KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Namakkal - Trichy Main Road, Thottiam, Trichy

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ME8692 – FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
COURSE HANDOUTS

UNIT-I INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Although the name of the finite element method was given recently, the concept dates
back for several centuries. For example, ancient mathematicians found the circumference of a
circle by approximating it by the perimeter of a polygon as shown in Figure In terms of the
present-day notation, each side of the polygon can be called a “finite element.” By
considering the approximating polygon inscribed or circumscribed, one can obtain a lower
bound S(l) or an upper bound S(u) for the true circumference S. Furthermore, as the number
of sides of the polygon is increased, the approximate values
COMPARISON OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD WITH OTHER METHODS
OF ANALYSIS†
The common analysis methods available for the solution of a general field problem (e.g.,
elasticity, fluid flow, and heat transfer problems) can be classified as follows:

The finite element method will be compared with some of the other analysis methods in this
section by considering the beam vibration problem as an example.

FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAM PACKAGES

The general applicability of the finite element method makes it a powerful and
versatile tool for a wide range of problems. Hence, a number of computer program packages
have been developed for the solution of a variety of structural and solid mechanics problems.
Some of the programs have been developed in such a general manner that the same program
can be used for the solution of problems belonging to different branches of engineering with
little or no modification.
Many of these packages represent large programs that can be used for solving real complex
Problems. For example, the NASTRAN (National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Structural Analysis) program package contains approximately 150,000 Fortran statements
and can be used to analyze physical problems of practically any size, such as a complete
aircraft or an automobile structure. The availability of supercomputers (e.g., the Cray-1 and
the Cyber 205) has made a strong impact on the finite element technology. In order to realize
the full potential of these upper computers in finite element computation, special parallel
numerical algorithms, programming strategies, and programming languages are being
developed. The use of personal computers and workstations in engineering analysis and
design is becoming increasingly popular as the price of hardware is decreasing dramatically.
Many finite lement programs, specially suitable for the personal computer and workstation
environment, have been developed. Among the main advantages are a user-friendly
environment and inexpensive graphics.
INTERPOLATION MODELS
(i) It is easier to formulate and computerize the finite element equations with polynomial-type
interpolation functions. Specifically, it is easier to perform differentiation or integration with
polynomials.
(ii) It is possible to improve the accuracy of the results by increasing the order of the
polynomial, as shown in Figure 3.1. Theoretically, a polynomial of infinite order corresponds
to the exact solution. But in practice we use polynomials of finite order only as an
approximation.
When the interpolation polynomial is of order one, the element is termed a linear element. A
linear element is called a simplex element if the number of nodes in the element is 2, 3, and 4
in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions, respectively. If the interpolation polynomial is of order two or
more, the element is known as a higher order element. In higher order elements, some
secondary (midside and/or interior) nodes are introduced in addition to the primary (corner)
nodes in order to match the number of nodal degrees of freedom with the number of constants
(generalized coordinates) in the interpolation polynomial.
In general, fewer higher order elements are needed to achieve the same degree of accuracy in
the final results. Although it does not reduce the computational time, the reduction in the
number of elements generally reduces the effort needed in the preparation of data and hence
the chances of errors in the input data.
The combination of greater accuracy and a reduction in the data preparation effort has
resulted in the widespread use of higher order elements in several practical applications. We
shall consider mostly linear elements in this chapter.
If the order of the interpolation polynomial is fixed, the discretization of the region (or
domain) can be improved by two methods. In the first method, known as the r-method, the
locations of the nodes are altered without changing the total number of elements. In the
second method, known as the h-method, the number of elements is increased. On the other
hand, if improvement in accuracy is sought by increasing the order of the interpolation of
polynomial, the method is known as the p-method.
GENERAL PROCEDURE INVOLVED IN FEA.
The preprocessing step is, quite generally, described as defining the model and includes
Define the geometric domain of the problem.
Define the element type(s) to be used
Define the material properties of the elements.
Define the geometric properties of the elements (length, area, and the like).
Define the element connectivities (mesh the model).
Define the physical constraints (boundary conditions).
Define the loadings.
The preprocessing (model definition) step is critical. In no case is there a better example of
the computer-related axiom “garbage in, garbage out.” A perfectly computed finite element
solution is of absolutely no value if it corresponds to the wrong problem
Postprocessor software contains sophisticated routines used for sorting, printing, and plotting
selected results from a finite element solution. Examples of operations that can be
accomplished include Sort element stresses in order of magnitude.
Check equilibrium.
Calculate factors of safety.
Plot deformed structural shape.
Animate dynamic model behavior.
Produce color-coded temperature plots.
While solution data can be manipulated many ways in postprocessing, the most important
objective is to apply sound engineering judgment in determining whether the solution results
are physically reasonable.

INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM

d 2 y dy
1.Find a solution of the initial value problem   2 y  0, Boundary conditions are
dx 2 dx
y(0)  2, y '(0)  5
2    2  0
  1   2  0 1  1; 2  2
y1 ( x)  Ae x  2Be2 x
y( x)  Ae1x  Be2 x ; y( x)  Ae1x  Be2 x ;
y(0)  2 x  0; y  2
y(0)  Ae0  Be0
A B  2
y ' (0)  5; x  0; y  5
y1 (0)  Ae0  2Be0
y1 (0)  Ae0  2Be0
A3 B  1
A  2B  5

y( x)  3e x  e2 x
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM

1.Find the boundary value problem y"  4 y  0 with y  8   0, y  6   1

   
Solution
 2  4  0  2  4   4     i
y( x)  e x [c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x] y( x)  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x
Apply 1st Boundary condition
       
y   0; y    c1 cos 2    c2 sin 2  
8 8 8 8
 1   1   2  2
c1    c2    0; OR c1    c2    0
 2  2  2   2 
Apply 2nd Boundary condition

       
y    1; y    c1 cos 2    c2 sin 2  
6 6 6 6
 3 1
c1    c2    1
 2  2
 1   1 
c1    c2    0...........1
 2  2
 3 1
c1    c2    1................2
 2  2

Solving 1 and 2 we get

c1  2.732 c2  2.732

y( x)  [2.732cos 2 x  2.732sin 2x]

WEIGHTED RESIDUAL METHOD

Problem-1

Trial Function Assume y  a1 (10 x  x 2 )

d2y
 2a1
dx 2

R  2a1  100
 POINT COLLOCATION METHOD.
R  2a1  100  0
y  50(10 x  x2 )
a1  50

SUB DOMAIN COLLOCATION METHOD

 R dx  0
1

  2a  100  dx  0
0
1
y  50(10 x  x2 )
a1  50
LEAST SQUARES METHOD
R dx  0
2

R
 R a 1
dx  0

R
 2
a1
I
0
a1 y  50(10 x  x2 )
1

  2a  100 2  dx  0
0
1

a1  50

GALERKINS METHOD
1

 w R dx  0
0
i

wi  y  a1 ( x  x 4 )
1

 a (10 x  x )  2a  100 dx  0 y  50(10 x  x2 )

2
1 1
0

a1  50
2.Given data
d2y/dx2 + 500 x2 = 0, 0≤x≤1 The trial function is, y=a1(x-x4)
The boundary conditions are y(0)=0 and y(1)=0
To find
‘a1’ by Point collocation method (ii) Sub-domain collocation method (iii) Least
squares method (iv) Galerkin‟s method.
Solution
y  a1 ( x  x 4 )
d2y
2
 12a1 x 2
dx

