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Science
Quarter 3 – Week 2:
Feedback Mechanism of the Female
Reproductive System

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Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Week 2: Feedback Mechanism of the Female Reproductive System
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis-Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Author: SheilaD. Consular

Editor: Lilibeth M. Villegas
Reviewers: Jose F. Belono, Jr.
Illustrator: Leo Bill Y. Paglinawan
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Department of Education – Region VII, Central Visayas
Division of Guihulngan City
Office Address: Osmeña Avenue, Brgy. Poblacion, City of Guihulngan, Negros
Oriental
Telefax: 035-410-4066/410-4069
E-mail Address: guihulngan.city@deped.gov.ph

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 10

Science
Quarter 3 – Week 2:
Feedback Mechanism of the Female
Reproductive System

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Our difference-maker, this module is made to represent us in our absence due to this pandemic
and to facilitate our teaching-learning procedure at our learners’ respective homes with their
supportive parents, siblings or whoever is able to help them use this tool appropriately. May
this still foster learnings among our learners despite the situation we are facing today. This
tool contains tasks they are to do. Let’s remind them to seriously and religiously work on this
module for this serves as an output of their academic performance. Let’s also tell them to use
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For the learner:

Read the module carefully. You may use references along with this module. Suggested
references are listed on the last page. Follow instructions diligently. Answer the pretest. The
pretest is composed of questions that will determine how much you know about the topic. It
is given before you start with the lesson proper. Accomplish it honestly. Answer key is provided
at the end of the module. Please try not to look at it while answering. You can check your
answers once you are finished. Activities and/or exercises are given to deepen your
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With collaboration and dedication, this module is designed to facilitate teaching-learning
process among your children at home. Let’s us all join together in this endeavor for your
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Know this lesson and proceed to the next one.

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 This part connects the present lesson with the previous lesson
What’s In
by going over concepts that you have learned in the past.

Under this section, the new lesson is introduced through a

What’s New
story, a poem, song or an activity.

This section gives you a short discussion to help you discover

What is It
and understand the new concept.

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What’s
enrich your knowledge and develop your skills on the new
More
concept.

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What I Have
sentence/paragraph to process what you have learned from the
Learned
lesson.

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What I Can
transfer the skills/knowledge you have gained or learned into
Do
real-life situations.

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Answer Key The answers of all the activities is found in this part.

A few reminders upon using this module:

1. Use this module with utmost care. Do not write anything on this module. Use
a separate sheet of paper in answering all the activities.
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5. Finish every activity before going to the next part
6. Please return this module to your teacher/facilitator if you are done
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If you have any question or difficulty with these tasks at home, please ask for
assistance from your parents or other family members or call your teacher/facilitator.

Enjoy learning using this module. I know you can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written for you to utilize while staying at home.
It is to help you master the types and regions of electromagnetic spectrum. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
This module is about the human reproductive system. It will familiarize you with the
parts, functions, growth and development of the human embryo. This topic will be of
interest to you as it deals with the beginning of human life.
▪ Lesson 1 - Feedback Mechanism in Female Reproductive System

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Compare the stages of the menstrual cycle.
2. Describe the feedback mechanisms in regulating processes in the female
reproductive systems.
3. Explain the role of hormones involved in the female reproductive system

What I Know

Direction: A. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
Identify the word/phrase being described or defined in each item.
__________ 1. Considered as the ovulation period for regular menstrual cycle
__________ 2. The stage where organs are formed during fetal development
__________ 3. The type of birth control device that is used for safe sex
__________ 4. It involves the fertilization of the egg in a “glass”
__________ 5. The part of the female reproductive system where the egg is fertilized
__________ 6. The technology where the doctor places donated sperm in the
woman’s reproductive tract
__________ 7. The female sex hormone
__________ 8. The periodic shedding of tissues and blood from the inner lining of
the uterus

