CARBoN COMPOUNDS

Introduction

 Although cells are 70-95% proteins, that may weigh over

water, the rest consists mostly 100,000 daltons.
of carbon-based compounds.
 Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates,
Reminder: Because of carbon's
and lipids are all composed of
versatility, these few elements can be
carbon atoms bonded to each
combined to build an inexhaustible
other and to atoms of other
variety of organic molecules.
elements.
 These other elements
commonly include hydrogen
(H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), Carbon atoms are the most versatile
sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P). building blocks of molecules

1) Occurrence of carbon  With a total of 6 electrons, a

carbon atom has 2 in the first
 Carbon is found in the shell and 4 in the second shell.
atmosphere, inside the earth's  Carbon has little tendency to
crust and in all living form ionic bonds by losing or
organisms. gaining 4 electrons.
 Carbon is present in fuels like  Instead, carbon usually
wood, coal, charcoal, coke, completes its valence shell by
petroleum, natural gas, biogas, sharing electrons with other
marsh gas etc. atoms in four covalent bonds.
 Carbon is present in
compounds like carbonates,
hydrogen carbonates etc.
 Carbon is found in the free
state as diamond, graphite,
fullerenes etc.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon
compounds
 The study of carbon
compounds, organic chemistry,
focuses on any compound with
carbon (organic compounds).

 Organic compounds can range

from the simple (CH) to
complex molecules, like
Saturated Hydrocarbons
 A Hydrocarbon is an organic
compound that contains only
the elements hydrogen and
carbon.
 In a saturated hydrocarbon, all
the bonds are single bonds.
 Alkane is another name for a
saturated hydrocarbon.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
 A hydrocarbon that contains
one or more double or triple
bonds is an unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
 There are three types of
unsaturated hydrocarbons:
Alkenes, Alkynes & Aromatic
hydrocarbons.
Alkynes
  Alkynes are the most reactive
hydrocarbon compounds.
 They produce extremely high
temperatures while burning.
 Factors that determine the
properties of a hydrocarbon
are:
 The number of carbon atoms
 How the atoms are arranged:
 Straight chain
 Branched chain
 Ring

Ethyne
 commonly known as acetylene
with a chemical formula C2H2. Straight Chains
 This organic compound is
 A hydrocarbon can contain one
commonly used as fuel in oxy-
carbon atom, as in methane or
acetylene welding torch.
thousands of carbon atoms, as
 is also produced when Calcium
in cellulose.
carbide, CaC2, reacts with
water in the air. One Carbon Methane
 It has the ability to hasten the
Two Carbon Ethane
ripening of fruits. That is why
fruit vendors use calcium Three Carbon Propane
carbide in ripening their fruits
in just a few days. Four Carbon Butane
Five Carbons Pentane
Six Carbon Hexane

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Characteristics of Hydrocarbons
  These alternating single and
double bond hydrocarbons
form a ring.
 Many of these compounds have
strong aromas or odors.
Substituted Hydrocarbons
 The functional group in an
alcohol is a hydroxyl group, -
OH.
 The functional group in an
organic acid is a carboxyl
group,- COOH.
 The functional group in an
amine is an amino group, -NH2
Alcohols
 group of organic compounds
that contain a hydroxyl group, -
OH, that is chemically bonded
to a carbon atom in the
compound.
 They have special uses such as
a disinfectant, fuel, and as a
main component (ethyl
alcohol) of liquor and other
alcoholic drinks.
Functional groups contribute to the
molecular diversity of life
 The components of organic
molecules that are most
commonly involved in chemical
reactions are known as
functional groups.
 The number and arrangement
of functional groups help give
each molecule its unique
properties.
Carbonyl compounds
 like acetone, and formaldehyde
have a carbonyl functional
group, C=O, which is
chemically bonded to a carbon
atom in the compound.
 acetone is used as a cleaning
agent like a nail polish
remover]
 formaldehyde is used in
preserving organic materials
like an animal specimen
 This is also the compound used
in embalming human cadavers
Polymers
 Polymers can be classified as
natural polymers or synthetic
polymers.
  Rubber, nylon, and  The primary products of the
polyethylene are three complete combustion of fossil
examples of compounds than fuels are carbon dioxide and
can be synthesized. water.

Types
 Four types of polymers
produced in plant and animal
cells are:
 Starches
 Cellulose
 Nucleic acids
 Proteins

Fossil Fuels
 Three types of fossil fuels are
coal, petroleum, and natural
gas.