequence of Real Numbers
Pointwise Convergence
Uniform Convergence
Properties of Uniform Convergence
Introduction
There are two convergences of sequences, namely, pointwise
and uniform convergences
if the convergence of a sequence of functions is uniform then
each function in sequence preserves basic properties such as
continuity, order of limit, interchange of limit and integrability,
and interchange of limit and differentiability
Studying of sequences of functions on a subset of the set of
all real numbers is abstract subject
study of this case is theoretical ways
Geometrical ways provide to understand algebraic ways
illustrate sequences by geometric view
, these are illustrated by graphs. These graphs are drawn by
Maple 2020 software and online latex equation editor
software: Latex4technics
Aye Pyone Math 4
Sequence of Real Numbers
Pointwise Convergence
Uniform Convergence
Properties of Uniform Convergence
1.1 Definition
A sequence {an } converges to a real number L if for every ϵ, there
exists a positive integer N such that if
n ≥ N ⇒ |an − L| < ϵ.
n
Figure 1.2: Graph of an = n+1 for n = 1, . . . , 20
Aye Pyone Math 8
Sequence of Real Numbers
Pointwise Convergence
Uniform Convergence
Properties of Uniform Convergence
1.2 Example
n
We consider the sequence {an } where an = n+1 .
an − 1 < ϵ
1.3 Definition
If for all real numbers L, {an } does not converge to L, then
diverges.
1.4 Example
The sequence {an } where an = n.
an − L = n − L ≥ n − |L|.
1.5 Theorem
A convergent sequence of real numbers has uniquely limit.
1.6 Definition
Suppose that a function f : D → R, with D ⊂ R. Then f is
continuous at a point a ∈ D if and only if for any ϵ > 0 there exists
δ > 0 such that if x ∈ D and |x − a| < δ imply |f (x) − f (a)| < ϵ.
f is continuous on D if f is continuous at every point of D.
2.1 Definition
Let D ⊂ R and fn : D → R for each n. A sequence of functions
{fn } converges pointwise on D to a function f , f : D → R if and
only if for each x0 ∈ D the sequence of real numbers {fn (x0 )}
converges to a real number f (x0 ).
The function f is called the pointwise limit function.
2.2 Remark
2.3 Example
Consider a sequence of functions {fn } where fn : [0, 1] → R by
fn (x) = xn .
2.4Example
The pointwise limit function of a sequence {fn } where
fn : [0, 1] → R is defined by fn (x) = x/n is the zero function on
[0, 1] because
x
lim fn (x) = lim = 0.
n→∞ n→∞ n
2.5 Remark
Functions in Example 2.4 are illustrated in Figure 2.2. The
highlighted curve is the pointwise limit function f (x) = 0.
Each function fn and f are continuous, differentiable,
integrable and bounded.
x
Figure 2.2: Graph of fn (x) = n, n = 1, 2, 3, 4
Aye Pyone Math 19
Sequence of Real Numbers
Pointwise Convergence
Uniform Convergence
Properties of Uniform Convergence
2.6 Example
Let f : f : [0, 1] → R be defined by fn (x) = n2 x(1 − x2 )n for each
n. The pointwise limit function is 0 from Figure 2.3.
Z 1 Z 1
lim fn (x)dx ̸= lim fn (x)dx
n→∞ 0 0 n→∞
.
2.7 Defintion
Let fn : D → R for each n. Then the sequence {fn } diverges on
D if and only if there is a point x0 ∈ D such that the sequence
{fn (x0 ))} diverges.
2.8 Example
(i) Let fn : [0, ∞) → R be defined by fn (x) = n(see Figure 2.4(a))
diverges.
(ii) Let fn : [0, ∞) → R be defined by fn (x) = (−1)n+1 (see Figure
2.5(b)) diverges.
3.1 Defintion
Let each function fn : D → R with D ⊂ R. A sequence of
functions {fn } converges uniformly to a function f where
f : D → R if for every ϵ > 0 there exists a positive integer N such
that if n ≥ N then |fn (x) − f (x)| < ϵ for all x ∈ D. Such a
function f is called the uniform limit of {fn }.
3.2 Remark
The pointwise limit must exist for the uniform limit. If the
uniform limit exists, it must be equal to the pointwise limit.
The curves of functions fn for n ≥ N exist between the two
curves of the functions f − ϵ and f + ϵ for every ϵ > 0
(seeFigure 3.1).
