Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acco 20273 Accounting 1 2
Acco 20273 Accounting 1 2
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
FOR
ACCO 20273
ACCOUNTING 1
COMPILED BY:
All businesses and organizations must keep accurate and current accounts of their financial
information so they can make sound business decisions. The process of analyzing and interpreting
financial information is called accounting. Accounting work is conducted by professional accountants,
who are trained in statistics, economics, accounting law, and other disciplines. Accounting includes
bookkeeping, which involves the creation of records and documents that show financial activity. This
module will help the student to be equipped in accounting environment. Prepare them in the business
environment as well as to have a knowledge in the basic principles of accounting which is very essential
in the foundation of this course.
Learning Outcomes:
Accounting Defined
1. Investors/Owners/Stockholders
These people provide the financial resources to keep the business going. These parties
decide whether to invest or not depending on the estimated amount of income on their
investments. Upon investments, they would want to know the financial position or result
of operations of their business investment.
2. Government
Financial information is important for tax purposed and in compliance with Securities and
Exchange Commission(SEC) requirements.
3. Financial Institutions/Creditors
Before extending credit, financial institutions use financial information in determine the
capacity of the business organization to pay its obligations and their interests at the
appropriate time,
4. Management
Organizational managers use financial information to set goals for their companies.
Managers evaluate their progress towards these goals and use financial data as a guide
for future management actions.
5. Employees
Financial information provide information on company stability which is important for
employees to determine if they have a future in the company.
Three types of Business Organization
Private accountants may or may not be CPAs. They may specialize in one particular job
or task. For example, some may specialize in cost accounting, others in budgetary accounting,
Private Accounting offers accounting and related services for a fee to companies, other
organizations, and the general public. Certified Public Accountants(CPAs) are the licensed
professionals engaged in the practice of public accounting. They organized their own
accounting office and accept clients, mostly buisnesmen, who hire them to do accounting
services for a fee. These CPAs provide services in auditing, taxes, and management advising.
The different services that an accountant performs are the specialized accounting fields.
Accountants who had been performing these services for some time and had acquired expertise
on these lines have specialized in these fields of accounting.
In contrast, the job of the accountant is broader in scope. Accounts decide which data
the company needs and recorded, determining how they process the data, and deciding
how they design the reports or how to communicate the information to the decision makers.
Accounting System comprise the methods used by the business to keep records of its
financial activities and to summarize these accounts in periodic accounting reports.
• These are broad, general statement or “rules” and “procedures ” that serve as guides in
the practice of accounting.
• These are standards, assumptions, and concepts with general acceptability.
• These are measurements techniques and standard used in the presentation of financial
statements.
Fundamental Concepts
1. Entity Concepts regards the business enterprise as separate and distinct from its
owners and from other business enterprises.
Ex. Mr. Santos has a car repair shop and a barber shop. The car repair shop is
considered as a separate entity distinct from the barber shop and the owner, Mr. Santos
The expenses of the car repair shop should not be mixed with the expenses of the
barber shop and the personal expenses of Mr. Santos. The two businesses are
considered to be separate economic units, separate and distinct from their owner. As
such, these should be treated as different from each other, although owned and
operated by only one person. Hence, the personal expenses of Mr. Santos should not
be mixed with the expense of any of the businesses.
a) Calendar year- a twelve-month period that starts on January 1 and ends on December
31
b) Fiscal year-a twelve-month period that starts on any month of the year other than
January and ends twelve months after the start period (e,g. A business whose fiscal year
starts June 1, 2012 ends its fiscal year on May 31m 2013, This is still a twelve-month
period although it does not start in January and end in December) A natural business
year is any twelve-month period that end when business activities are at their lowest
point.
3. Going Concern is concept which assumes that the business enterprise will continue to
operate indefinitely.
EX. In preparing the financial statements of the car repair shop and the barbershop the
accountant assumes that the businesses will not close or shut operations within the next
year.
Basic Principles
1. Objectivity principle states that all business transactions that will be entered in the
accounting records must be duly supported by verifiable evidence.
Ex. Payments must be supported by official receipts, and bank deposits must be
supported by deposit slips.
2. Historical Cost means that all properties and services acquired by the business must
be recorded at its original cost.
Ex. Land bought in 1990 for one millions person should be recorded at one million
pesos even though its market value in the year 2012 is already two million pesos.
3. Accrual Principle states that income should be recognized at the time it is earned
such as when goods are delivered or when services have been rendered. Likewise,
expenses should be recognized at the time they are incurred such as when good and
services are actually used and not at the time when the entity pays for those goods
and services.
Ex. A hotel cannot consider as income the advance payment of a customer who
paid the hotel in advance for one month accommodation until the customer has
checked in. This is because the hotel has not yet rendered the services to the
4. Adequate Disclosure states that all material facts that will significantly affet the
financial statements must be indicated,
Ex. Land bought at one million pesos in 1998 should be recorded at historica cost in
the 2012 financial statements, however, the current market value of two million
pesos in the year 2012 may be indicated in the financial statements for the year 2012
in the form of a footnote or parenthetical note.
Read:
Lesson 1 Introduction to Accounting Principles
By Flocer Lao Ong Fundamentals of Accounting textbook for beginners
Activities/Assessment:
Identification:
__________1. A service activity. Its function is to provide quantitative information primarily
financial in nature about economic.
___________2. An accountant who had passed an examination prepared and graded by the
Board of Accountancy under the Professional Regulations Commissions.
___________3. All business transaction that will be entered in the accounting records must be
fully supported by verifiable evidence.
___________4. Approaches used in reporting must be consistently employed from period to
period.
___________5. Financial reporting is concerned with significant information enough to affect
evaluation and decisions.
___________6. All properties and services acquired by the business must be recorded at its
original cost.
___________7. Revenue is recognized when actually earned.
___________8. Expenses is recognized when actually incurred or used.
A. For each of the business listed below, indicate the type of the firm to where
each belongs. Used the following classifications; a) service company, b)
merchandising company, c)manufacturing company.
