‭Science, Technology, and‬ ‭ tymology‬‭(Greek)‬

E
‭teche‬‭- ‘arts or crafts’‬
‭Society (STS)‬
‭Prelims Reviewer‬
I‭nteraction‬ ‭Between‬ ‭Science‬ ‭and‬
‭Technology‬
‭Science‬
‭➔‬ ‭the‬ ‭systematic‬ ‭process‬ ‭of‬ ‭obtaining‬
‭knowledge‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭physical‬ ‭and‬ ‭Science‬ ‭Technology‬
‭natural‬ ‭world‬ ‭through‬ ‭observation‬
‭explores to know‬ ‭ xplores to make‬
e
‭and experimentation‬ ‭something useful‬
‭from that knowledge‬
‭ tymology‬‭(Latin)‬
E
‭without science,‬ ‭without technology,‬
‭scientia‬‭- ‘knowledge’‬ ‭technology could not‬ ‭some science‬
‭proceed.‬ ‭experiments would‬
‭Science as a Method‬ ‭not be‬
‭★‬ ‭Observation‬ ‭that‬ ‭leads‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭possible.‬
‭problem/question‬ ‭Science drives technology by making new‬
‭★‬ ‭Research‬ ‭technology possible‬
‭★‬ ‭Hypothesis‬ ‭through scientific breakthroughs.‬
‭★‬ ‭Experiment‬
‭★‬ ‭Analysis‬ ‭Roles of Science and Technology‬
‭★‬ ‭Conclusion‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Alter‬ ‭the‬ ‭way‬ ‭people‬ ‭live,‬ ‭with‬
‭★‬ ‭Sharing or Reporting‬ ‭profound‬ ‭effects‬ ‭on‬ ‭economic‬
‭development.‬
‭Science as a Social Endeavor‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Key‬ ‭drivers‬ ‭to‬ ‭development,‬
‭●‬ ‭to inspire and motivate‬ ‭technological‬ ‭and‬ ‭scientific‬
‭●‬ ‭facilitate specialization‬ ‭revolutions‬ ‭underpin‬ ‭economic‬
‭●‬ ‭stimulate problem-solving‬ ‭advances.‬
‭●‬ ‭divide labor‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Technological‬‭revolutions‬‭of‬‭the‬‭21st‬
‭●‬ ‭balance possible biases‬ ‭century‬ ‭are‬ ‭emerging‬ ‭from‬ ‭entirely‬
‭new sectors.‬
‭Division of Science‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Products‬ ‭are‬ ‭transforming‬ ‭business‬
‭practices‬ ‭across‬ ‭the‬ ‭economy‬ ‭as‬
‭Physical Sciences‬ ‭well‬ ‭as‬ ‭the‬ ‭lives‬ ‭of‬ ‭all‬ ‭who‬ ‭have‬
‭➔‬ ‭Physics,‬ ‭Astronomy,‬ ‭Chemistry,‬ ‭access to their effects‬
‭Geology, Metallurgy‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Have‬‭the‬‭power‬‭to‬‭better‬‭the‬‭lives‬‭of‬
‭poor people in developing countries.‬
‭Biological Sciences‬
‭➔‬ ‭Zoology,‬ ‭Botany,‬ ‭Genetics,‬ ‭Society‬