3.2 Example
x
The sequence of function fn (x) = n on [0, 1] converges uniformly
(see Figure 2.2).
3.3 Example
To determine whether the pointwise limit of the sequence {fn },
where function fn (x) = xn is uniform on the interval (i) [0, 1] (ii)
[0, 1) and (iii) [o, k) with k ∈ (0, r). We have found that the
pointwise limit function is
(
0 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
f (x) =
1 if x = 1
3.6 Example
(i) The sequence in Example 2.8(a) does not converge
uniform since {fn (x)} does not converge pointwise limit at
x = 0 by Remark 3.5(a)
(ii) The sequence of functions fn in Example 2.4 with domain
on R for each n does not converge uniformly since there is a
point n ∈ R such that |fn (n) − f (n)| = 1 by Remark 3.5(b).
(iii) By Remark 3.5(c), the sequence {fn } in Example 2.3
does not converge uniformly since there is a sequence
{xn } = {(1/2)n } in [0, 1] such that
|fn (n) − f (n)| = |(1/2) − 0| = 1/2
(iv) Since the sequence{fn } in Example 2.3 has
sup |fn (x) − f (1)| = 1,
x∈[0,1]
for all x ∈ D.
Aye Pyone Math 31
Sequence of Real Numbers
Pointwise Convergence
Uniform Convergence
Properties of Uniform Convergence
4.1 Theorem
If {fn } is a sequence of continuous functions that converges
uniformly to a function f on D ⊂ R, then f is continuous on D.
Proof. To proof we must use (i) each function fn and the limit
function f is continuous (ii) continuous functions are Riemann
integrable (iii) the sequence {fn } converges uniformly
Aye Pyone Math 32
Sequence of Real Numbers
Pointwise Convergence
Uniform Convergence
Properties of Uniform Convergence
4.3 Theorem
If a sequence of continuous differentiable functions {fn } that
converges pointwise to a function f on an interval [a, b], and the
sequence {fn′ } converges uniformly to a function g on [a, b] , then
f is continuously differentiable and f ′ = g.
4.4 Theorem
Suppose that {fn } is a sequence of functions fn that are
differentiable on an interval [a, b] such that the sequence {fn (x0 )}
converges at some point x = x0 ∈ [a, b]. If the sequence {fn′ }
converges uniformly to a function g on [a, b], then {fn } must
converge uniformly to f on [a, b], where f ′ (x) = g(x).
Proof. Let ϵ > 0 be given. Since {fn (x0 )} converges and {fn′ }
converges uniformly, ∃N ∈ N ∋ if
ϵ
m, n ≥ N ⇒ |fn (x0 ) − fm (x0 )| <
2
and
ϵ
|fn′ (t) − fm
′
(t)| < , ∀t ∈ [a, b]
2(b − a)
Fixed m, n ≥ N . We use Mean Value Theorem to the function
fn − fm .Thus,for any x, y ∈ [a, b] ∃t ∈ [a, b] ∋
Aye Pyone Math 34
Sequence of Real Numbers
Pointwise Convergence
Uniform Convergence
Properties of Uniform Convergence
ϵ
|[fn (x) − fm (x)] − [fn (y) − fm (y)]| = |fn′ (t) − fm
′
(t)|(x − y) < .
2
(4.2)
Then
|[fn (x) − fm (x)| < ϵ if m, n ≥ N.
By Cauchy criterion, {fn } converges uniformly on [a, b]. Say, f .
Thus, limn→∞ fn (x) = f (x).
Next, to prove that f is differentiable and
limn→∞ fn′ (x) = f ′ (x) for each x ∈ [a, b]. Define
fn (t) − fn (c) f (t) − f (c)
hn (t) = and h(t) =
t−c t−c
∀t ∈ [a, b] and t ̸= c. Then
lim hn (t) = h(t) and lim hn (t) = h′n (c)
n→∞ n→∞
for each t ∈ [a, b] \ {c}. Replacing x by t and y by c in (4.2) gives
Aye Pyone Math 35
Sequence of Real Numbers
Pointwise Convergence
Uniform Convergence
Properties of Uniform Convergence
ϵ
|hn (t) − hn (c)| <
2(b − a)
for each t ∈ [a, b] \ {c}. Therefore, by Cauchy criterion, {hn }
converges uniformly to h on [a, b] \ {c}. Thus, by Theorem 4.2,
Hence
f ′ (c) = lim h(t) = lim fn′ (c).
t→c n→∞
THE END