R  12a1 x 2  500 x 2

Point collocation method

2 2
1 1
R  12a1    500    0 y  41.66( x  x4 )
2 2
a1  41.66
Sub-domain collocation method
 R dx  0 y  41.66( x  x4 )
1

  12a x  500 x 2  dx  0
2
1
0

a1  41.66

Least squares method

R dx  0
2

R y  41.66( x  x4 )
R a1
dx  0

R
 12 x 2
a1
I
0
a1
1

  12a x  500 x 2  12 x 2  dx  0

2
1
0

a1  41.66
Galerkin’s method.
1

 w R dx  0
0
i

wi  y  a1 ( x  x 4 ) y  41.66( x  x4 )
1

 a ( x  x )  12a x  500 x 2  dx  0
4 2
1 1
0

a1  41.66
3.Find the deflection at the centre of the SSB of span length „l‟ is subjected to UDL
throughout its length as using.
i)Point collocation method
d4y
EI   0
dx 4
 x
y  a1 sin
l
dy  x
 a1 cos
dx l l
d2y 2 x
2
  a1 2 sin
dx l l
d3y 3 x
3
  a1 3 cos
dx l l
d4y 4 x
4
 a1 4 sin
dx l l
 4 x
EI  a1 4 sin    0
 l l 
l
x
2
 l 
 4  
EI  a1 4 sin 2     0
 l l 
 
l 4
a1 
 4 EI l 4
ymax 
l 4 x 97.4 EI
y  4 sin
 EI l
l
x
2

(ii) Sub-domain collocation method.

 R.dx  0
l
 4 x
0  a1 l 4 sin l    dx  0
EI

l 4
a1 
62 EI
l 4
l 4 x ymax 
y sin 62 EI
62 EI l
RAYLEIGH’S RITZ METHOD

We shall approximate the solution w(x) by orthogonal functions of the sinusoidal type.
For example,

Where E is the young‟s modulus, and I is the moment of inertia of the beam. The variational
formulation gives the following statement of the problem: find w(x) that minimizes the
integral∗
 2.A bar of uniform cross section is clamped to one
end and left free at the other end and it is subjected to a uniform axial load P. Calculate the
displacements and stress in a bar by using two terms polynomial. Compare with exact
solutions. Solved by using Rayleigh‟s Ritz method.
u  ao  a1 x  a2 x 2  a3 x3  .......an x n
u  ao  a1 x
x  0, u  0
ao  0
u  a1 x
du
 a1
dx
 U  H
2
EA 1  du 
2 0  dx 
U   dx
2
EA 1
 
2 0
U a1 dx EAa12l
U
2
l
H   P dx
0
l  Aa1l 2
H    . Au dx H
0
2
l
H   . A u dx
0
 EAa12l  Aa1l 2
 
2 2

0
a1
EA2a1l  Al 2
 0 l
2 2 a1 
2E
l
u x
2E
l l 2
u  u1  uo  l  0 
2E 2E l

l 2
2
u 
2E

UNIT-II ONE DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS

Discretization ; The art of subdividing a structure into a convenient number of smaller
components.
Assemblage ; The process of uniting the various elements together.
Degrees of Freedom; When the force or reaction act at nodal point , node is subjected to
deformation. The deformation includes displacement, rotations and strains

To solve the system again the seven steps of FEM has to be followed, first 2 steps
contain modeling and discretization. this result in
Third step is finding stiffness matrix of individual elements Similarly

Next step is assembly which gives global stiffness matrix

Now determine global load vector

We have the equilibrium condition KQ=F

After applying elimination method we have Q2 = 0.26mm

Once displacements are known stress components are calculated as follows
Solution:
Global load vector:
We have the equilibrium condition KQ=F
After applying elimination method and solving matrices we have the value of
-3 -4
displacements as Q2 = 0.23 X 10 mm & Q3 = 2.5X10 mm

Solution:

Global stiffness matrix

Global load vector:

Solving the matrix we have

Given data
Increase In Temperature = 800C.

Bronze Aluminium Steel

A=2400 mm2 1200 mm2 600 mm2
E=83GPa 70GPa 200GPa
α=18.9x10-6/0c 23x10-6/0c 11.7x10-6/0c

To find
Displacements, Stresses and Support Reactions

 F1  A1E1  1 1  u1 
   
 F2  L1  1 1  u2 
 F1  2400  83 103  1 1  u1 
   1 1  u 
 F2  800   2
 F1  3  249 249  u1 
   10   
 F2   249 249  u2 
 F2  A2 E2  1 1 u2 
   
 F3  L2  1 1  u3 
 F2  1200  70 103  1 1 u2 
   1 1  u 
 F3  600   3
 F2  3  140 140 u2 
   10   
 F3   140 140  u3 
 F3  A3 E3  1 1 u3 
   1 1  u 
 F4  L3   4
 F3  600  200 103  1 1 u3 
   1 1  u 
 F4  400   4
 F3  3  300 300 u3 
   10   
 F4   300 300  u4 
 249 249 0 0   u1   F1 
 249 389 140
3  0  u2   F2 
10   
 0 140 440 300  u3   F3 
 
 0 0 300 300  u4   F4 
 F1  1
   A1 E11 T  
 F2  1
 F1  6 1
   83 10  2400 18.9 10  80   
3

 F2  1
 F1  3 301.19 
   10  
 F2   301.19 
 F2  1
   A2 E2 2 T  
 F3  1
 F2  6 1
   70 10 1200  23 10  80   
3

 F3  1
 F2  3 154.56 
   10  
 F3   154.56 
 F3  6 1
   200 10  600 11.7 10  80   
3

 F4  1
 F3  3 112.32 
   10  
 F4   112.32 
 F1  301.19 
F   
 2 3  86.63 
   10  
 F3   42.24 
 F4   112.32 

 249 249 0 0   u1  301.19 

 249 389 140  u   
103 
0   2   103 86.6304 
 0 140 440 300  u3   42.24 
  
 0 0 300 300  u4   112.32 
 389 140 u2  86.63
 140 440  u   42.24
  3  
u2  0.2212mm

u3  0.00345mm
 du
 E  E T
dx

1  102.5455N / mm2  2  155.009 N / mm2  3  185.475N / mm2

R  KuF

 R1   249 249 0 0   u1  301.19  R1   246.116 

R   249 389 140      R   0 
 2 3 0  u2  3  86.6304  N  2 3 N
   10    10      10  
 R3   0 140 440 300  u3   42.24   R3   0 
 R4   
 0 0 300 300  u4   112.32   R4  113.35

GIVEN DATA
Length 2L, Modulus of Elasticity E, mass density ρ and cross sectional area A,
TO FIND
Natural frequencies.
SOLUTION
STIFFNESS MATRIX
 1 1 0 
A E  1 1 A E  1 1 AE 
K1  ; K2  ; K 1 2 1
L  1 1  L  1 1  L 
 0 1 1 
MASS MATRIX
1 0 0 
 A L 1 0   A L 1 0  AL 
m1    ; m2    ;m   0 2 0 
2 0 1  2 0 1  2
0 0 1 

 K    mu P
2

 1 1 0  1 0 0   u1   P1 
AE   2 AL   u    P 
 1 2 1   0 2 0   2  2
L   2 
 0 1 1  0 0 1  u3   P3 
A E  2 1  A L  2 0 u2 
   2    0
L  1 1  2 0 1  u3 
A E  2 1  A L 2 0
   2 0
L  1 1  2 0 1 
  2 1   2 0
E
 L2  1 1   2 0 1   0   
2

   
E  2 1   2 0
 ;      0 ; 1  3.41  ; 2  0.585 
L2
 1 1  2 0 1 

E
1 1.85  ; 1 1.85
E
rad/s 2  0.76  ; 2  0.76 rad/s
 L2  L2

Result

E E
1 1.85  ; 1 1.85 rad/s 2  0.76  ; 2  0.76 rad/s
 L2  L2

UNIT III TWO DIMENSIONAL SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS

Path line and Streamline.