_______ 1 Department store _______ 11 Dental clinic
_______ 2 Barbers shop _______ 12 grocery
_______ 3 Textile mills _______ 13 pharmacy
_______ 4 Hardware _______ 14 Car assembler
_______ 5 Schools _______ 15 Dress shop
_______ 6 News stand _______ 16 Furniture maker
_______ 7 Appliance store _______ 17 Medical clinic
_______ 8 Shoe factory _______ 18 Repair shop
_______ 9 Driving school _______ 19 Gift shop
_______ 10 Fruit stand _______ 20 Laundry shop
Learning Outcomes:
• Define and identify the basic elements of accounting-assets, liabilities, and owner’s
equity
• Determine the net income through operation
• Define and identify revenue, expense, net income, and net loss
• Define and know the components of financial statements
• Prepare property classified financial statements
The key product or the end product of the accounting process is a set of documents
called the financial statements comprised of the follow:
Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet accounts, namely Assests, Liabilities, and Owner’s Equity, are classified
as real or permanent accounts.
Liabilities- these includes debts, obligations to pay, and claim of the creditors on the assets of
the business.
Owner’s Equity or Capital- this includes the interest of the owners on the business; claims of
the owners on the assets of the business; and the investment of the owner plus or minus the
result of operation. Owner’s Equity or capital comes from two main sources- investment of
owners and earnings of the business.
Illustration:
Answer: ₱ 100,000
Simple add liabilities of ₱ 40,000 and owner’s equity of ₱ 60,000 to get assets of
₱100,000.
Answer: ₱ 80,000
Simple deduct owner’s equity of ₱ 70,000 from the assets of ₱ 150,000 to get liabilities
of ₱80,000
Answer: ₱ 90,000
Simple deduct liabilities of ₱ 110,000 from the assets of ₱ 200,000 to get owner’s equity
of ₱90,000
Classification of assets
1. Current Assets
a.) expected to be realized in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the entity’s normal
operating cycle;
b.) held primarily for the purpose of being traded;
c.) expected to be realized within twelve months of the balance sheet date; or
d.) cash or a cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchange or used to settle a
liability for at least twelve months after the balance sheet date.
Cash includes coins, currencies, checks, bank deposit, and other cash items readily
available for use in the operation of the business.
Cash equivalents are short-term investments that are readily convertible to known
amounts of cash which are subject to an insignificant risk to change in value (per SFAS No. 22,
revised 2000).
Marketable Securities are stock and bonds purchased by the enterprise and are to be
held for only a short span of time or short duration. They are usually purchased when a
business has excess cash.
Trade and Other Receivables include the amounts collectible from any of the following
accounts:
• Accounts Receivable - is the amount collectible from the customer to whom sales
have been made or services have been rendered on account or credit.
Inventories present the unsold goods at the end of the accounting period. This is
applicable only to a merchandising business.
Prepaid Expenses include supplies brought for use in the business or services and
benefits to be received by the business in the future paid in advance.
Contra-Asset Accounts- these are accounts deducted from the related assets accounts.
Allowance for Bad Debts are losses due to uncollectible accounts. This is deducted
from the accounts receivable account to get the net realizable value. This is in line with the
financial statements’ qualitative characteristic of conservatism wherein no profits would be
anticipated but all probable or estimated losses should be provided.
2. Non-Current Assets
Long-term Investments are assets held by an enterprise for the accretion of wealth
through capital distribution such as interest. Royalties, dividents and rentals, for capital
appreciation or for other benefits to the investing enterprise such as those obtained through
trading relationships. Investments are classified as long-term when they are intended to be held
for an extended period of time (International Accounting Standards No.25).
Property, Plant, and Equipment are tangible assets that are held by an enterprise for
use in the production or supply of goods or service, or for administrative purposes and which
are expected to be used for more than one period (International Accounting Standards No. 16).
Furniture and Fixtures includes tables. Chairs, carpets, curtains, lamp and lightning
fixtures, and wall decors. Specific account titles maybe used such as Office Furniture and
Fixture and Store Furniture and Fixtures.
Liabilities
Trade and Other Payables- Includes payables from any of the following accounts:
Loan Payable is a ability to pay the bank or other financing institution arising
from funds borrowed by the business from these institution payable within twelve
months or shorter. (Note: If loan is payable beyond twelve months, then it is
classified under non-current liabilities)
Non-Current Liabilities are long term liabilities or obligations which are payable for a period
longer than one year. Examples of Non-Current Liabilities are as follows:
Mortgage Payable is a long-term debt of the business with security or collateral in the
form of real properties. In case the business fail to pay the obligation, the creditor can
foreclose or cause the mortgaged asset to be sold and proceeds of the sale to be used
to obligation.
Owner’s Equity
Capital is an account bearing the name of the owner representing the original and
additional investment of the owner of the business increased by the amount of net income
earned during the year. It is decreased by the cash or other assets withdrawn by the owner as
well as the net loss incurred during the year.
Income summary is a temporary account used at the end of the accounting period to
close income and expense account. The balance of this account shows the net income or net
loss for the period before it is closed to the capital account.
Income statement
Income statement accounts namely revenue and expense are classified as nominal or
temporary accounts.
1. Natural form- presents expenses according to nature. This type of income statement is
used in a service business.
2. Functional Form- presents expenses according to functional(e.g. cost of sales, selling
expenses, administrative expenses). This type is used in a merchandising business.
Service Income includes revenues earned or generated by the business in performing services
for a customer or client.
Salaries or Wages Expenses includes all payments made to employees or workers for
rendering services to the company. Examples are salaries or wages, 13th month pay, cost of
living allowances, and other related benefits given to them.
Supplies Expense covers office supplies used by the business in the conduct of its daily
operations.
Insurance Expense is the expired portion of premiums paid on insurance coverage such as
premiums paid for health or life insurance, motor vehicles or other properties.
Uncollectible Accounts Expense/ Doubtful Accounts Expense/ Bad Debts Expense means
the amount of receivables charged as expensed for the period because they are estimated to be
doubtful of collection.
Interest Expense is the amount of money charged to the borrower for the use of borrowed
funds.
1. Account Form follows the accounting equation where assets are listed on the left-hand
column of the report with the liabilities and owner’s equity listed on the right-hand
column.
2. Report Form shows in one straight column the assets, followed by the liabilities and
owner’s equity.
Classification
Items in the statement of financial position or balance sheet are classified, with assets
and liabilities separated into two or more categories. Sub classification is as follows:
Current assets are classified and presented according to liquidity with the most liquid
followed by those with lesser liquidity/ since cash is the most liquid, it is always listed first
followed by other current assets according to their proximity to cash.