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 Lesson Feedback Mechanism in the
1 Female Reproductive System
Humans have many body systems but the system involved in the production
of offspring is called the reproductive system. Most organ systems of the body show
little difference between male and female except in the case of the reproductive
system. Some hormones are the same for the male and female although they
produce different responses.
The female reproductive system, just like the male reproductive system, is
also regulated by hormones. The follicles produce hormones that control the growth
and release of eggs from the ovaries. While other hormones prepare the uterus so a
baby can grow in it, other hormones still control the stretching of the uterus during
pregnancy.
We have just discussed that normally, an ovary releases only one egg every 28
days. Now, what controls this timing? Hormones control many of the changes in the
reproductive system. Remember that hormones are chemicals that affect certain body
organs. The monthly changes that take place in the female reproductive system are
called menstruation. This cycle occurs every month starting when a female is 10 to 13
years old. The monthly cycle continues for about 40 years.

What’s In

Refer to figure 4 for a clearer explanation of the different events that take place. The

Menstrual Cycle

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 Figure 4. The Menstrual Cycle

What’s New

In a nutshell, the important events during the menstrual cycle are as follows:

1. The pituitary gland starts the cycle.

2. The pituitary releases hormones that cause the egg in the ovary to mature.
The luteinizing hormone (LH) initiates the maturation of the follicles,
converts ruptured follicle into corpus luteum and caused the secretion of
progesterone. The other hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
assists in the maturation of the follicles and caused the secretion of estrogen
from the follicles.
3. Meanwhile, the ovary itself releases a hormone called estrogen. Estrogen
is a hormone that causes changes in the female reproductive system. This
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 hormone also causes the uterus to increase in thickness. The uterus
becomes thicker so that the fertilized egg can attach to it.
4. The ovary releases an egg on day 14. Assume that no sperm was present.
5. The egg moves through the oviduct and enters the uterus.
6. Meanwhile the uterus continues to thicken.
7. The egg has not been fertilized, therefore, it will not attach to the uterus.
8. The thick uterus is no longer necessary, so it begins to break apart. The
cells of the thickened uterus break off and leave the vagina. The unfertilized
egg is lost. Some blood is lost too. This loss of cells from the uterus lining,
blood and egg is called menstruation.
9. After menstruation, the cycle starts again.

A feedback mechanism is the process through which the level of one

substance influences the level of another substance. A negative feedback
affects the production of hormones in the menstrual cycle. High levels of one
hormone mat inhibit the production of another hormone.

The Ovaries
There are two ovaries each comparable to the size of an almond nut. It is
suspended in the pelvic cavity by a ligament. The ligament extends from each ovary
to the lateral body wall, and the ovarian ligament. The mesovarium is the mesentery
that suspends the ovary to the body wall. The ovary contains ovarian follicle, which
contains an oocyte, the female germ cell.
Ovulation
When follicles mature, they expand and rupture to release the egg and the
process is called ovulation. After ovulation, the remaining cells of the ruptured
follicle become transformed into a glandular structure called the corpus luteum.
Fallopian Tubes
This part extends from the area of the ovaries to the uterus. Long, thin
processes called fimbriae surround the opening of each uterine tube. Fertilization
usually occurs in the part of the uterine tube near the ovary.
Uterus
This is as big as a medium-sized pear. The larger rounded part is directed
superiorly. The part of the uterus superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes is
called the fundus. The main part is called the body, and the narrower part is the
cervix, directed inferiorly. Internally, the uterine cavity continues through the cervix
as the cervical canal, which opens into the vagina.

The Ovaries
There are two ovaries each comparable to the size of an almond nut. It is
suspended in the pelvic cavity by a ligament. The ligament extends from each ovary
to the lateral body wall, and the ovarian ligament. The mesovarium is the mesentery

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that suspends the ovary to the body wall. The ovary contains ovarian follicle, which
contains an oocyte, the female germ cell.
Ovulation
When follicles mature, they expand and rupture to release the egg and the
process is called ovulation. After ovulation, the remaining cells of the ruptured
follicle become transformed into a glandular structure called the corpus luteum.
Fallopian Tubes
This part extends from the area of the ovaries to the uterus. Long, thin
processes called fimbriae surround the opening of each uterine tube. Fertilization
usually occurs in the part of the uterine tube near the ovary.
Uterus
This is as big as a medium-sized pear. The larger rounded part is directed
superiorly. The part of the uterus superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes is
called the fundus. The main part is called the body, and the narrower part is the
cervix, directed inferiorly. Internally, the uterine cavity continues through the cervix
as the cervical canal, which opens into the vagina.