Path line defined as locus of pints through which a fluid particles of fixed identity passes as it
moves in space.
A steam line is an imaginary line that connects a series of points in space at a given instant in
such a manner that all particles falling on the line at the instant have velocities whose vectors
are tangent to the line.

Plane Stress & Plane strain analysis.

It is defined to be state of stress in which the stress normal to the xy plane and the shear stress
directly perpendicular to the plane are assumed to be zero.
It is defined to be state of strain in which the strain normal to the xy plane and the shear
strains are assumed to be zero.
LST elements
Six noded triangular element is known as linear strain triangle, which is shown in fig .It
has twelve unknown displacement degree of freedom. The displacement function for the
element are quadratic instead of linear as in the CST.
STRAIN DISPLACEMENT MATRIX[B}
 u1 
v 
 1
u ( x, y )   N1 0 N2 0 N3 0  u2 
u ( x, y )     
 v ( x, y )   0 N1 0 N2 0 N3   v2 
u3 
 
 v3 
u  N1u1  N 2u2  N3u3
v  N1v1  N 2v2  N3v3
u N N N
ex  ; ex  1 u1  2 u2  3 u3
x x x x
v N N N
ey  ; ey  1 v1  2 v2  3 v3
y y y y
N N N N N N
 xy  1 u1  2 u2  3 u3  1 v1  2 v2  3 v3
y y y x x x
 N1 N 2 N3   u1 
 x 0 0 0  
x x  1
v
 ex  
   N1 N 2 N3  u2 
 ey    0 0 0  
   y y y   v2 
 xy   N N1 N 2 N 2 N3 N3  u3 
 
1

 y x y x y x   v3 
p1  q1 x  r1 y p  q x  r2 y p  q x  r3 y
N1  ; N2  2 2 ; N3  3 3
2A 2A 2A
N1 q1 N 2 q2 N3 q3 N1 r N r N r
 ;  ;  ;  1 ; 2  2 ; 3 3 ;
x 2 A x 2 A x 2 A y 2 A y 2 A y 2 A
 u1 
v 
 ex   q1 0 q2 0 q3 0  1
   u 
 ey    0 r1 0 r2 0 r3   2 
   r v
 xy   1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3   2 
u3 
 
 v3 
 q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1 
 B   0 r1 0 r2 0 r3 
2A
 r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3 
q1  y2  y3 r1  x3  x2
q2  y3  y1 r2  x1  x3
q3  y1  y2 r3  x2  x1
STRESS STRAIN DISPLACEMENT MATRIX[D}
v v v v z
ex''  y ; ex''   y ; ex'''  z ; ex''' 
E E E E
x y z x y z x y z
ex  v v ; e y  v  v ; ez  v v 
E E E E E E E E E
E
x  ex (1  v)  vey  vez 
(1  v)(1  2v) 
E
y  vex  (1  v)ey  vez 
(1  v)(1  2v) 
E
z  vex  vey  (1  v)ez 
(1  v)(1  2v) 
  G ;  xy  G xy ; yz  G yz ; zx  G xy
E
G ;
2(1  v)
E E  (1  2v) 
 xy   xy ;     xy
2(1  v) (1  v)(1  2v)  2 
E E  (1  2v) 
 yz   yz ;     yz
2(1  v) (1  v)(1  2v)  2 
E E  (1  2v) 
 zx   zx ;     zx
2(1  v) (1  v)(1  2v)  2 
 
 (1  v) v v 0 0 0 
 
 v (1  v) 0   ex 
 x  
v 0 0

     ey 
 y  v  
 z  v (1  v) 0 0 0 e 
E   z 
     xy 

 xy  (1  v)(1  2v)  0 (1  2v)
0 0 0 0  
 yz   2   yz 
   (1  2v)  

 zx  0   zx 
 0 0 0 0
 2 
 (1  2v) 
 0 0 0 0 0
2 
Plane stress
 
 (1  v) v v 0 0 0 
 
 v (1  v) v 0 0 0 
 
 
 v v (1  v) 0 0 0 
E  
 D 
(1  v)(1  2v)  (1  2v) 
 0 0 0 0 0 
 2 
 (1  2v) 
 0 0 0 0 0 
 2 
 (1  2v) 
 0 0 0 0 0
2 
E E E  (1  v) 
x  (e x ve y ) ;  y  (ve x e y ) ;  xy     xy
(1  v )
2
(1  v )
2
(1  v 2 )  2 
;
   
 x  1 v 0   ex  1 v 0   ex 
  E    E   
 y   2 
v 1 0   ey  ;  D  2 
v 1 0   ey 
  (1  v )  1  v   xy  (1  v ) 
 xy  0 0  1  v   xy 
 2  0 0 
 2 

Plane strain
 
 (1  v) v v 0 0 0 
 
 v (1  v) v 0 0 0 
 
 
 v v (1  v) 0 0 0 
E  
 D 
(1  v)(1  2v)  (1  2v) 
 0 0 0 0 0 
 2 
 (1  2v) 
 0 0 0 0 0 
 2 
 (1  2v) 
 0 0 0 0 0
2 
    
 x  (1  v) v 0   ex  (1  v)
  E    v 0 
 y   (1  v) 0   ey  E  

  (1  v)(1  2v) 
v
 D   v (1  v) 0 
 xy  1  2v   xy  (1  v)(1  2v) 
1  2v 
 0 0   0 
 2  
0
2 

1.GIVEN DATA

SOLUTION
X   X 1  X 3  N1   X 2  X 3  N2  X3
Y  Y1  Y3  N1  Y2  Y3  N2  Y3
3.5   2  4 N1   7  4  N2  4 5  (3  7) N1  (4  7) N2  7

Solving above equations

N1  0.4168 & N2  0.1111
N1  N2  N3  1
N3  0.4723

N1  0.4168; N2  0.1111; N3  0.4723

N1  N2  N3  1
0.2  0.3  N3  1 ; N3  0.5
x  x1N1  x2 N2  x3 N3 ; x  0.2 1  0.3 4  0.5  3 ; x  2.9
y  y1N1  y2 N2  y3 N3 : y  0.2 1  0.3 2  0.5  6 : y  3.8

x  2.9 : y  3.8

2.GIVEN DATA
CST element
t=20mm; E=2x105 N/mm2
TO FIND
[B}
SOLUTION
  q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1 
 B   0 r1 0 r2 0 r3 
2A
 r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3 

q1  y2  y3  3  4  1 r1  x3  x2  6  4  2
q2  y3  y1  4  2  1 r2  x1  x3 1  6  5
q3  y1  y2  2  3  1 r3  x2  x1  4  1  3

 1 0 1 0 1 0 
1 
 B  0 2 0 5 0 3 
2  2.5 
 2 1 5 1 3 1

3.Given Data
The plane strain element shown in fig. the nodal displacements are:
u1= 0.005mm v1=0.002mm
u2=0.0mm v2=0.0mm
u3=0.005mm v3=0.0mm

Let E=210GPa, v=0.25 and t=10mm.