Liabilities are classified and presented based on their maturity. Obligations presently due for
payment are listed first.
a. Operating Activities- the cash inflows (receipt) and the cash outflows (payments)
arising from the normal operation of the business.
Receipts of Cash:
Payment of Cash
Payments of Cash
The beginning balance of cash is added to the net increase or decrease in cash
resulting from the operating, investing, and financing activies in order to get the ending
cash balance which is the same as the amount of the cash account presented in the
statement of financial position.
Examples of the four statements, namely, (1) Income Statement, (2) Statement of
Financial Position (Report Form and Account Form), (3) Statement of Changes in
Owner’s Equity, and (4) Statement of Cash Flows are shown on pages 15 to 19. Notice
that the statement of financial position and income statement items are presented at the
minimum with supporting notes for line items with details.
Note
Service Revenue ₱ 298,000
Other Income 55,000
Total Income 1 ₱ 353,000
Expenses
• Salaries ₱ 160,000
• Depreciation 2 ₱13,000
• Supplies ₱ 10,000
• Rent ₱ 7,000
• Insurance ₱2,000
• Other Expenses 3 ₱ 2,600
• Finance cost 4 ₱ 3,400 198,000
Net Income ₱ 155,000
Current Assets
Cash 5 ₱ 300,000
Investment in Trading Securities 60,000
Trade and Other REceivables 6 121,000
Prepaid Expenses 7 64,000
Total Current Assets 545,000
Owner’s Equity
A, Capital ₱ 434,000
Total Liabilities and Capital ₱ 1, 238,000
Cash 5 ₱ 300,000
Non-Current Asstes
Current Liabilities
Non-Current Liabilities
Owner’s Equity
A, Capital 434,000
A, Capital ₱ 259,000
Sub-total ₱ 464,000
The beginning balance of cash is added to the next increase or decrease in cash
resulting from the operating, investing, and financing activities in order to get the ending cash
balance which is the same as the amount of the cash account presented in the statement of
financial position.
Notice that the ₱ 300,000 cash balance as of December 31 is the balance of the cash
account in the statement of financial position.
Note 5- Cash
Cash on Hand ₱ 175,000
Cash in Bank 125,000
Total ₱ 300,000
Read:
Lesson 2 Financial Statements for a Service Business and the Fundamental Accounting
Equation
Activities/Assessment:
Exercise 1
Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank.
Exercise 2
a. Cash
b. Cash equivalent
c. Marketable securities
d. Account receivable
e. Note receivable
f. Inventories
g. Prepaid expenses
a. Land
b. Building
c. Equipment
d. Furniture and fixtures
e. Accumulated depreciation
f. Intangible assets
______1. Contra-asset account representing expired cost of property, polant, and equipment as
a result of usage and passage of time.
______2. Lot used by the business on which a building can be constructed
______3. Non-monetary assets without physical substance held for use in the production or
Supply of goods, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes e.g., goodwill,
patents, copyright
______4. Tables, chairs, curtains, lightning fixtures, and wall decors
______5. Edifice, structure, used to house the office, store, factory
______6. Typewriter, air-conditioner, calculator, filing cabinet, computer, electric fan, trucks,
cars used in business.
Exercise 4
a. Account payable
b. Notes payable
c. Loan payable
d. Utilities payable
e. Unearned revenues
f. Accrued liabilities
g. Interest expense
______1. Debts arising from purchase of an asset on account evidenced by a promissory note
______2. An obligation to pay utility companies for services received from them
______3. Amount owed to others for expenses already incured but not yet paid
______4. Liability arising from amount of money borrowed by the business
______5. Debts arising from acquisition of services on account
______6. Obligation of the business arising from advance payments received before services
are provided to the customer.
Exercise 6
For each of the following, write I if it is an income statement item and B if it is a balance sheet
item.
______1. Interest expense
______2. Interest receivable
______3. Mortgage payable
______4. Interest Income
______5. Miscellaneous Expense
______6. Drawing account
______7. Supplies Expense
______8. Supplies
______9. Equipment
______10. Building
______11. Salaries Expense
______12. Account Payable
______13. Prepaid rent
______14. Insurance Expence
______15.Cash
Exercise 7
Below are the classifications commonly found on a classified balance sheet. On the blank
provided before each number, write the classification to where it belongs.
a. Current assets
b. Property, plant, and equipment
c. Current liabilities
d. Non-current liabilities
e. Owners’s equity
f. Not a balance sheet item.
______1. Land
______2. Rent expense
______3. L, Capital
______4. Account Receivable
______5. Unearned rent
______6. Supplies used
Presented in the trial balance of Niko Ong Art Gallery. From the information given, prepare the
following by completing the incomplete statements and the accompanying notes to financial
statements.
1. Income Statement
2. Statement of Financial Position
3. Statement of changes in owner’s Equity
Learning Outcomes:
INC- Increase
DEC- Decrease
NC- No Change
Activities/Assessment:
Exercise 1
Show the effects on the accounting equation. Write + for increase, - for decrease, and
NC for no change.
Exercise 2
Show the effects on the accounting equation. Write + for increase, - for decrease, and
NC for no change.
Exercise 3
Show the effects on the accounting equation. Write + for increase, - for decrease, and
NC for no change.
Learning Outcomes:
Curse Materials:
The life if a business is divided into accounting periods of equal length. A standard
sequence of accounting procedures is repeated for each period. These uniform procedures
done to accomplish the accounting process are referred to as the accounting cycle.
1. From the business document, determine the kind of transaction or exchange made.
2. Analyze the transaction to determine the accounts affected. They can either affect the
assets, liabilities, owner’s equity, revenue or expenses accounts.
3. Determine the effects of the transaction on the accounts affected. The transaction can
either increase or decrease the account.
The Journal
The journal is a chronological record events or business transactions showing all the
effects of each transaction in terms of debits and credits. Because transactions are initially
recorded in the journal, it is called the book of original entry. The simplest journal is the general
journal.
1. Date. Write the month on the first transaction unless there is a change in month for the
succeeding transactions or a new page is used.
2. Account titles and explanation. Write the debit account at the extreme left of the first line
while the credit account is indented half-inch on the next line. The explanation describing
the transaction is written on the extreme left of the next line below the credit. Remember
to skip one line before proceeding to the next transaction.