‭Paleontology,‬ ‭Molecular‬ ‭Biology,‬ ‭➔‬ ‭group‬ ‭of‬ ‭individuals‬ ‭involved‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬
‭Physiology‬ ‭persistent‬ ‭social‬ ‭interaction‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬
‭large‬ ‭social‬ ‭group‬‭sharing‬‭the‬‭same‬
‭Psychological Sciences‬ ‭geographical or social territory,‬
‭➔‬ ‭Psychology,‬ ‭Sociology,‬ ‭➔‬ ‭total‬ ‭of‬ ‭our‬ ‭interactions‬ ‭as‬ ‭humans,‬
‭Anthropology, Economics‬ ‭including‬ ‭the‬ ‭interactions‬ ‭that‬ ‭we‬
‭engage‬‭in‬‭to‬‭figure‬‭things‬‭out‬‭and‬‭to‬
‭Technology‬ ‭make things.‬
‭➔‬ ‭the‬ ‭application‬ ‭of‬ ‭scientific‬
‭knowledge for practical purposes.‬ ‭Science, Technology, and Society‬
‭➔‬ ‭human‬ ‭attempt‬ ‭to‬ ‭change‬ ‭the‬ ‭world‬ ‭➢‬ ‭is‬ ‭the‬ ‭study‬ ‭of‬ ‭how‬ ‭society,‬ ‭politics,‬
‭by‬ ‭creating‬ ‭products‬ ‭that‬ ‭can‬ ‭help‬ ‭and‬ ‭culture‬ ‭affect‬‭scientific‬‭research‬
‭people.‬ ‭and‬ ‭technological‬ ‭innovation‬ ‭and‬
‭how‬ ‭these,‬ ‭in‬ ‭turn,‬ ‭affect‬ ‭society,‬
‭politics, and culture.‬
 ‭Historical Development of Science and‬ ‭3 Parts of the Stone Age‬
‭Technology in the World‬
‭Paleolithic Period‬‭(‬‭Old Stone‬‭)‬
‭Ancient Times‬ ‭➔‬ ‭earliest‬ ‭stage‬ ‭of‬ ‭human‬
‭development‬
‭Three Age System‬ ‭➔‬ ‭began‬ ‭around‬ ‭2‬ ‭and‬ ‭a‬ ‭half‬ ‭million‬
‭➔‬ ‭system‬ ‭of‬ ‭classifying‬ ‭ancient‬ ‭years‬‭ago‬‭and‬‭ended‬‭around‬‭10,000‬
‭tools/uses‬ ‭into‬ ‭group‬ ‭or‬ ‭their‬ ‭B.C.E‬
‭discoveries‬ ‭➔‬ ‭coincides‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭vast‬ ‭geological‬
‭period‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Pleistocene‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬
❖
‭ ‬ S ‭ tone Age‬ ‭end of the Pleistocene Epoch.‬
‭❖‬ ‭Bronze Age‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Greek‬‭words‬‭paleo’s,‬‭meaning‬‭"old,"‬
‭❖‬ ‭Iron Age‬ ‭and lithos, meaning "stone."‬

‭Stone Age‬‭(until approximately 2,000 BC)‬

‭➔‬ ‭a‬ ‭broad‬ ‭prehistoric‬ ‭period‬ ‭during‬ ‭Mesolithic Period‬‭(‬‭Middle Stone)‬
‭which‬ ‭stone‬ ‭was‬ ‭widely‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭➔‬ ‭a‬‭transition‬‭from‬‭large‬‭chipped‬‭stone‬
‭make‬ ‭stone‬ ‭tools‬ ‭with‬ ‭an‬ ‭edge,‬ ‭a‬ ‭tools‬ ‭and‬ ‭hunting‬ ‭in‬ ‭groups‬‭of‬‭large‬
‭point, or a percussion surface.‬ ‭herd‬‭animals‬‭to‬‭smaller‬‭(‬‭microliths‬‭)‬