To Find
The element stresses  x ,  y , xy ,  1and 2 and the principle angle.

SOLUTION

q1  y2  y3  5  15  10 r1  x3  x2  25  15  10
q2  y3  y1  15  15  0 r2  x1  x3  5  25  20
q3  y1  y2  5  15  10 r3  x2  x1 15  5  10

1 x1 y1 1 5 15
1 1
A  1 x1 y2  1 15 5  100mm 2
2 2
1 x1 y3 1 25 15
  q1 0 q2 0 q3 0  10 0 0 0 10 0 
1 
1 
r3   B  0 20 10 
 B    0 r1 0 r2 0 2 100 
0 10 0
2A  10 10 20 0 10 10 
 r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3 
   D Bu :
 u1 
v 
 1
u 
   D  B   2 
 v2 
u3 
 
 v3 
0.005
0.002 
0.75 0.25 0   10 0 0 0 10 0   
  1   
10   
0.0
  224 10 0.25 0.75 0  
3
0 10 0 20 0 
2 100   0.0 
 0 0 0.25  10 10 20 0 10 10 
0.005
 
 0.0 
 x   5.6 
   
 y   16.8 N / mm
2

   84 
 z  
x  y   x  y 
2

 max   1       xy =95.6N/mm
2 2
2  2 

x  y   x  y 
2

 min   2       xy =72.8N/mm
2 2
2  2 

2 xy
tan 2 P  = 43.090
 x  y
4.GIVEN DATA
E=210GPa, v=0.25 and t=10mm

u1= 2.0mm v1=1.0mm

u2=0.5mm v2=0.0mm
u3=3.0mm v3=1.0mm

TO FIND
The Element Stresses  x ,  y , xy ,  1and 2 and
The Principle Angle
SOLUTION

q1  y2  y3  30  120  90 r1  x3  x2  50  80  30

q2  y3  y1  120  30  90 r2  x1  x3  20  50  30
q3  y1  y2  30  30  0 r3  x2  x1  80  20  60

1 20 30
1
A  1 80 30 ; A  2700 mm2
2
1 50 120
 90 0 90 0 0 0
 B    0 30 0 30 0 60
1 
2A
 30 90 30 90 60 0 
 1 0.25 0   1 0.25 0 
2.1105   ; D  2.110
5
0.25
D 0.25 1 0 1 0 
1   0.25    
2
0.9375
 0 0 0.375  0 0 0.375
 90 0 30 
 0 30 90 
 
1  90 0 30 
 B 
T
 
2  2700  0 30 90 
 0 0 60 
 
 0 60 0 
 K    B  D B At
T

 90 0 30 
 0 30 90 
   1 0.25 0   90 0 90 0 0 0
 90 0 30  2.1105 0.25   0 30 0 30 0 60   2700 10
1 1
K      1 0 
2  2700  0 30 90  0.9375 2  2700 
 0 0 0.375  30 90 30 90 60 0 
 0 0 60 
 
 0 60 0 

 37.5 7.5 34.5 1.5 3 6 

 7.5 17.5 1.5 9.5 9 8 
 
 34.5 1.5 37.5 7.5 3 6 
 K   46.656 103   N / mm
 1.5 9.5 7.5 17.5 9 8 
 3 9 3 9 6 0 
 
 6 8 6 8 0 16 
  u1 
v 
 1
u 
   D Bu ;    D  B   2 
 v2 
u3 
 
 v3 
2 
1 
 1 0.25 0   90 0 90 0 0 0   

2.1105   
1      0.5
0.9375 
0.25 1 0  2  2700  0 30 0 30 0 60  0.0 
 0 0 0.375  30 90 30 90 60 0   
3.0 
 
1.0 
 x  5288.36
   
 y    155.54  N / mm
2

   233.31 
 z  
x  y   x  y 
2

 max   1   max   144.956 N / mm2

     xy
2

2  2 

x  y   x  y 
2

 min   2   min   5289.9 N / mm2

     xy
2

2  2 

 P   2.590
2 xy
tan 2 P 
 x  y

5.GIVEN DATA
Take μ=0.3, E=30x106 N/m2 and t=0.1m.
Assume plane stress conditions.
TO FIND
Determine the stiffness matrix for the triangular element .
SOLUTION
q1  y2  y3  5  15  10 q2  y3  y1  15  0  15
q3  y1  y2  0  5  5
r1  x3  x2 10  10  0 r2  x1  x3  0  10  10 r3  x2  x1 10  0  10
1 0 0  10 0 15 0 5 0 
1
A  1 10 5  50m2  B  
1  0 0 0 10 0 10 
2 100 
1 10 15  0 10 10 15 10 5 
  1 0.25 0   1 0.25 0 
30 106 
D 2 
0.25 1 0  
D  32.96 10 0.25 6
1 0 
1   0.3
 0 0 0.375  0 0 0.375
 10 0 0 
 0 0 10 

1  15 0 10 
 B 
T
 
100  0 10 15 
 5 0 10 
 
 0 10 5 

 100 0 150 25 50 25 

 0 37.5 37.5 56.25 37.5 18.75 

 150 37.5 262.5 93.75 112.5 56.25 
K  16480   N/M
 25 56.25 93.75 184.375 68.75 128.125
 50 37.5 112.5 68.75 62.5 31.25 
 
 25 18.75 56.25 128.125 31.25 109.375 

The shape function for 2-dimensional heat transfer element.

u  1   2 x  3 y v   4  5 x   6 y
u1  1   2 x1  3 y1 u2  1   2 x2  3 y1 u3  1   2 x3  3 y3
 u1  1 x1 y1  1 
    
u2   1 x2 y2   2 
u  1 x y3   3 
 3  3
1
1  1 x1 y1   u1  1 x1 y1 
      y2  D 1 
CT
 2   1 x2 y2  u2  D  1 x2
  1 x   D
 3  3 y3  u3  1 x3 y3 
( x2 y3  x3 y2 ) ( x3 y1  x1 y3 ) ( x1 y2  x2 y1 )
D  1( x2 y3  x3 y2 )  x1 ( y3  y2 )  y1 ( x3  x2 ) C  ( y2  y3 )
T
( y3  y1 ) ( y1  y2 )
( x3  x2 ) ( x1  x3 ) ( x2  x1 )
( x2 y3  x3 y2 ) ( x3 y1  x1 y3 ) ( x1 y2  x2 y1 )
1 1
D   ( y2  y3 ) ( y3  y1 ) ( y1  y2 )
( x2 y3  x3 y2 )  x1 ( y3  y2 )  y1 ( x3  x2 )
( x3  x2 ) ( x1  x3 ) ( x2  x1 )
1  ( x2 y3  x3 y2 ) ( x3 y1  x1 y3 ) ( x1 y2  x2 y1 )  u1 
  1  
 2    ( y2  y3 ) ( y3  y1 ) ( y1  y2 ) u2 
  ( x2 y3  x3 y2 )  x1 ( y3  y2 )  y1 ( x3  x2 ) ( x3  x2 ) ( x1  x3 ) ( x2  x1 )  
 3 u3 