3. P.R (Posting Reference). Write the corresponding account number here once the entry
is posted. Meanwhile, it is left blank until posting has been done.
4. Debit. Under this column, write the debit amount for each debit account.
5. Credit. Under this column, write the credit amount for each debit account.
Presume that Niko Ong established an art Gallery with an initial investment of ₱500,000 on
September 5, 2012. The journal entry is shown below.
General Journal
Page number
2012
Initial Investment
When only two accounts are affected, we call this a simple entry where there is only one
debit account and credit account. The previous example where the owner, Niko Ong, made an
initial investment is a simple entry. In some cases. A transaction would require the use of three
or more accounts in which case the entry is called a compound entry.
Journalizing transaction is the process of recording transaction in the journal after it has
been recognized and measured.
In journalizing transactions the double entry system is used. In this case, two or more
accounts are affected by each transaction. It follows that for every debit, a corresponding credit
is made. The total debits should equal total credits for every transaction. In this way, the equality
of the accounting equation is maintained.
Illustrative problem
Initial investment
The following are transactions for Niko Ong Art Gallery for the month of September. They will be
recorded using the double entry system. To analyze each transaction, the following shall be
used to show the effect on the accounts as follows: A (for assets), L (for liability) or OE (Owner’s
Equity). The effects on owner’s equity is subclassified as follows: OE:R (Revenue) and OE:E
(Expenses).
Sept. 1 Niko Ong has a talent for painting. He is into charcoal, water color, acrylic,
and oil painting. Having the flair for it, he started studying painting under a
private tutor at the age of 10. Because of many request for job paintings Niko
is getting from prospective customers, he decided to put up an art gallery. He
invested ₱500,000 in this initial endeavor.
Dr Cr
Transportation Equipment (A) 300,000
Cash (A) 300,000
Purchase transportation equipment for cash
Advance Payment of Rental
Sept.1 Rented office space and paid two months rent in advance, ₱30,000.
Analysis An asset increased. Another asset decreased.
Rules Debit increases in assets. Credit decreases in assets.
Entry Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to prepaid rent.
Decrease in assets in recorded by a credit to cash.
Dr Cr
Transportation Equipment (A) 30,000
Cash (A) 30,000
Paid two months rent in advance
Sept.2 Niko Ong issued a promissory note for a ₱200,00 0 loan from metro bank. The
note carries a 12% interest per annum. The interest and the principal are
payable after one year.
Analysis Asset increased. Liabilities increased.
Rules Debit increases in assets. Credit decreases in liability.
Dr Cr
Cash (A) 200,000
Notes Payable (L) 200,000
Borrowed money from the bank
Issuing a promissory note
Events not Affecting the accounting Equation (no journal entry)
Sept.2 Hired an office secretary with ₱5,000 monthly salary. The secretary started work
on the same day.
There is no entry necessary at this point as the hiring of the secretary has no effect on
the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity.
Sept.2 Called Enriquez arty supplies and ordered oil paints and brushes worth ₱12,000
There is no entry necessary at this point as ordering of the oil paints and brushes has no
effect on the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity. No delivery of the supplies has been made
thereby no liability arises.
Sept.4 Paid insular life insurance co. ₱18,000 for one year insurance of art gallery.
Analysis Asset increased. Another asset decreased.
Rules Debit increases in assets. Credit decreases in assets.
Entry Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to prepaid insurance.
Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to cash.
Dr Cr
Prepaid Insurance (A) 18,000
Cash (A) 18,000
Paid one year insurance premium
Acquisition of office equipment paying down payment and the balance on account
Sept.5 Acquired office equipment from Abenson’s ₱50,000 paying ₱20,000 and the
balance at the end of the month. Note: A compound entry is needed in this
transaction.
Analysis Asset increased. Asset decreased. Liabilities increased
Rules Debit increases in assets. Credit decreases in assets. Credit increases in
liabilities.
Entry Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to office equipment.
Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to cash. Increase in liabilities is
Dr Cr
Office Equipment (A) 50,000
Sept.8 The ₱12,000 oil paints ordered from Enriquez art supplies were delivered on
account.
Analysis Asset increased. Liabilities increased
Rules Debit increases in assets. Credit increases in liabilities.
Entry Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to office equipment.
Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to art supplies. Increase in liabilities is
recorded by a credit to account payable.
Dr Cr
Art supplies (A) 12,000
Account Payable (A) 12,000
Purchased art supplies on account
Sept.11 Painted the portrait of Don Enriquez Zobel receiving ₱200,000 cash for the
completed portrait.
Analysis Assets increased. Owner’s increased
Rules Debit increases in assets. Credit increases in owner’s equity.
Payment of salaries
Sept.17 Received ₱250,000 cash for a contract to paint the portrait od Don Susana
Analysis Assets increased. Liabilities increased
Rules Debit increases in assets. Credit increases in liabilities.
Entry Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to cash.
Increase in liabilities is recorded by a credit to unearned painting revenue.
Dr Cr
Cash (A) 250,000
Unearned painting revenue (L) 250,000
Received cash for painting services to be
rendered
Income Earned on Account
Sept. 25 Received ₱100,000 from Mr. Sy as partial payment for landscape painting
delivered last sept. 21
Analysis An assets increased. Another assets decreased
Rules Debit decreases in assets. Credit decreases in assets.
Entry Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to cash.
Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to account receivable.
Dr Cr
Use of T-accounts
An account is a form of record that summarize the increases or decreases of any special
accounting value. The simplest form of an account is the T-Account because the accounting
equation is represented by a big T. It is an informal tool used to analyze the effect of a
transaction in the assets, liability, owner’s equity, revenue, and expenses.
1. Account title
2. Debit
3. Credit
Account title
Debit Credit
Sept 1 Niko Ong opened an art gallery. He invested ₱500,000 in this initial endeavor.
Note: The ₱500,000 debit to cash is from the first September 1 transaction where Niko Ong
invested cash. We shall record all transactions continuously as they transpire
Sept.1 Rented office space and paid two months rent in advance, ₱30,000
Sept. 2 Niko Ong issued a promissory note for a ₱200,000 loan from Metro Bank.
Take note carries a 12% interest per annum. The interest and the principal are
Sept. 4 Paid insular life insurance Co. ₱18,000 for a one year insurance of the art gallery.