‭➔‬ ‭weapons made of stone‬ ‭chipped‬ ‭stone‬ ‭tools‬ ‭and‬ ‭a‬ ‭more‬
‭➔‬ ‭early humans shared the planet‬ ‭hunter-gatherer culture.‬
‭➔‬ ‭an‬ ‭archaeological‬ ‭term‬ ‭describing‬
‭Homo‬ ‭specific‬‭cultures‬‭that‬‭fall‬‭between‬‭the‬
‭➔‬ ‭have‬ ‭larger‬ ‭brains‬ ‭compared‬ ‭to‬ ‭Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods‬
‭Australopithecines‬
‭➔‬ ‭possess the ability to create tools‬ ‭Neolithic Period‬‭(‭N ‬ ew Stone‬‭)‬
‭➔‬ ‭systematic farming took place‬
‭★‬ H
‭ omo Habilis‬ ‭◆‬ ‭an‬ ‭agricultural‬ ‭revolution‬
‭(‬‭2.5 million B.P to 1.5 million B.P‬‭)‬ ‭because‬ ‭it‬ ‭satisfied‬ ‭the‬ ‭food‬
‭➔‬ ‭“able man or handy man”‬ ‭needs of the people.‬
‭➔‬ ‭first‬‭hominid‬‭species‬‭to‬‭know‬ ‭➔‬ ‭led‬ ‭to‬ ‭permanent‬ ‭settlement‬ ‭in‬ ‭one‬
‭how to create stone tools‬ ‭area to tend to the crops.‬
‭➔‬ ‭used‬ ‭Olduvan‬ ‭tools‬ ‭or‬ ‭small‬ ‭➔‬ ‭derived‬ ‭from‬ ‭the‬ ‭Greek‬ ‭word‬ ‭neo‬
‭stone tools.‬ ‭means‬ ‭“new”‬ ‭and‬ ‭lithos‬ ‭means‬
‭“stone.”‬
‭★‬ H
‭ omo Erectus‬
‭(‬‭1.6 million to 300,000 years ago)‬
‭Stone Age‬
‭➔‬ ‭derived‬‭from‬‭its‬‭characteristic‬
‭of walking upright‬ ‭Paleolithic‬ ‭Mesolithic‬ ‭Neolithic‬
‭➔‬ ‭has‬ ‭a‬ ‭taller‬ ‭and‬ ‭larger‬ ‭brain‬
‭Settlement‬ ‭Caves/‬ ‭Near‬ ‭Permanent‬
‭compared‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭Homo‬ ‭Nomadic‬ ‭Rivers‬ ‭ ettlements‬
S
‭habilis.‬
‭➔‬ ‭discovered fire‬ ‭Food‬ ‭Hunting/‬ ‭Hunting/‬ ‭Farming/‬
‭Domestication‬
‭Source‬ ‭Gathering‬ ‭Gathering‬
‭★‬ H
‭ omo Sapiens‬ ‭Tools‬ ‭Basic Tools‬ ‭Sharpened‬ ‭Advanced‬
‭(‬‭200,000 - 30,000 years B.P)‬ ‭Tools‬ ‭Tools‬
‭➔‬ ‭significantly‬ ‭larger‬ ‭brain‬
‭Discoveries‬ ‭Fire‬ ‭Fishing‬ ‭Domestication‬
‭compared to earlier species‬ ‭of Animals‬
‭➔‬ ‭increased‬ ‭abilities‬ ‭in‬ ‭survival‬
‭and tool-making.‬ ‭Humans‬ ‭Homo‬ ‭Homo‬ ‭Homo‬
‭ abilis‬
H ‭Erectus‬ ‭Sapiens‬
‭➔‬ ‭homo‬‭- human‬
‭sapiens‬‭- thinking‬
‭Bronze Age‬‭(3300 BCE - 1200 BCE)‬
‭➔‬ ‭characterized‬‭by‬‭the‬‭widespread‬‭use‬
‭of‬ ‭bronze,‬ ‭even‬ ‭if‬ ‭only‬ ‭by‬ ‭elites‬ ‭in‬
‭the early years‬
‭➔‬ ‭the‬ ‭introduction‬ ‭and‬‭development‬‭of‬
‭bronze‬ ‭technology‬ ‭were‬ ‭not‬
‭universally synchronous.‬
‭➔‬ ‭Human-made‬ ‭tin‬ ‭bronze‬ ‭technology‬
‭requires set production techniques.‬