1 x1 y1 
A  1 x2 y2 
1
2
1 x3 y3 
2 A  ( x2 y3  x3 y2 )  x1 ( y3  y2 )  y1 ( x3  x2 )
1  ( x2 y3  x3 y2 ) ( x3 y1  x1 y3 ) ( x1 y2  x2 y1 ) u1 
  1  
 2    ( y2  y3 ) ( y3  y1 ) ( y1  y2 ) u2 
  2 A ( x3  x2 ) ( x1  x3 ) ( x2  x1 )  
 3 u3 
( x2 y3  x3 y2 )  a1 ;( x3 y1  x1 y3 )  a2 ;( x1 y2  x2 y1 )  a3
( y2  y3 )  b1 :( y3  y1 )  b2 ;( y1  y2 )  b3
( x3  x2 )  c1 ;( x1  x3 )  c2 ;( x2  x1 )  c3
u  1   2 x  3 y
1 
 
u  1 x y   2 
 
 3
a1 a2 a3  u1 
1  
u  1 x y  b1 b2 b3 u2 
2A
c1 c2 c3 
u3 


 u1 
 a  b x  c1 y a2  b2 x  c2 y a3  b3 x  c3 y   
u 1 1  u2 
 2A 2A 2A  
u3 
 u1 
 
u   N1 N2 N3  u2 
u 
 3

a1  b1 x  c1 y a  b x  c2 y a  b x  c3 y
N1  ; N2  2 2 ; N3  3 3
2A 2A 2A

6.GIVEN DATA
The element experiences a 200C increase in temperature.
Coefficient of thermal expansion= 6x10-6/0C.
E=2.1x105 N/mm2and v=0.25,t=5mm.

To Find
i) The Element Stiffness Matrix and
 ii) The Temperature Force Vector For The Plane Stress Element

SOLUTION
q1  y2  y3  0  3  3 q2  y3  y1  3  0  3 q3  y1  y2  0  0  0
r1  x3  x2 1  2  1 r2  x1  x3  0  1  1 r3  x2  x1  2  0  2
1 0` 0
1
A  1 2 0  3mm2
2
1 1 3
 3 0 3 0 0 0 
1 
 B   0 1 0 1 0 2 
23
 1 3 1 3 2 0 
 1 0.25 0   1 0.25 0 
2 105 0.25 2 105 
D  1 0  ; D  0.25 1 0  ;
1   0.25 
2
0.9375
 0 0 0.375  0 0 0.375
 3 0 1
 0 1 3
 
 3 0 1
 B  0.1667 
T

 37.5 7.5 34.5 1.5 3 6  0 1 3 
 7.5 17.5 1.5 9.5 9 8 0 0 2
   

3 34.5 1.5 37.5 7.5 3 6  0 2 0
K  22.23 10  
 1.5 9.5 7.5 17.5 9 8
 3 9 3 9 6 0 
 
 6 8 6 8 0 16 

 T 
e0    T 
 0 
 
6 106 10  60 
   
e0   6 106 10 ;; e0   1106 60 ; F   B  D e0  At
T

120.15
  60   40.05 
 0   
 
 12 3 1.5  120.15 
 1 F 
4 4.5 N
 60   40.05 
 12 3 1.5 6    0 
F  8.890 103   110 60   3  5  
 1 4 4.5  0  80.10 
 0  
0 3 
 
 2 8 0 
7.GIVEN DATA
Edges 2-3 & 3-1 experience convection heat loss.

TO FIND
The Element Matrix And Vectors

SOLUTION

 (b12  c12 ) (b1b2  c1c2 ) (b1b3  c1c3 ) 

 KC   (b1b2  c1c2 ) (b22  c22 ) (b2b3  c2c3 )  =
k 
2A
 (b1b3  c1c3 ) (b2b3  c2c3 ) (b32  c32 ) 

  4  16   4  32   8  16  
60  
 (4  32) (4  64) (8  32) 
4 12
(8  16) (8  32) (16  16) 

1 x1 y1 1 4 6
1 1
A  1 x1 y2  1 8 10  12cm 2
2 2
1 x1 y3 1 12 8
b1  y2  y3  10  8  2 c1  x3  x2 12  8  4
b2  y3  y1  8  6  2 c2  x1  x3  4  12  8
b3  y1  y2  6  10  4 c3  x2  x1  8  4  4
 25 35 10 
 KC   35 85 50
 10 50 40 
2 0 1 0 0 0 
h13 s13    h3 2 s3 2 0 2 1 
 Kh   0 0 0
6   6  
1 0 2 0 1 2 

s13   x1  x3    y1  y3   (4  12) 2  (6  8) 2  8.25cm

2 2

s32   x3  x2    y3  y2   (12  8) 2  (8  12) 2  4.47cm

2 2
 2 0 1 0 0 0 
15  8.25   10  4.47 
 Kh    0 0 0   0 2 1 
6 6
1 0 2  0 1 2
 41.25 0 20.62
 K h    0 14.90 7.45 

 20.62 7.45 56.15 

1 1 200 1 

q0 A   50 12     qs21  
 F1   1  1  200  F2   1   0
3  3    3  
1 1 200 0 

0  1 
h3 2T s3 2   h13T s13  
 F3   1   0 
2 1  2 1 
   
0  0  2475
10  40  4.47   15  40  8.25    
 F3   1   1    894 
2 1  2 1  3369 
     

8.GIVEN DATA
t=25mm,E=2x105N/mm2 and v=0.30.

Assume plane stress condition.

To Find
The Global Stiffness

SOLUTION

q1  y2  y3  250  250  0 q2  y3  y1  250  0  250 q3  y1  y2  0  250  250

r1  x3  x2  0  500  500 r2  x1  x3  0  0  0 r3  x2  x1  500  0  500
1 0` 0
1
A  1 500 250  62.5 103 mm2
2
1 0 250
  0 0 250 0 250 0 
1  500 
 B  3 
0 500 0 0 0
2  62.5 10
 500 0 0 250 500 250
 1 0.3 0   1 0.3 0 
2 105  2 105 
D 2 
0.3 1 0  D  0.3 1 0 
1   0.3 0.91
 0 0 0.35  0 0 0.35
0 0 2 
 0 2 0 

1 0 0
 B   2 10 
3
T

0 0 1
 1 0 2
 
0 2 1
 1.4 0 0 0.7 1.40.7 
 0 4 0.6 0 0.6 4 

 0 0.6 1 0 1 0.6 
K  1373.59 103  
 0.7 0 0 0.35 0.70.35
 1.4 0.6 1 0.7 2.4 1.3 
 
 0.7 4 0.6 0.35 1.3 1.35 
q1  y2  y3  0  250  250 q2  y3  y1  250  0  250 q3  y1  y2  0  0  0
r1  x3  x2  500  500  0 r2  x1  x3  0  500  500 r3  x2  x1  500  0  500

1 0` 0
1
A  1 500 0  62.5 103 mm2
2
1 500 250
 250 0 250 0 0 0 
1  500 
 B  0 0 0 500 0
2  62.5 103 
 0 250 500 250 500 0 
 1 0.3 0   1 0.3 0 
2 105   D  2 10
5
0.3 1
D 0.3 1 0 0 
1   0.3   
2
0.91
 0 0 0.35  0 0 0.35
 1 0 0 
 0 0 1
 
 1 0 2 
 B  2 103 
T

 0 2 1 
0 0 2
 
0 2 0
  1 0 1 0.6 0 0.6 
 0 0.35 0.7 0.35 0.7 0 

 1 0.7 2.4 1.3 1.4 0.6 
K  1373.59 10 
3

 0.6 0.35 1.3 4.35 0.7 4 
 0 0.7 1.4 0.7 1.4 0 
 
 0.6 0 0.6 4 0 4 

Assumptions in theory of pure torsion.