Sept. 5 Acquired office equipment from Abenson’s, ₱50,000 paying ₱20,000 and the
Debit Credit
9/5 30,000
Sept. 8 The ₱12,000 oil paints ordered from Enriquez Art Supplies were delivered on
9/8 12,000
The ledger is a group of the account used by the company. It is the book of final entry.
An account is an accounting device or form or re4cord that summarizes the increase or
decreases of any specific accounting value. The accounts in the general groups:
The ledger has a record of each account. The T-accounts is the basic format used to record
every account. While the journal is chronologically arranged by date, the ledger is organized
by account.
Chart of Accounts
Chart of accounts is a list of all account titles used by company with their corresponding
account numbers. Account titles are arranged in financial statement order. Balance sheet
accounts which includes assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity come first. Account title in the
income statement which include revenue and expenses follow. The accounts are so
numbered for purposes of indexing and cross-referencing.
The succeeding pages present the chart of accounts of Niko Ong art gallery for
illustration.
Assets Liabilities
Income Expenses
The side of an account where increases are recorded is referred as the normal balance
of an account. This can be the left side (debit) or the right side (credit). The reason for this is
account increases usually exceed account decreases. The following are the normal balances of
accounts:
Normal Debit Balance Normal Credit Balance
Asset Liability
Owner’s Drawing Owner’s Equity
Expense Income
Posting is the process of transferring information from the journal to the ledger. Debits in
the journal are correspondingly posted as debits in the ledger, and credits in the journal are
likewise posted as credit in the ledger. The last step in posting are as follows:
1. From the journal, copy the date of transaction to the ledger.
2. Under the journal reference (J.R.) column of the ledger, copy the page number of the
journal.
3. Under the debit column in the ledger, transfer the debit amount from the journal. Under
the credit column in the ledger, transfer the credit amount from the journal.
4. After posting the amount to the ledger, write the account number in the posting reference
(P.R.) column of the journal.
2012
Initial Investment
General Ledger
Account: Cash Account No. 110
Date Explanation J.R Debit Credit Balance
2012
2012
The debit or credit balance of each account is determined at the end of the accounting
period in order to prepare the trial balance. The debit column and the credit column of each
account are added to get the balance of each account. If an account’s total debt exceeds total
credit, the account has a debit balance. If the total credit exceeds total debit, the account has a
credit balance.
For illustration purposes, the ledger accounts of Niko Ong Art Gallery after posting, are
presented as follows:
Cash Account Payable
Debit Credit Debit Credit
9/15 2,500
Bal. 350,000
Utilities Expense
Debit Credit
9/23 900
9/30 4,000
Bal. 4,900
The Trial Balance
The trial balance is the schedule of all balances to prove the equality of the debit and
credit. It is a listing of all account titles with their respective debit or credit balances taken from
the ledger. However, it does not check or vouch the accuracy of the report.
The following are the steps in the preparing of the trial balance.
1. Transportation- this error occurs when order of two numbers are reversed.
Ex. 48 was erroneously written as 84
1234 was erroneously written as 4321
2. Trans placement or slide- this occurs when decimal point has been moved or misplaced.
Ex. 100 was erroneously written as 10
67.89 was erroneously written as 678.9
Note: In both cases the discrepancy between the two columns of the trial balance is
divisible by 9.
For illustration purposes, presented below is the trial balance of Niko Ong Art Gallery.
₱1,337,900 ₱1,337,900
Read:
Activities/Assessment:
Theory Exercise
__________1. The process of transferring information from the journal to the ledger.
__________6. It is a list of accounts found in the ledger together with account’s balance.
Malou decided to invest in a travel agency. Below are the transaction for the month of June.
You are requested to journalize the transaction.
Initial Investment
4 Cash 250,000
Loan Payable 250,000
Borrowed money from bank
___________
5 _____________________ ____________
_____________________
Bought furniture on account
___________
6 _____________________ _____________
_____________________
Withdrew cash for personal
use
15_____________________ ___________
_____________________ _____________
Rendered services on
account
21_____________________ ____________
_____________________ _____________
Paid employees’ salaries
____________
30_____________________ _____________
_____________________
Exercise 2
Gisel decided to put up a consultancy firm. Below are the transaction for the month of
August, You are requested to journalize the transactions.
6 Bought Equipment from Bill’s ₱120,000 issuing a note for the account
5 _____________________ ____________
_____________________ _____________
Rendered services on
account
___________
6 _____________________ ____________
_____________________
Bought equipment on
account
___________
7 _____________________ _____________
_____________________
Withdrew cash for personal
use
___________
10_____________________ _____________
_____________________
Paid rent for the month
____________
15_____________________ _____________
_____________________
Additional investment
Chubs decided to put up a dental clinic. Below are the transaction for the month of
October, You are requested to journalize the transactions.
25 Paid Meralco
5 _____________________ ____________
_____________________ _____________
Rendered services for cash
___________
6 _____________________ ____________
_____________________
Purchase/bought dental
equipment for cash
___________
7 _____________________ _____________
_____________________
Withdrew cash for personal
use
___________
18_____________________ _____________
_____________________
To record electricity
consumption for the month
____________
25_____________________ _____________
_____________________
Paid electric bill
Learning Outcomes:
Course Materials:
Adjusting journal entries are entries used to update the accounts prior to the preparation
of financial statement because they affect more than one accounting period. Transactions are
apportioned properly between the accounting period affected. The accounts affected are
adjusted so that there would be no overstatement or understatement of balance sheet items and
income statement items.
The process of determining an entity’s net income or net loss requires certain income
and expense accounts to be apportioned over several accounting period. According to the
accrual principle, income is recognizes at the time it is actually earned and expense is
recognized at the time it is actually incurred or used. Thus, receipt of cash does not necessarily
mean a recognition of income, and payment of cash does not mean the recognition of an
expense.
An example of this is the cash received from a customer for the reservation of a hotel
room for two weeks. The receipt of cash from the customer does not necessarily mean that
income should be recognized. The receipt of cash should not recognizes more as a liability than
income. It is more appropriate to treat it is a liability in the form of service to be rendered. It is
only after the customer has checked in the hotel for his two-week stay can his advance payment
be considered as income because the service has already been rendered.
Another example is a one-year insurance premium paid for the insurance of a house.
The amount paid representing a one-year premium cannot be charged outright as an expense.
This is because the premium paid covers a one-year insurance. Hence, the full amount can only
be charged as expense after one year.