What is It

Activity 1: Mark my Calendar!

Objective:
Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the
female reproductive system

Materials:
® 2 calendar charts
®diagrams of the male and reproductive system
® scissors
®tape or glue
Procedure:
Part A – For no fertilization:
1. Get a calendar, with an approximate size of 8 x 11 inches. It must be
marked by the day – to –day changes in the menstrual cycle.
2. Note that certain events are marked on certain days.

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 3. Make a copy of the diagrams of the menstrual cycle on figure 4 on page 6.
Some of the diagrams will show events in the ovary, and some will show
events in the uterus. They are not in proper order. Cut out each square.
4. Place the diagram in the space to the right corresponding description
5. Tape or glue your diagrams in right places/dates where they occur.
6. Make sure that they are correctly placed.

Guide Questions:

1. How long does a regular a menstrual cycle last?

2. Describe what happens to an egg during the first 14 days of the cycle
in Part A.
3. Describe what happens to the egg if fertilization occurs
4. Explain what takes place in the uterus after fertilization
5. Why is it important to study the menstrual cycle?

Data and Observations :

Did you know?

Menstrual cramps are the results of the strong contractions of the uterine wall
that occur before and during menstruation. The cramps can result from excessive
secretion of prostaglandins. Sloughing of the endometrium of the uterus results in
the inflammation in the endometrial layer of the uterus and prostaglandins are
produced as part of the inflammation. In some women, menstrual cramps are

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extremely uncomfortable. Some women take aspirin-like drugs to avoid
prostaglandin secretion just before menstruation. These drugs can reduce the pain.

What’s More

Activity 2.
Concept Mapping: Fill-in the concept map of egg release (start with the ovary).

Ovary Ovary

Releases an egg in a process called

The egg travels through the

To the

If the egg is not fertilized, the uterine

walls slough off and blood comes out in
the process called

If egg is fertilized, it is called a Zygote

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 What I Have Learned

Below is a summary of the stages of reproduction that can serve as your guide:

1. Egg cells are formed in each ovary.

Did you know?

... that ectopic pregnancy results if implantation

occurs anywhere other than the uterine cavity? The most common site of ectopic pregnancy

is the fallopian tube. Implantation in the fallopian tube can be fatal and can cause the tube to

rupture. In some cases, implantation can occur in the mesenteries of the abdominal cavity,

and the fetus can develop normally, but must be delivered by caesarian section.

2. Each month, one ovary releases an egg. Usually, only one egg is released
about every 28 days. The ovaries usually take turns releasing the eggs.
3. Once released from the ovary, the egg moves into a tube called oviduct.
Oviducts are tube-like organs that connect the ovaries to the uterus. The
uterus is a muscular organ in which the fertilized egg develops.
4. Sperms are released into the vagina during mating. The vagina is a
muscular tube that leads from outside of the female’s body to the uterus.
Sperms swim from the vagina into the uterus and into the oviducts. If an
egg is present, fertilization takes place. The fertilized egg moves down the
oviduct into the uterus.
5. The fertilized egg then attaches itself to the wall of the uterus implantation.
Once attached it will remain there

Reproduction is the ability of organisms to produce offspring similar to the parents.