 The material of the shaft is homogeneous ,perfectly elastic and obeys hooke‟s law.
 Twist is uniform along the length of the shaft.
 The stress do not exceed the limit of proportionality.
 Strain and deformation are small
9.GIVEN DATA
Cross section=8cmx4cm
Modulus =80x105 N/cm2
Shaft length=100cm
Applied Torque=10x103N-cm

TO FIND
Total angle of twist

SOLUTION
1  q1 q2 q3  1  1 1 0
 B  
2 A  r1 r2 r3  4  2 2 4 
 1 2 
  1 2 
1
 B
T

4
 0 4 

 K    B  B A
T

 1 2   5 3 8
1  1 1 0
 K    3 5 8
1
 K    1 2  
1
2;
4 4  2 2 4  8
 0 4   8 8 16 

1  q1 q2 q3  1  1 1 2 
 B  
2 A  r1 r2 r3  4  2 2 0 
 1 2 
  1 2 
1
 B
T

4
 2 0 

 K    B  B A
T  5 3 2 
 K    3 5 2
1
8
 2 2 4 
 1 2
1 1 1 2
2   
1
K    1 2;
4 4  2 2 0 
 2 0 
ELEMENT 3
1 q q2 q3  1  1 1 0
 B   r1 
r3  4  2
2A  1 r2 2 4
1 2
  1 2 
1
 B
T

4
 0 4 

 K    B  B A
T

 5 3 8
1 2
 K    3 5 8
1
1  1 1 0
 K    1 2   
1
2; 8
4 4 2 2 4   8 8 16 
 0 4
ELEMENT4
1  q q q  1  1 1 2
 B   r1 r2 r3   
2A  1 2 3  4 2 2 0 
 1 2 
  1 2 
1
 B
T

4
 2 0 

 K    B  B A
T

 5 3 2 
 1 2 
 K    3 5 2
1
1  1 1 2
 K    1 2  
1
2; 8
4 4  2 2 0   2 2 4 
 2 0 

 10 10 3 3  0
 10 40 10 10 10 
1
 K Global   3 10 10 3 0 
8 
 0 10 3 10 3 
 3 10 0 3 10 
FORCE VECTOR
ELEMENT 1  F1  1 1 1 1.33
  2A   2 2     
 F2   1  1  1.33 1  1.33
 F  3 1 3  1 1.33
 3  1   
ELEMENT 2  F3  1 1 1 1.33
  2A   2 2     
 F4   1  1  1.33 1  1.33
 F  3 1 3  1 1.33
 2  1   
ELEMENT 3  F4  1 1 1 1.33
  2A   2 2     
 F5   1  1  1.33 1  1.33
 F  3 1 3  1 1.33
 2  1   
ELEMENT 4  F5  1 1 1 1.33
  2A   2 2     
 F1   1  1  1.33 1  1.33
 F  3 1 3  1 1.33
 2  1   
 F1  2.666 
 F  5.333 
 2   
 3 
F  2.666 
 F   2.666 
 4  
 F5  2.666 
FGlobal   K Global   
2.666   10 10 3 0 3  1 
5.333 


 1  10 40 10 10 10   2 
 
2.666    3 10 10 3 0  0 
2.666  8  0 10 3 10

3  0
    
2.666   3 10 0 3 10   0 

3  4  5  0 ,so delete the third, fourth and fifth row and column

2.666 1  10 10 1 

    
5.333 8  10 40   2 
 2  2.133 rad / cm
1  4.265 rad / cm

 A 
T  2G  1   2  3    4
 e 3 
 2 
10 103  2  80 105     4.265  2.133   4
 e 3 
  9.158 106 rad / cm
Length of the shaft is 100cm,so the angle of twist
  9.158 106 rad / cm 100

  9.158 104 rad

 UNIT IV TWO DIMENSIONAL VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS
GIVEN DATA
Axisymmetric element.
.Take E=2.1x105 N/mm2and v=0.25
u1=0.05mm w1=0.03mm
u2=0.02mm w2=0.02mm
u3=0mm w3=0.0mm
TO FIND
The Stiffness Matrix

1 r1 z1 1 0 0
1 1
A  1 r2 z2  1 60 0  1500 mm 2
2 2
1 r3 z3 1 30 50
r1  r2  r3 0  60  30 z z z 0  0  50
r   30 mm ; z 1 2 3  16.667 mm
3 3 3 3
1  z2  z3  0  50  50 mm  1  r3  r2  30  60  30 mm 1  r2 z3  r3 z1  (60  50)  (30  0)  3000 mm2
 2  z3  z1  50  0  50 mm  2  r1  r3  0  30  30 mm  2  r3 z1  r1 z3  (30  0)  (0  50)  0 mm2
3  z1  z2  0  0  0 mm  3  r2  r1  60  0  60 mm  3  r1 z2  r2 z1  (0  0)  (60  0)  0 mm2

 
 1 v v v 0 
 
 v 1 v v 0 
E  
 D   
(1  v) (1  2v) 
v v 1 v 0 
 
 1  2v 
 0 0 0 
 2 
0.75 0.25 0.25 0 
0.25 0.75 0.25 0 
 D   336 103 
0.25 0.25 0.75 0 
 
 0 0 0 0.25
 
 1 0 2 0 3 0 
 
 1     1 z 2  2z 3  3z 
0  2  0  3  0
1  r 1

 B   r r r r r

2A  
0 1 0 2 0 3
 
 
 1 1 2 2 3 3 
 
  50 0 50 0 0 0   u1 
33.33 w 
1 0 33.33 0 33.33 0   r   1
 
B    
   u2 
2 1500  0 30 0 30 0 60      D  B   
   z   w2 
 30 50 30 50 60 0  rz   u3 
 
 w3 
0.05
 
 r  0.75 0.25 0.25 0   50 0 50 0 0 0  0.03
  0.25 0.75 0.25  33.33  0.02 
  0  1 0 33.33 0 33.33 0
   336 10    
3


 z  0.25 0.25 0.75 0  2  1500  0 30 0 30 0 60  0.02 
rz     
 0 0 0 0.25  30 50 30 50 60 0  0 
 
 0 

 r  102.65
   112 
   
 
2
 N / mm

 z  102.65
rz   72.8 

GIVEN DATA

The element experiences a 150c increase in temperature

The axisymmetric triangular element

TO FIND
The element stiffness matrix and the thermal force vector.