I. Prepayments are expenses already paid but not yet incurred or used.
Asset method
Cash xxx
Note: the amount on the adjusting journal entry represents the expired or used portion of the
payment.
Example 1
On October 1, 2012, X Co. Paid a one-year advance rent for ₱ 24,000. Give the
adjusting Journal Entry on December 31,2012.
Cash 24,000
Adjusting Journal Entry at end of the accounting period Dec. 31, 2012
Computation
The ₱24,000 rent represents one year or 12 months rent. Divide ₱24,000 by 12 to get
the monthly rent. Multipl it by 3 months representing the rent from Oct. 1 to December 31, 2012.
₱24,000/12 x 3 =₱6,000
Analysis: When you oaid ₱24,000 for one year rent in advance on Oct. , you debited the asset
account prepaid rent representing 12 months rent. On December 31, at the end of the
accounting period, the ₱24,000 prepaid rent is not totally assets since it includes the 3 months
expired or used portion. Hence, an adjusting entry is necessary to recognize the rent expense
for 3 months by debiting it and decreasing the balance of prepaid rent by crediting it.
Example 2
On march 31, 2012, B Co. Paid ₱72,000 insurance premium for 2 years. Give the
adjusting journal entry on May 31, 2012.
Cash 72,000
Computation
₱72,000/24 x 2- ₱6,000
Analysis: When you paid ₱72,000 for the two-year insurance on march 31, 2012, you debited
the assets account prepaid insurance representing 24 months insurance. On may 21, 2012
which is the end of accounting period, the ₱72,000 prepaid insurance is not totally an asset
since it includes the 2 months expired or used portion (March 31 to May 31). Hence, an
adjusting entry is necessarily to recognize the insurance expense for 2 months by debiting it and
decreasing the balance of prepaid insurance by crediting it.
Example 3
Supplies 5,000
Computation
Supplies at the beginning of the year is ₱ 7,000. At the end of the year, the remaining
balance is ₱2,000. The difference represents the supplies used duting the eyar. Subtract
₱2,000 from ₱ 7,000 to get the supplies used during the year.
Example 4
Supplies account showed a balance of ₱12,000. Supplies used during the year
amounted to ₱4,000. Give the adjusting journal entry on Dec. 31, 2012
Supplies 4,000
Computation
There is no computation necessary because the ₱4,000 supplies used during the year
was already given in the problem.
Analysis: The asset account supplies showed a balance of ₱12,000 at the beginning of the year
supplies used during the year amounted to ₱4,000. This should be recorded as expense by
debiting supplies expense and crediting the asset account supplies to decrease its balance.
II. Unearned or deferred income is income already received but not yet earned.
Liability method
Cash xxx
Income xxx
Note: The amount of the adjusting journal entry is the earned portion of the amount initially
received.
Example 1
Income 6,000
Computation
The ₱36,000 ash you received represents six months rent. Divide ₱36,000 by 6 to get
the monthly rent then multiply it by 1 month representing the rent from Nov. 30 to Dec. 31, 2012.
₱36,000/12 x 1 = ₱ 6,000
₱6,000 is therefore the rent income from Nov. 30 to Dec. 31, 2012.
Analysis: when you received ₱36,000 for the six months rent paid to you in advance on Nov. 30,
you debited cash and credited the liability account unearned rent income for 6 months rent. On
Dec. 31, which is the end od the accounting period, the ₱36,000 unearned rent income is not
totally a liability account since it now includes the 1 month earned rent. Hence, an adjusting
entry is necessary to recognize the earned portion of the initially recorded unearned rend
income by crediting rent income and debiting unearned rent income to decrease the liability.
Example 2
On may 1, Dr. Young received ₱60,000 for medical fees to be rendered in the next 3 months.
Give the adjusting journal Entry at the end of May.
Cash 60,000
Computation
The ₱60,000 cash received represents 3-month medical services to be rendered. Divide
₱60,000 by 3 to get the monthly medical fee.
₱60,000/3 = ₱20,000
₱20,000 is therefore the medical fees earned from May 1to May 31, 2012.
Analysis: When the ₱60,000 was received on May 1 for the 3 month medical services paid in
advance, cash was debited and the liability account unearned medical fees was credited
representing 3 months unearned fees. On may 31, the end of the month, the ₱60,000 unearned
medical fees is not totally a liability account since it includes the 1 month medical fees earned.
Hence, an adjusting entry is necessary to recognize the earned portion of the initially recorded
unearned medical fees by crediting medical fees and debiting unearned medical fees to
decrease the liability.
III. Accrued Expense are expenses already incurred or used, but not yet paid.
Expenses xxx
Example 1
Analysis: this is a liability on the part of the company because the employees have already
worked for this but the company has not paid their salaries. Hence, a liability on the part of
the company should be recognized at the end of the of the accounting period.
Example 2
The company received a telephone bill in the amount of ₱ 1,200 on Dec. 29, 2012 which
the company intends to pay on January 5, 2013.
Analysis: this is a liability on the part of the company because the telephone bill is for the
month of December but the company has not paid for it. Hence, a liability on the part of the
company should be recognized at the end of the of the accounting period.
IV. Accrued Income is income already earned but not yet received.
Income Receivable xxx
Income xxx
To record income earned
Example
A one-year 10% note receivable in the amount of ₱ 100,000 was received on January 1,
2012. The interest and the principal are payable on maturity date. Give the adjusting journal
entry on June 30, 2012
= ₱ 100,000 x .1 x 1/2
= ₱5,000 x
Computation:
Analysis: the note receivable bearer interest at 10% per annum. This interest will received
after one year on January 1, 2013. However, the note has already earned haft-tear interest
on June 30, 2012 in the amount of ₱5,000 although this interest has not yet been received.
Example 1
Example 2
Note: the required allowance for doubtful account is ₱5,000. However, per general ledger, the
allowance for doubtful accounts already shows a balance of ₱3,000. An adjusting journal entry
to bring the balance of the allowance for doubtful accounts to the required balance of ₱5,000 is
necessary. This can be best illustrated by the T-account.
VI. Depreciation Expense is the allocation of plant asset cost over its estimated useful life.
This is the expense allotted for the wear and tear of property, plant, and equipment
due to passage of time.