6. The female reproductive system includes ovaries, oviducts, uterus and
vagina.
7. External genitalia include the vestibule containing separate openings of the
vagina and urethra, the labia minor, labia major and the clitoris.
8. Fertilization of an egg occurs in the oviduct. The fertilized egg then
attaches itself to the uterus.
9. The menstrual cycle is a series of events within the human female
reproductive system. It prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.
10. The human male reproductive system includes the testes, scrotum, penis,
tubes to carry sperm, glands and the urethra.
11. Embryonic and fetal development occurs during pregnancy in humans.
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 12. Human pregnancy can be divided into three trimesters. Organogenesis is
completed by the eight week.
13. Birth or parturition, results from strong, rhythmic uterine contractions that
bring about the three stages of labor: dilation of the cervix, expulsion of the
baby, and delivery of the placenta.
14. Infertility is the inability of the sperm to fuse with the egg cell.
15. There are several assisted reproductive technologies such as: artificial
insemination, surrogate motherhood, in vitro fertilization, gamete intra-
fallopian transfer, and oocyte banking and donation.
16. Contraception prevents pregnancy.
17. Contraceptive methods include preventing the release of mature gametes

What I Can Do

1. What happens when an egg is fertilized?

2. Differentiate ovulation from fertilization.
3. Describe the first, second and third trimester of embryonic and fetal
development.
4. What is ectopic pregnancy?
5. Describe the uterus during parturition

Assessment

Test I. Identify the word/phrase being described or defined in each item.

__________ 1. Considered as the ovulation period for regular menstrual cycle

__________ 2. The stage where organs are formed during fetal development
__________ 3. The part of the male reproductive organ that is cut during vasectomy
__________ 4. The type of birth control device that is used for safe sex
__________ 5. It involves the fertilization of the egg in a “glass”
__________ 6. The part of the female reproductive system where the egg is fertilized
__________ 7. The technology where the doctor places donated sperm in the
woman’s reproductive tract
__________ 8. The female sex hormone

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__________ 9. The periodic shedding of tissues and blood from the inner lining of
the uterus
__________10. The thick, whitish fluid consisting of sperms and secretions from
several glands of the male reproductive tract

Additional Activities

Go to the nearest health center in your place and interview the health officer.
Ask them about their program on population control. List down their program and
take note of the family planning methods that are available and how they administer
them to the community. If possible, try to familiarize yourself with the devices
available in the health center.

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Assessment What I Know What Is It
1. 14th day 1. 14th day
2. Fallopian tube 1. 28-32 days
2. 1st trimester 3. Condom 2. A mature egg cell
4. Vitro – fertilization is released from
3. vas deferens 5. Fallopian tube the ovary
6. Artificial insemination
7. Estrogen 3. the fertilized egg
4. condom
8. menstruation travels from the
5. vitro- fertilzation fallopian tube and
suspends down to
6. fallopian tube the uters.
4. The uterus
7. artificial insemination
thickens in
8. estrogen preparation for the
fertilized egg to
9. menstruation attach to it.
10. semen 5. Answers may
vary.
Answer Key
References

Books:

Campbell. N.A. (1996). Biology (4th ed.). California: Benjamin Cummings

Publishing, Menlo Park, California
Daniel, L., Ortleb, E. & Biggs, A. (1994). Life Science. Glencoe. Macmillan/McGraw-
Hill, California.

Kaskel, A., Hummer P.J. & Daniel, L. (1988). Biology: An everyday experience.
Ohio, USA: Merill Publishing Company. Columbus,

Lewis, R. (1998). Life. (3rd ed.) USA: WCB McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Mader, S. (2001). Biology. (7th ed.) USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies , Inc.

Seeley, R.R., Trent, S.D. & Tate, P. (1992). Essentials of anatomy and physiology.
(3rd ed.) USA: McGraw-Hill. Boston Burr Ridge.

Wong, H.K. Biology key ideas. (1983). Engle Wood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-
hall Inc.

Electronic Sources:

Retrieved Feb. 5, 2005 from http://images.google.com.ph/image

Retrieved Feb. 5, 2005 from http://images.google.com.ph/images

Retrieved Feb. 5, 2005 http://images.google.com.ph/images

Retrieved Feb. 5, 2005 http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images

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