SOLUTION

1 r1 z1 1 6 7
1 1
A  1 r2 z2  1 8 7  3 mm2
2 2
1 r3 z3 1 9 10

1  z2  z3  7  10  3mm  1  r3  r2  9  8  1 mm 1  r2 z3  r3 z1  (8 10)  (9  7)  17 mm2

 2  z3  z1  10  7  3 mm  2  r1  r3  6  9  3 mm  2  r3 z1  r1 z3  (9  7)  (6 10)  3mm 2
3  z1  z2  7  7  0 mm  3  r2  r1  8  6  2 mm   r z  r z  (6  7)  (8  7)  14 mm 2
3 1 2 2 1
  
 1 0 2 0 3 0 
 
 1     1 z 2  2z 3  3z 
0  2  0  3  0
1  1

 B   r r r r r r

2A  
0 1 0 2 0 3
 
 
 1 1 2 2 3 3 
 

 3 0 3 0 0 0 
 
1 0.2609 0 0.2609 0 0.2609 0
 B  
23  0 1 0 3 0 2 
 
 1 3 3 3 2 0 

 
 1 v v v 0 
0.75 0.25 0.25 0 
  
 v 0  ; D  320 103 0.25 0.75 0.25 0 
  
1 v v
E 
 D    0.25 0.25 0.75 0 
(1  v) (1  2v)    
v v 1 v 0
   0 0 0 0.25
 1  2v 
 0 0 0 
 2 

 K   2 rA B  D B
T

 3 0.2609 0 1 
 0 3 
 0 1  0.75 0.25 0.25 0   3 0 3 0 0 0 
0.25 0.75 0.25  0.2609 
1  3 0.2609 0 3  0 1 0 0.2609 0 0.2609 0
 
K  2  7.667  3    320 10 
3

0.25 0.25 0.75

  
23  0 0 3 3  0  23  0 1 0 3 0 2 
 0     
0.2609 0 2  0 0 0 0.25  1 3 3 3 2 0 
 
 0 0 2 0 

 26.638 5.7391 29.7958 11.2173 1.4215 5.4782 

 5.7391 12 12.2609 18 5.7391 6 
 

3 29.7958 12.2609 37.796 18.7827 5.0131 6.5218 
 K   321.668 10  
 11.2173 18 18.7827 36 5.2173 18 
 1.4215 5.7391 5.0131 5.2173 4.2042 0.5218 
 
 5.4782 6 6.5218 18 0.5218 12 

T  10 106 15 150

T   6   
10 10 15
et      6 150 
  10  
 0   0   0 
T  10 10 15 150
6

 F   2 rA B  Det
T
  3 0.2609 0 1 
 0 3 
 0 1  0.75 0.25 0.25 0  150 
  150
1  3 0.2609 0 3  3 0.25 0.75 0.25 0   
 F   2  7.667  3    320  10 
 
106  
23  0 0 3 3  0.25 0.25 0.75 0  0 
 
 0 0.2609 0 2   0 0 0 0.25  150
 
 0 0 2 0 

2878.25  F1u  2878.25

 289.08   F   289.08 
   1w   
 2903.45  N ;
 F t     F2u   2903.45  N
  
 867.25   F2 w   867.25 
 879.86   F3u   879.86 
     
 1156.34   F3 w   1156.34 

Given Data.
A long hollow cylinder
Inside Diameter =100mm ; Outside Diameter=140mm ;Internal Pressure = 4 N/mm2.
By using two elements on the 15mm length.
To find
The nodal displacements

radius.
ELEMENT 1

r1  r2  r3 50  50  70
r   56.667 mm
3 3
z  z  z 15  0  15
z 1 2 3  10 mm
3 3
1 r1 z1 1 50 15
1 1
A  1 r2 z2  1 50 0  150 mm2
2 2
1 r3 z3 1 70 15

1  z2  z3  0  15  15mm  1  r3  r2  70  50  10mm 1  r2 z3  r3 z1  (50 15)  (70  0)  750mm2

 2  z3  z1  15  15  0mm  2  r1  r3  50  70  20 mm  2  r3 z1  r1 z3  (70 15)  (50 15)  300mm2
3  z1  z2  15  0  15mm  3  r2  r1  50  50  0 mm 3  r1 z2  r2 z1  (50  0)  (50 15)  750 mm2
  
 1 0 2 0 3 0 
 
 1     1 z 2  2z 3  3z 
0  2  0  3  0
1  1

 B   r r r r r r

2A  
0 1 0 2 0 3
 
 
 1 1 2 2 3 3 
 

 15 0 0 0 15 0 
 
1 1.7647 0 1.7647 0 1.7647 0
 B  
2 150  0 20 0 20 0 0 
 
 20 15 20 0 0 15 

 
 1 v v v 0 
 
 v 1 v v 0 
E  
 D   ;
(1  v) (1  2v) 
v v 1 v 0 
 
 1  2v 
 0 0 0 
 2 

0.7 0.3 0.3 0 

 0.7 0.3 0 
3  0.3
 D   384.6153 10 
0.3 0.3 0.7 0 
 
 0 0 0 0.2 

 K   2 rA B  D B
T

 15 1.7647 0 20 
 15
 0 0 20  0.7 0.3 0.3 0   15 0 0 0 15 0 
 0 1.7647 0 20    
3  0.3 0.7 0.3 0  1.7647 0 1.7647 0 1.7647 0
 K   2  56.667 150  3.333 103    384.6153  10
0.3
 3.333 103  
 0 0 20 0  0.3 0.7 0   0 20 0 20 0 0 
    
15 1.7647 0 0  0 0 0 0.2  20 15 20 0 0 15 
 
 0 0 0 15 
  223.798 139.4118 85.7611 79.4118 155.32  60
 139.412 325 70.588 280 100.588  45
 
 85.7612 70.588 82.18 10.588 10.1211  60
 K   228.02246 103   
 79.412 280 10.588 280 100.588  0
 
 155.3202 100.5882 10.1210 100.588 175.5621  0
 60 45 60 0 0  45

ELEMENT 2

r1  r2  r3 50  70  70
r   63.333 mm
3 3
z z z 0  0  15
z 1 2 3   5 mm
3 3

1 r1 z1 1 50 0
1 1
A  1 r2 z2  1 70 0  150 mm2
2 2
1 r3 z3 1 70 15

1  z2  z3  0  15  15mm  1  r3  r2  70  70  0mm 1  r2 z3  r3 z1  (70 15)  (70  0)  1050mm2

 2  z3  z1  15  0  15mm  2  r1  r3  50  70  20 mm  2  r3 z1  r1 z3  (70  0)  (50 15)  750mm2
3  z1  z2  0  0  0mm  3  r2  r1  70  50  20 mm   r z  r z  (50  0)  (70  0)  0 mm2
3 1 2 2 1