Cost ₱ xxx
Less: Salvage value xxx
Depreciable cost ₱ xxx
Divided by: Estimated Useful life xxx
Annual Depreciation ₱ xxx
The process of recording depreciation does not directly change depreciation to the asset
account. The charge is recorded in a contra-asset account called accumulated depreciation.
The use of this account allows the original cost of the assets and the related accumulated
depreciation account to be shown in the balance sheet. The balance of the accumulated
depreciation is deducted from the cost of the asset to get the carrying value of the asset.
Example
A building with an estimated useful life of 20 years finished constructed on April 1, 2012.
The cost of the building is 2.6 million with an estimated salvage value of ₱200,000. Give the
adjusting journal entry on December 31, 2012 to record the depreciation of the building.
Cost ₱ 2,600,000
Less: Salvage value 200,000
Depreciable cost ₱ 2,400,000
Divided by: Estimated Useful life 20 years
Annual Depreciation ₱ 120,000
On October 1, 2012, X Co. Paid a one-year advance rent for ₱ 24,000. Give the
adjusting journal entry on Dec. 31, 2012.
The ₱ 24,000 rent represents one-year or 12-months rent/ divide ₱24,000 by 12 to get the
monthly rent then multiply it by 9 months representing the unexpired or unused rent from
January 1 to September 30, 2013.
₱24,000/12 x9 =18,000
₱ 18,000 is therefore the prepaid rent from January 1 to September 30, 2013.
Paid one year rent in advance Paid one year rent in advance
To record expired rent for the year To record the unused rent
The effect of the adjusting entries on the ledger accounts after posting is the same
regardless of the method used.
Income method
Examples
On November 30,2012, A Co. Received ₱36,000 advance rental for 6 months. Give the
adjusting journal entry on December 31, 2012.
Received one year rent in advance Received one year rent in advance
The effect of the adjusting entries on the ledger accounts after posting is the same
regardless of the method used.
Read:
Lesson 5 Adjusting Journal Entries
Activities/Assessments:
Theory Exercise
Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank.
a. Deferred Income d. Adjusting Journal Entries
b. Prepayment e. Accrued Income
c. Depreciation Expense f. Accrued Expense
Exercise 1
Prepare the adjusting entry for each of the following for year ended December 31, 2012.
1. Paid trio insurance Co. ₱33,000 one year car insurance to commence August 1, 2012.
The amount of premium was debited to prepaid insurance
2 _____________________ ____________
_____________________ _____________
To record unpaid accrued interest
___________
3 _____________________ ____________
_____________________
To record depreciation of
equipment
Cost ₱
Less: Salvage Value 2,000
Depreciable cost ₱
Divided by: Estimated useful 5
Life years
Annual Depreciation ₱_____
___________
4 _____________________ _____________
_____________________
To record service earned
___________
5 _____________________ _____________
_____________________
To record supplies used for the
year
____________
6 _____________________ _____________
_____________________
To record provision for bad debts
Received ₱
1. 63,000 cash advance from a customer for one year service to be rendered
starting June 1, 2013. The amount was credited to Unearned Service Income.
2. Paid one year rent in the amount of ₱180,000 to commend August 31, 2013.
The amount of premium was debited to prepaid rent.
3. Purchased ₱5,900 supplies at the beginning of the year. Supplies used for the
year amounted to ₱1,750. Used the asset method.
4. Received an 18% ₱ 120,000 note on May 1, 2013. Interest will be paid together
with the principal on maturity date.
5. Bought ₱42,000 equipment with five year estimated life and a salvage value of
₱3,000. Depreciation is computed on a straight line basis.
6. Accounts receivable has a balance of ₱ 50,000. It is estimated that 5% of this is
uncollectible. Allowance for bad Debt has a balance of ₱1,500.
2 _____________________ ____________
_____________________ _____________
To record expired rent
3 _____________________ ___________
_____________________ ____________
To record supplies used for
the year.
___________
4 _____________________ _____________
_____________________
To record accrued interest
earned
___________
5 _____________________ _____________
_____________________
To record depreciation of
equipment
Cost ₱ 42,000
Less: Salvage Value ________
Depreciable cost ₱
Divided by: Estimated useful 5 years
Life
____________
6 _____________________ _____________
_____________________
To record provision for bad
debts
Learning Outcomes:
Course Materials:
Worksheet
The worksheet is a common tool and a summary device used by accountants to gather
on a sheet of paper all the information needed for the preparation of the financial statement,
adjusting entries, closing entries, and the post-closing trial balance. Hence, before the adjusting
and closing entries are recorded on the books and financial statements are prepared, the
accountant is assured of the arithmetical accuracy of his work.
The following are the additional information for Sept. 30, 2012.
a. Estimated doubtful accounts is ₱2,500.
b. Depreciation for the transportation equipment for the year is ₱10,000.
c. Art supplies used during the year amounted to ₱3,000.
d. Rent expense for the year is ₱20,000.
e. Insurance expense for the year is ₱4,500.
3. a.) Enter the adjustment in the proper adjustment column writing the number or letter of
each adjustment accordingly before each debit or credit amounts. Accounts which are not
listed in the unadjusted trial balance are added under the accounts column.
b.) Total the pair of adjustment column to prove the equality of debits and credit.
Depreciation
Expense
Transportation b)10,000 b)10,000
equipment
Accumulated
Depreciation
Transportation b)10,000 b)10,000
Equipment
Art supplies c)3,000 c)3,000
Expense
Rent Expense d)20,000 d)20,000
Insurance e)4,500 e)4,500
Expense
₱40,000 ₱40,000 ₱1,350,000 ₱1,350,000
Read:
Activities/Assessment:
Theory Exercise
Write “T” if the statement is true and “F” if the statement is false.
Exercise 1
Presented is the year-end unadjusted trial balance of Start Services
Start Services
Trial balance
December 31, 2012
Cash ₱ 150,000
Account receivable 120,000
Supplies 7,000
Prepaid insurance 15,000
Office equipment 125,000
Accumulated Depreciation- ₱ 5,000
Office Equipment
Accounts payable 55,000
Mol, Capital 273,000
Mol, Drawing 50,000
Service Income 198,000
Rent Expense 30,000
Start Services
Worksheet
For year-end December 31, 2012
No. Account title Trial balance adjustment adjusted income Statement Balance sheet
Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit credit
110 Cash ₱
150,000
120 Account 120,000
receivable
130 Supplies 7,000
140 Prepaid 15,000
insurance
150 Office 125,000
equipment
155 Accumulated ₱5,000
depriciation
220 Accounts 55,000
payable
300 Mol, Capital 273,000
310 Mol, Drawing 50,000
410 Service 198,000
income
510 Rent expense 30,000
Exercise 2
Presented is the year-end unadjusted trial balance of look new repail shop.