‭➔‬ ‭tools‬ ‭and‬ ‭weapons‬ ‭made‬ ‭with‬
‭Copper and Tin‬
‭➔‬ ‭Cu‬‭+‬‭Sn‬‭=‬‭Bronze‬
‭Smelting‬
‭➔‬ ‭a‬ ‭process‬ ‭of‬ ‭extracting‬ ‭a‬ ‭metal‬
‭involving heating and melting‬
‭Inventions in the Bronze Age‬
‭★‬ ‭wheel‬
‭★‬ ‭irrigation‬ ‭dedicated‬ ‭fields‬
‭planting,‬
‭★‬ ‭bronze plow‬
‭★‬ ‭bronze axe‬
‭★‬ ‭bronze sword‬
‭★‬ ‭writing system.‬
‭Mesopotamia‬
‭➔‬ ‭oldest civilization in the world‬
‭➔‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭geographical‬ ‭region‬ ‭and‬ ‭not‬ ‭a‬
‭single civilization‬
‭➔‬ ‭located‬‭between‬‭the‬‭rivers‬‭Tigris‬‭and‬
‭Euphrates in present-day Iraq‬
‭Civilizations in Mesopotamia in the‬
‭Bronze Age‬
‭Sumerians‬‭(4000-2500 B.C.)‬
‭➔‬ ‭pioneers‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭development‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬
‭mesopotamian civilization.‬
‭➔‬ ‭contributions‬ ‭were‬ ‭seeding‬ ‭plough,‬
‭pick axe.‬
‭➔‬ ‭discovered bronze‬
‭➔‬ ‭invention‬ ‭of‬ ‭mathematics,‬ ‭and‬
‭system‬ ‭of‬ ‭writing‬ ‭"‬‭cuneiform‬‭"‬
‭meaning "wedge shaped"‬
‭➔‬ ‭Cuneiform‬
‭- oldest form of writing in the world‬
‭➔‬ ‭Epic of Gilgamesh‬
‭-‬‭a‬‭story‬‭similar‬‭to‬‭that‬‭Noah‬‭and‬‭his‬
‭ark‬
‭- oldest epic‬
‭Akkadians‬‭(2500 - 2300 BCE)‬
‭➔‬ ‭first great empire in western Asia‬
‭Babylonians‬‭(1972 B.C.)‬
‭➔‬ ‭Babylonian‬ ‭were‬ ‭characterized‬ ‭by‬
‭beliefs‬ ‭in‬ ‭many‬ ‭gods‬ ‭and‬ ‭in‬
‭superstitions.‬
‭➔‬ ‭Made‬ ‭important‬ ‭advances‬ ‭in‬
‭astrology‬
‭➔‬ ‭Able‬ ‭to‬ ‭develop‬ ‭the‬ ‭12-month‬
‭calendar‬ ‭and‬ ‭divided‬ ‭the‬ ‭week‬ ‭into‬
‭seven‬ ‭days‬ ‭based‬ ‭from‬ ‭their‬
‭observation‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭cycles‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬
‭moon.‬
‭➔‬ ‭Code‬ ‭of‬ ‭Hammurabi‬ ‭-‬ ‭basis‬ ‭for‬
‭regulating Hammurabi's empire‬
‭Assyrians‬‭(722 - 604 BCE)‬
‭➔‬ ‭State was a great military machine‬
‭for‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Developed‬ ‭an‬ ‭excellent‬ ‭army,‬ ‭used‬
‭weapons‬ ‭superior‬ ‭to‬ ‭those‬ ‭of‬ ‭their‬
‭neighbors,‬ ‭employed‬ ‭war‬ ‭horses,‬
‭chariots, and steel weapons.‬
‭➔‬ ‭Major‬‭achievement‬‭was‬‭their‬‭system‬
‭of administration.‬
‭➔‬ ‭first who used Iron in Mesopotamia‬
‭Chaldean Empire‬‭(604 - 539 BCE)‬
‭➔‬ ‭also‬ ‭known‬ ‭as‬ ‭the‬ ‭Neo‬ ‭Babylonian‬