 
 1 0 2 0 3 0 
 
 1     1 z 2  2z 3  3z 
0  2  0  3  0
1  r 1

 
B  
r r r r r

2A  
0 1 0 2 0 3
 
 
 1 1 2 2 3 3 
 

 15 0 15 0 0 0 
 0 
1 1.579 0 1.579 0 1.579
 
B 
2 150  0 0 0 20 0 20 
 
 0 15 20 15 20 0 
  
 1 v v v 0 
 
 v 1 v v 0 
E  
 D 
(1  v) (1  2v) 
;
v v 1 v 0 
 
 1  2v 
 0 0 0 
 2 
0.7 0.3 0.3 0 
 0.7 0.3 0 
3  0.3
 
D  384.6153  10
 0.3 0.3 0.7 0 
 
 0 0 0 0.2 
 K   2 rA B  D B
T

 15 1.579 0 0 
 15
 0 0 0  0.7 0.3 0.3 0   15 0 15 0 0 0 
 15 1.579 0 20  0.7 0.3 0   
3  0.3 3 1.579 0 1.579 0 1.579 0
 K   2  63.333 150  3.333 10 
3
  384.6153 10
 0.3 0.3 0.7 0 
 3.333 10
 0


 0 0 20 15  0 0 20 0 20
    
0 1.579 0 20  0 0 0 0.2   0 15 20 15 20 0 
 
 0 0 20 0 

 51.076 31.817 19.573 18.124 0 0 35.448 13.693 

 31.817 74.173 155.755
 145.03416.110 0 63.903 0 80.5260 5.360
22.957 10.270
80.526
 
 19.573 16.110
 0 45 60
55.749 2.416 39.729 20.540  45 60
0.943 0
34.233 
  155.755 
 KK   10 6  18.124
228.02246 10363.903
 15.304159.474
2.416 60 75.831253.456 11.478 71.149
38.261 99.474
0 
 0 0 80.526  45
39.729 15.304  159.474 325 50.526
64.650 40.678 18.148 280 
25.373
  5.360 
 0 0 20.5406011.47871.149
40.678 50.526
82.899 81.745
12.887 9.474
71.421
 35.448 22.957
  80.526 0 99.474
0.943 38.261 18.148 12.887280 9.474
60.919 280 
2.417
 
 13.693 10.270 34.233 0 25.373 71.421 2.417 81.691 

GLOBAL STIFFNESS MATRIX

 F1u   51.076 31.817 19.573 18.124 0 0 35.448 13.693   u1 

F   31.817 74.173 16.110 63.903 0 0 22.957 10.270  w1 
 1w  
 F2u   19.573 16.110 55.749 2.416 39.729 20.540 0.943 34.233  u2 
     
 F2 w  6  18.124 63.903 2.416 75.831 15.304 11.478 38.261 0   w2 
   10   
 F3u  0 0 39.729 15.304 64.650 40.678 18.148 25.373   u3 
 
 F3 w   0 0 20.540 11.478 40.678 82.899 12.887 71.421  w3 
   35.448 22.957  
 F4u  0.943 38.261 18.148 12.887 60.919 2.417   u4 
 
F   13.693 10.270 34.233 25.373 71.421 2.417 81.691   w4 
 4w  0
 2 re  le  P 2    50 15  4
F1u  F2u    9424.77 N
4 4
9424.77   51.076 31.817 19.573 18.124 0 0 35.448 13.693   u1 
 0 
 
 31.817 74.173 16.110 63.903
 0 0 22.957 10.270  0 
9424.77   19.573 16.110 55.749 2.416 39.729 20.540 0.943 34.233 u2 
     
 0  6  18.124 63.903 2.416 75.831 15.304 11.478 38.261 0  0
   10  
 0 39.729 15.304 64.650 40.678 18.148 25.373   0 
 0  
0

 0   0 0 20.540 11.478 40.678 82.899 12.887 71.421  0 
   35.448 22.957  
 0  0.943 38.261 18.148 12.887 60.919 2.417   0 
 
 0  81.691   0 
   13.693 10.270 34.233 0 25.373 71.421 2.417

9424.77  6  51.076 19.573  u1 

   10   
9424.77   19.573 55.749  u2 
NODAL DISPLACEMENT
u3  0; u4  0; w1  0; w2  0 w3  0; w3  0
u2  2.70 104 mm u1  2.88 104 mm

UNIT V ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION

The purpose of isoparametric elements?
It is difficult to represent the curved boundaries by straight edges finite elements. A
large number of finite elements may be used to obtain reasonable resemblance between
original body and the assemblage. In order to overcome this drawback, isoparametric
elements are used for problem involving curved boundaries a family of elements known as
isoparametric elements.
Given data
1 1
Value Point =      , 
2 2
To Find
The Jacobian matrix and Strain displacement matrix.
Solution
Jacobian matrix
J J12 
J   11 
 J 21 J 22 
1
J11  [(1   ) x1  (1   ) x2  (1   ) x3  (1   ) x4 ]
4
1
J12  [(1   ) y1  (1   ) y2  (1   ) y3  (1   ) y4 ]
4
1
J 21  [(1   ) x1  (1   ) x2  (1   ) x3  (1   ) x4 ]
4
1
J 22  [(1   ) y1  (1   ) y2  (1   ) y3  (1   ) y4 ]
4
J11  2.25
J12  0.875
J 21  0.25
J 22  2.375

J J12  2.25 0.875

J   11   5.125
 J 21 J 22  0.25 2.375

Strain displacement matrix.

 (1   ) 0 (1   ) 0 (1   ) 0 (1   ) 0 
 J 22  J12 0 0   
1   1  (1   ) 0 (1   ) 0 (1   ) 0 (1   ) 0
 
B  0 0  J 21 J11   
J  4 0 (1   ) 0 (1   ) 0 (1   ) 0 (1   ) 
  J 21 J11 J 22  J12  
    (1   ) (1   ) (1   ) 

 0 (1 ) 0 0 0

 0.5 0 0.5 0 1.5 0 1.5 0 

 2.375 0.875   0.5 0 
0 0
1  1.5
2.25   
1 0 0 1.5 0 0.5
[ B]  0 0 0.25
5.125  4 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 1.5 0 1.5 
 0.25 2.25 2.375 0.875  
 0 0.5 0 1.5 0 1.5 0 0.5 

NUMERICAL INTEGRATION METHOD

the Gaussian quadrature expression for numerical integration.
1 n

 f ( x)dx   wi f ( xi )
1 i 1
 f ( xi ) Valueof the function atpre det er min ed samplig po int s
wi  weight function

2n  1  2

n2
1 1

  (2 x  3xy  4 y 2 )dx.dy
2

1 1
1 1

  f ( x, y)dx dy  w f ( x1 , y1 )  w1 w2 f ( x1 , y2 )  w1 w2 f ( x2 , y2 )  w22 f ( x2 , y2 )
2
1
1 1

w12 f ( x1 , y1 )  12 [2(0.57735)2  3(0.57735)(0.57735)  4(0.57735)2 ]

w12 f ( x1 , y1 )  3

w1 w2 f ( x1 , y2 )  11[2(0.57735)2  3(0.57735)(0.57735)  4(0.57735)2 ]

w1 w2 f ( x1 , y2 )  1

w1 w2 f ( x2 , y2 )  11[2(0.57735)2  3(0.57735)(0.57735)  4(0.57735)2 ]

w1 w2 f ( x2 , y2 )  1
w22 f ( x2 , y2 )  12 [2(0.57735)2  3(0.57735)(0.57735)  4(0.57735)2 ]

w22 f ( x2 , y2 )  3
1 1

  (2 x  3xy  4 y 2 )dx.dy  3  1  1  3  8
2

1 1

1 1

  (2 x  3xy  4 y 2 )dx.dy  8
2

1 1