Look New Repair Shop
Trial Balance
December 31, 2013
Cash ₱ 50,000
Account receivable 59,000
Prepaid Rent 78,000
Equipment 27,000
Accumulated Depreciation-Office Equipment ₱25,000
Accounts payable 66,000
L, Capital 100,000
L, Drawing 50,000
Yearend- adjustments:
a. Rent expense for the year is ₱28,000
b. Depreciation Expense for Equipment is ₱25,000
c. Allowance for bad debts is ₱3,000
Look new repair shop
Worksheet
For year-end December 31, 2013
No. Account title Trial balance adjustment adjusted income Statement Balance sheet
Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit credit
110 Cash ₱ 50,000
Learning Outcomes:
The Accounting cycle is a series of steps accountants perform during an accounting period
relating to analyzing, recording, classifying, summarizing, and reporting useful financial
information. Its purpose is to generate the financial statements. The steps in the accounting
cycle are:
Accountants perform the first three steps during the accounting period. They perform the
next seven steps at the end of the accounting period. They perform the eleventh step at the
beginning of the new accounting period.
WORKSHEET
The worksheet is a columnar sheet of paper on which accountants have summarized
information needed to make the adjusting and closing entries and to prepare the financial
statements. A worksheet is only a tool used by accountants and is not part of the formal
accounting records. They may use worksheets each time they prepare financial statements,
that is, monthly, quarterly, or at the end of the accounting year.
TRIAL BALANCE
The trial balance prepared after posting in the trial balance column of the worksheet.
Enter the title of each ledger account on the description columns of the worksheet. List all of the
account titles in the chart of the first two amount columns of the worksheet and add the
columns. If the debit and credit columns totals are not equal, an error exist which we need to fin
and correct before proceeding with the worksheet.
Record the adjusting entries in the journal and later post them to the ledger. To prove
that the balances of the accounts in the ledger conform with the balances.
The closing entries are series of entries required at the end of the fiscal period to bring
the balances of the temporary accounts to zero so that they will be ready to receive data for the
1. Closing the revenue accounts(s). Transfer the balances in the revenue accounts to:
a. Debit each revenue account for the amount of its balance and,
b. Credit the income summary account for the total revenue
2. Closing the expense accounts. Transfer the balances in the expense accounts to the
Income Summary account
a. Debit the income summary account for the total expenses, and
b. Credit each expense account for the amount of its balance
3. Closing the Income Summary account. Transfer the balance of the income summary
account to owner’s capital.
a. Credit balance in the income summary account represents net income and close iit by
debiting income summary and credit the capital account.
b. Debit balance in the income summary account represents net loss and close it by
debiting the capital account and crediting the income summary account.
4. Closing the owner’s drawing account. Transfer the balance of the owner’s drawing account
to the owner’s capital account.
a. Capital account is debited for the amount of the withdrawals, and
b. Credit the drawing account for its balance.
Income Summary
Service Revenue
Salaries Expense
A post-closing trial balance is the trial balance prepare after the adjusting and closing
process.
Reverse all adjusting entries on the first day of the next period. A general rule to follow is that
may reverse all adjusting journal entries that increase assets or liabilities.
Interim statements are the statement prepared at the middle of the year. If the company
prepared financial statements every end of the month, the statements prepared from January to
November are interim statements. The year-end statements are the statements prepared at the
end of December.
REVERSING ENTRIES
The purpose of the reversing entries is to simplify the first entry relating to that same
item in the next accounting period.
Entries when no reversing entry is used Entries when reversing entry is used
Jan 31 Salaries Expense 160 Salaries Expense 160
Salaries payable 160 Salaries Payable 160
The adjusting entries as of January 31, are the same whether or not we use a reversing
entry. The reversing entry, dated February 1, shown on the right-hand column above is the
exact reverse of the debit and credit used in the adjusting entry. The use of the reversing entry
simplifies the entry made of February 10. The accountant does not have to remember that he
had already recorded accrued salaries of P160. When the company paid P3,800, the entry is
simply a debit to Salaries Expense and a credit to Cash for P3,800.
The end result in the accounts is the same whether or not they use a reversing entry. To
prove this, we show the accounts as they would appear below. The beginning balance in the
Salaries Payable results from the adjusting entry made on January 31.
19A 19A
JAN 31 ADJUSTING 3 150 JAN 31 CLOSING 4 150
Read:
Lesson 7 Completion of the Accounting Cycle
Activities/Assessment:
Exercises
JMD COMPANY
Trial Balance
June 30, 2020
Cash 6,000
Account Receivable 12,000
Prepaid Insurance 3,600
Prepaid Advertising -
Supplies 1,200
Equipment 60,000
Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment 2,400
Account Payable 12,000
Salaries payable -
JMD, Capital 51,000
JMD, Drawing 3,000
Sales Revenue 48,000
Salaries Expense 18,000
Advertising Expense 4,200
Rent Expense 4,800
Miscellaneous Expense 600
Depreciation Expense-Equipment -
Insurance Expense -
Instructions:
1. In a general journal, make adjusting entries at the end of the month’s operating for each
of the following:
a. The firm has used P630 of the supplies in operating the business.
b. On June 1, a fire insurance policy was purchased for P3,600. This policy will provide
coverage for 2 full years. Make the adjusting entry to reflect June’s insurance
expense.
c. Unused advertising materials as of June 30 amounts of P1,800
d. The depreciation for June amounts to P600.
e. The accrued salaries for June amounts to P120.
2. After you have made the adjusting journals entries, answer these questions:
_____________a. What is the amount of supplies to be shown in the asset section of
the balance sheet?
_____________b. What is the amount of supplies expense to be shown on the June
income statement?
_____________c. How much is the insurance expense that appears on the June
income statement?
_____________d. Compute the total assets to appear on the June balance sheet?
_____________e. Compute the total liabilities to appear on the June 30 balance sheet?
_____________f. Compute the total expenses to appear on the June 30 income
statement.
____________g. What is the amount of net income for June.
References: