CEET 521 Module 1

Lecture Notes

CEET 521
Instructor: Engr. Ernesto S. Bombay, MSCE
Reading Assignment for this lecture

Text Book
Chapter 2.
Read all and put emphasis on sections 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6
 Structural Steel (Carbon Steel) Manufacturing
Process (Text Book Chpt. 2)

Making Steel
IRON ORE
(Magnetite
Fe3O4 or
Hematite Fe2O3)

Also known
as Pig iron
Pig Iron is heated
and purified.
Additional alloying
elements added as
needed

RAW MATERIAL FOR FABRICATING STEEL

SECTIONS ARE THE STEEL INGOTS
Review of Structural Steel (Carbon Steel)
Manufacturing Process
Hot Rolled
Shapes
STEEL INGOTS ARE HEATED UP AND ROLLED
INTO THE DESIRED SHAPES. SHAPES
TRADITIONALLY PRODICED SHOWN TO THE
RIGHT.
Review of Structural Steel (Carbon Steel)
Manufacturing Process
Built-up section from a hot rolled W
Built Up section and a cut plate.

Sections that are made

by welding plates or a
combination of plates
and hot rolled sections.

W section made from cut plates. This is

built-up section is typically referred as
plate girders
Carbon Steels
Steel definitions and
properties are in accordance
to the institution that
provides the classification,
definition and specification
of these steels. Following the
U.S. Standard, the AISC
supports the ASTM
(American Society of Testing
Materials). The steels
included in AISC Table 2-3
are shown to the right.
Material properties are
contained in AISC Table 2-3
• A36, A572 & A992 are the
most common steels used
for structural frames.
 Steel Stress
vs Strain Diagram
Test results

Fy_A514

Test results are not as smooth, but theoretical

curves are idealized as shown below.
Fy_A572

Fy_A36 εt

ε ε

A permanent strain (usually 0.002 is

used to define the value of Fy

• εu ~ 10εst ~ 10εy
• Hence, there will be significant strain
difference from yield to rupture. For tension
members this is about 100 times more from εy εst εm εu ε
onset of yield
Steel Stress
vs Strain Diagram

1) 1) When steel is loaded to yield stress

and is strained beyond yield strain εy it
will not return to its original size.
2) When unloading (release of load) is
done the yielded steel will follow a
“new” stress vs strain curve and will
retain a permanent deformation (or
2) strain).
PERMANENT
STRAIN