‭Empire‬
‭➔‬ ‭Chaldeans‬ ‭were‬ ‭the‬ ‭most‬ ‭capable‬
‭scientists‬ ‭particularly‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭field‬ ‭of‬
‭astronomy‬
‭➔‬ ‭Worked‬ ‭out‬ ‭the‬ ‭most‬ ‭elaborated‬
‭system‬ ‭of‬ ‭recording‬ ‭the‬ ‭passage‬ ‭of‬
‭time.‬
‭➔‬ ‭Invention‬‭of‬‭the‬‭seven‬‭day‬‭week‬‭and‬
‭their‬‭division‬‭of‬‭the‬‭day‬‭into‬‭twelve‬‭-‬
‭double hours of 120 minutes each‬
‭➔‬ ‭Hanging Gardens of Babylon‬
‭India‬
‭➔‬ M ‭ ahabharata‬ ‭-‬ ‭longest‬ ‭epic‬ ‭from‬
‭India‬
‭➔‬ ‭Knew‬ ‭the‬ ‭principle‬ ‭of‬ ‭zero‬ ‭-‬ ‭laid‬ ‭at‬
‭least‬ ‭some‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭foundation‬ ‭of‬
‭algebra.‬
‭Iron Age‬‭(1200 - 600 BCE)‬
‭➔‬ ‭marked‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬ ‭widespread‬ ‭use‬ ‭of‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Anaximander‬
‭iron and steel‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Apeiron - limitless and infinite‬
‭➔‬ ‭mass‬ ‭production‬ ‭of‬ ‭weapons‬ ‭made‬ ‭➔‬ ‭formulated‬ ‭a‬ ‭theory‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬
‭from iron and steel.‬ ‭origin and evolution of life‬
‭➔‬ ‭large‬ ‭cities‬ ‭began‬ ‭to‬ ‭develop‬ ‭in‬
‭earnest across Europe and Asia.‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Anaximenes‬
‭➔‬ ‭metalworking‬ ‭became‬ ‭more‬ ‭➔‬ ‭air is the primary substance‬
‭advanced and complicated.‬
‭➔‬ ‭C‬‭+‬‭Fe‬‭=‬‭Steel‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Heraclitus‬
‭➔‬ ‭the idea of Flux‬
‭Hittites‬‭(1600-1200 B.C)‬
‭➔‬ ‭first people who made steel‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Leocippus‬
‭➔‬ ‭first who used iron in the world‬ ‭➔‬ ‭introduced‬ ‭the‬ ‭first‬ ‭idea‬ ‭of‬
‭➔‬ ‭resides in present-day Turkiye‬ ‭the‬ ‭atom,‬ ‭an‬ ‭invisible‬ ‭unit‬ ‭of‬
‭➔‬ ‭living‬ ‭in‬ ‭an‬ ‭agriculture-dominated‬ ‭matter.‬
‭land.‬
‭➔‬ ‭they‬ ‭were‬ ‭the‬ ‭first‬ ‭ones‬ ‭to‬ ‭use‬ ‭iron‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Democritus‬
‭mainly‬ ‭for‬ ‭religious‬ ‭objects‬ ‭or‬ ‭for‬ ‭➔‬ ‭atoms‬ ‭are‬ ‭solid,‬
‭swords‬ ‭indestructible‬ ‭particles‬ ‭that‬
‭➔‬ ‭developed‬‭light‬‭horse-drawn‬‭chariots‬ ‭are separated by space‬
‭which‬ ‭created‬ ‭a‬ ‭revolution‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬
