ENDOCRINE SYTEM
Endocrine system- is the collection of glands
that produce hormones that regulates
metabolism, growth and development.
Endo-within Crinis- to secrete
Endocrine- released directly into blood.
-uses chemical messengers called hormones,
that affects only certain tissue, cells or organs.
“Target cells or target organs”
Exocrine- secreted outside the glands.
THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGANS;
1. PITUITARY GLAND
A. Anterior pituitary gland (glandular tissue)
-mixture of endocrine and exocrine
• Growth hormone- directed to the
growth of skeletal muscles and long
bones of the body.
• Prolactin- stimulates and maintains
milk production by the mother’s breast.
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -
regulates the activity of cortex portion
of adrenal gland.
• Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) -
growth and activity of thyroid.
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) -
pubertal development.
*Female- stimulates ovulation of eggs.
*Male-stimulates testosterone
production.
B. Posterior pituitary gland (nervous tissue) – is
an extension of nervous that only stores and
releases two hormones produced in
hypothalamus.
• Oxytocin- released in significant
amount only during childbirth or
nursing, causes milk ejection.
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - inhibits
or prevents urine production, ADH
causes the kidneys to reabsorb more
water.
Control of hormonal/hormone release;
1. Hormonal stimulus– most common
stimulus in which endocrine organs
are prodded in action by other
hormone.
2. Humoral stimulus- changing blood
levels of certain ions or nutrients
may also stimulate hormone
release.
3. Neural stimulus- nerve fibers
stimulates hormonal release.
2. Thyroid Gland -body’s major metabolic
hormone, located at the base of the throat.
1. Thyroid hormone- have two
active iodine containing
hormones, Thyroxine (T4) and
Triodothyronine (T3).
*T3- regulates body
temperature, metabolism, and
heart rate.
*T4- Heart and digestive
function, metabolism, brain
development, bone health and
muscle control.
2. Calcitonin- helps maintain
normal blood levels of calcium.
-hypocalcemic hormone means
it acts to decrease blood levels
of calcium.
 ENDOCRINE SYTEM
3. Parathyroid gland – secrete parathyroid
hormone (PTH) or parathormone, which
regulate (CAT) homeostasis of the blood.
*Osteoclast - breakdown of the tissue in the
bone matrix and release calcium into the blood.
*hypercalcemic hormone - increases the blood
blood calcium levels.
4. Adrenal gland – two beans shaped glands
over the top of the kidneys. It has two parts;
1. Cortex- produces three major groups of
steroid hormones collectively called
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and
sex hormones.
*Mineralocorticoids- produce
aldosterone regulates sodium and
potassium ion. Selectively reabsorbs the
minerals to allow them to flash down to
urine.
*Glucocorticoids- helps the body resist
physiologic stress. When
glucocorticoids are high, fats and
protein are converted into glucose, and
then released into the blood
(hyperglycemic hormone).
*Sex hormones- testosterone (male)
estrogen (female). It is produced
throughout lifetime.
2. Medulla- releases two similar
hormones, epinephrine (adrenaline)
and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
-collectively called cathecolamines, that
helps the body for fight or flight.
5. Pancreas- located at the base of the stomach,
called islets of Langerhans. It has two hormones
Insulin and glucagon.
1. Insulin- release from the beta cells
when high glucose in blood. Sweeps
glucose out of the blood and uses it as
an energy to maintain the amount of
normal glucose found in the blood
stream within a normal level
(hypoglycemic).
2. Glucagon- produced by the alpha cells,
it raises the concentration of glucose
and fatty acids in the blood stream
(hypeglycemic).
6. Pineal gland – produces melatonin “sleep
trigger”, in which the peak level of it was at
night. It is a small cone-shape gland found in
the roof of the third ventricle of the brain.
7. Thymus gland – located in the upper thorax,
posterior of the stomach. Produces hormone
called thymosin, a hormone necessary for t-cell
development and production a vital role in
training and development of T-lymphocytes.
8. Gonads – an organ that produce gametes,
the testes and ovaries.
Hormones of the female;
1. Estrogen – development of female in
mammary gland, growth of uterus,
stimulates growth in blood vessels in
the endometrium (for fertilization).
2. Progesterone – promotes the growth of
uterine lining.
Hormones of the male;
*Testosterone- promotes the growth
and maturation of reproductive system.
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