‭nature of warfare.‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Pythagoras‬
‭➔‬ ‭recognized‬‭that‬‭the‬‭earth‬‭is‬‭a‬
‭ ersia‬ ‭or‬ ‭Achaemenid‬ ‭Empire‬ ‭(550-330‬
P ‭sphere (oblate spheroid)‬
‭BCE)‬
‭➔‬ ‭first‬ ‭multicultural-multinational‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Heppocritus‬
‭empire‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Father of Medicine‬
‭➔‬ ‭used cavalries (horse knights)‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Hippocratic‬ ‭Oath‬ ‭-‬
‭➔‬ ‭developed‬‭armed‬‭cavalry‬‭covered‬‭in‬ ‭encourages‬ ‭separation‬ o ‭ f‬
‭steel‬ ‭medicine to religion‬
‭➔‬ ‭made‬ ‭advancements‬ ‭in‬ ‭public‬
‭administration‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Heraclitus‬
‭➔‬ ‭first‬ ‭and‬ ‭only‬ ‭empire‬ ‭which‬ ‭set‬ ‭an‬ ‭➔‬ ‭the idea of Flux‬
‭action‬ ‭towards‬ ‭human‬ ‭and‬ ‭civil‬
‭rights‬ ‭Flux‬
‭➔‬ ‭developed the first postal service‬ ‭➔‬ i‭dea‬ ‭that‬ ‭life‬ ‭is‬ ‭full‬ ‭of‬
‭➔‬ ‭influenced‬ ‭the‬ ‭architecture‬ ‭and‬ ‭ever-changing themes‬
‭designs of the Greeks‬ ‭➔‬ ‭humans‬ ‭are‬ ‭in‬ ‭constant‬
‭change‬
‭Egyptians‬
‭➔‬ ‭advanced in the field of medicine‬ ‭Socratic‬

‭ ntiquity‬
A ‭❖‬ ‭Socrates‬
‭(600 - 529 BCE)‬ ‭➔‬ ‭contribute‬ ‭knowledge‬
‭through‬ ‭the‬ ‭dialogues‬ ‭using‬
‭Rise of Greek Civilization‬ ‭the‬ ‭Socratic‬ ‭Method‬ ‭(an‬ ‭art‬
‭➔‬ ‭natural‬ ‭philosophers‬ ‭act‬ ‭as‬ ‭first‬ ‭of questioning).‬
‭scientists in the world‬
‭❖‬ ‭Plato‬‭(Idealistic)‬
‭Pre-Socratic‬ ‭➔‬ ‭established the academy‬
‭➔‬ ‭coined the term “‬‭ELEMENT‬‭”‬
‭❖‬ ‭Thales‬ ‭➔‬ ‭wrote ‘The Republic’‬
‭➔‬ ‭the world is floating in water‬
 ‭❖‬ ‭Aristotle‬ ‭Toledian Tables‬
‭➔‬ ‭elements‬ ‭undergo‬ ‭changes‬ ‭➔‬ ‭a‬ ‭collection‬ ‭of‬ ‭mathematical‬ ‭tables‬
‭when‬‭they‬‭combine‬‭and‬‭have‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭predict‬ ‭the‬ ‭movements‬ ‭of‬
‭qualities‬ ‭that‬ ‭are‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭sun,‬ ‭moon,‬ ‭and‬ ‭planets‬ ‭relative‬
‭observation‬ ‭using‬ ‭our‬ ‭to the fixed stars.‬
‭senses.‬
‭➔‬ ‭proposed‬‭the‬‭fifth‬‭element‬‭as‬ ‭Inventions in the Middle Ages‬
‭“‭E
‬ THER‬‭”‬ ‭★‬ ‭Spinning Wheel‬
‭➔‬ ‭introduce‬ ‭the‬ ‭inductive‬ ‭and‬ ‭★‬ ‭Stirrups‬
‭deductive method‬ ‭★‬ ‭Astrolabe‬
‭➔‬ ‭Father of Zoology or Biology‬ ‭★‬ ‭Eyeglasses,‬
‭★‬ ‭Compass‬
‭❖‬ ‭Aristharcus‬ ‭★‬ ‭Tidal Mills‬
‭➔‬ ‭proposed‬ ‭sun-centered‬ ‭★‬ ‭Gunpowder‬
‭universe‬ ‭model‬ ‭★‬ ‭Printing Press‬
‭Heliocentrism‬
‭Science in China‬
‭❖‬ ‭Claudius Ptolemy‬ ‭●‬ ‭Gun‬ ‭Powder‬ ‭(Serendipity)‬ ‭-‬ ‭making‬
‭➔‬ ‭proposed‬ ‭the‬ ‭earth-centered‬ ‭unexpected‬ ‭and‬ ‭fortunate‬
‭model‬‭Geocentrism‬ ‭discoveries‬
‭➔‬ ‭became‬ ‭the‬ ‭most‬ ‭common‬ ‭●‬ ‭Paper‬
‭cosmological‬ ‭view‬ ‭in‬ ‭Middle‬ ‭●‬ ‭Compass‬
‭Ages‬
‭Science in India‬
‭❖‬ ‭Herophilus‬ ‭●‬ ‭Recognize zeros in mathematics‬
‭➔‬ ‭Father of Anatomy‬ ‭●‬ ‭Introduction of the decimal system‬

‭❖‬ ‭Erasutratus‬ ‭High Middle Ages‬

‭➔‬ ‭Founder of Physiology‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Rebirth of Science in Europe‬
‭➔‬ ‭Many‬ ‭scientists‬ ‭started‬ ‭to‬ ‭question‬
‭❖‬ ‭Euclid‬ ‭Aristotelian teachings.‬
‭➔‬ ‭Father of Modern Geometry‬ ‭➔‬ ‭practice‬ ‭of‬ ‭3‬ ‭Crop‬ ‭Rotation‬ ‭-‬ ‭each‬
‭parcel‬ ‭of‬ ‭land‬ ‭used‬ ‭for‬ ‭a‬ ‭specific‬
‭❖‬ ‭Archimenes‬ ‭season‬
‭➔‬ ‭Father of Mathematics‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Black‬ ‭Death‬ ‭(2nd‬ ‭Bubonic‬ ‭Plague)‬
‭caused‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬ ‭plague‬ ‭bacteria‬
‭ iddle Ages‬
M ‭(Yersinia‬ ‭pestis)‬ ‭carried‬ ‭by‬ ‭fleas‬
‭(476 - 1450 AD)‬ ‭living on the black rats.‬

‭ as the period in European history from the‬

w ‭Scholasticism‬
‭collapse‬ ‭of‬ ‭Roman‬ ‭civilization‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭5th‬
‭century CE to the period of the Renaissance‬
‭Early Middle Ages‬
‭➔‬ ‭slow‬ ‭progress‬ ‭of‬ ‭science‬‭in‬‭Europe,‬
‭the‬ ‭rise‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Catholic‬‭Church,‬‭and‬
‭surprising‬ ‭natural‬ ‭scientific‬
‭discoveries.‬
‭Arab Science‬
‭➔‬ ‭many‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭works‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭ancients‬
‭have‬ ‭been‬ ‭preserved‬ ‭(including‬
‭Ptolemy’s‬ ‭Astronomy)‬ ‭because‬ ‭they‬
‭were translated into Arabic‬
‭➔‬ ‭Christian‬‭philosophers‬‭that‬‭set‬‭out‬‭to‬
‭absorb‬ ‭the‬ ‭newly‬‭gained‬‭knowledge‬
‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭ancient‬ ‭(Plato‬ ‭and‬ ‭Aristotle)‬
‭and‬‭reconcile‬‭it‬‭with‬‭the‬‭teachings‬‭of‬
‭the church.‬
‭➔‬ ‭St.‬ ‭Thomas‬ ‭Aquinas,‬ ‭founder‬ ‭of‬
‭scholastic schools‬
‭❖‬ ‭St. Thomas Aquinas‬
‭➔‬ ‭founder of scholastic schools‬
‭❖‬ ‭Roger Bacon‬
‭➔‬ ‭use‬ ‭experiments‬‭to‬‭gain‬‭new‬
‭knowledge‬
 ‭ erigi‬‭- near the moon‬
P
‭❖‬ ‭Francis Bacon‬ ‭Aphegi‬‭- far from the moon‬
‭➔‬ ‭popularized‬ ‭the‬ ‭Scientific‬
‭Method‬ ‭Law of Period‬
‭➔‬ ‭the‬ ‭time‬ ‭it‬ ‭needs‬ ‭to‬ ‭complete‬ ‭one‬
‭ odern Ages‬
M ‭revolution around the sun‬
‭(1453-1659 AD)‬
‭Rotation‬
‭➢‬ t‭his‬ ‭is‬ ‭where‬ ‭the‬ ‭Renaissance‬ ‭➔‬ ‭the‬ ‭spinning‬ ‭of‬‭the‬‭planet‬‭on‬
‭resides‬ ‭its axis (24hrs/1 day)‬
‭➢‬ ‭Scientists‬ ‭began‬ ‭to‬ ‭perform‬ ‭many‬
‭experiments‬ ‭Revolution‬
‭➔‬ ‭orbital‬ ‭motion‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭planet‬
‭Scientific Method‬ ‭around the sun (365 days ¼)‬
‭➔‬ ‭scientific‬ ‭process‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬
‭observation‬ ‭and‬ ‭experimentation,‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Galileo Galilei‬
‭popularized by Francis Bacon.‬ ‭➔‬ ‭developed his own telescope‬
‭➔‬ ‭formulated‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭concept‬ ‭of‬
‭Printing Press‬ ‭inertia‬
‭➔‬ ‭introduced‬ ‭by‬ ‭Johanne’s‬ ‭Gutenberg‬
‭using movable type printing.‬ ‭Inertia‬
‭➔‬ ‭an‬‭object‬‭in‬‭a‬‭state‬‭of‬‭motion‬
‭Bible‬ ‭possesses‬ ‭an‬ ‭inertia'‬ ‭that‬
‭➔‬ ‭the world’s most-printed book‬ ‭causes‬ ‭it‬ ‭to‬ ‭remain‬ ‭in‬ ‭that‬
‭state‬ ‭of‬ ‭motion‬ ‭unless‬ ‭an‬
‭Leonardo da Vinci‬ ‭external force acts on it.‬
‭➔‬ ‭known‬ ‭for‬ ‭his‬ ‭engineering‬ ‭of‬ ‭canal‬
‭lacks,‬ ‭cathedrals,‬ ‭and‬ ‭engines‬ ‭of‬ ‭❖‬ ‭Hans Lipperhey‬
‭war.‬ ‭➔‬ ‭discovered telescope‬
‭➔‬ ‭first‬ ‭scientist‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭scientific‬
‭Scientific Revolution‬ ‭revolution‬
‭➔‬ ‭validated‬ ‭the‬ ‭Copernican‬
‭❖‬ ‭Nicolas Copernicus‬ ‭System‬ ‭using‬ ‭his‬ ‭telescope‬
‭➔‬ ‭successfully‬ ‭proposed‬ ‭the‬ ‭and observations‬
‭“‭H
‬ eliocentric Theory‬‭”.‬ ‭➔‬ ‭found‬ ‭the‬ ‭crater‬ ‭and‬
‭➔‬ ‭published‬ ‭his‬ ‭book‬ ‭entitled‬ ‭mountain‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭moon,‬
‭“‬‭The‬ ‭Revolution‬ ‭of‬ ‭Celestial‬ ‭moons of Jupiter‬
‭Spheres‬‭”‬
‭❖‬ ‭Tycho Brahe‬
‭❖‬ ‭Johannes Kepler‬ ‭➔‬ ‭first‬ ‭to‬ ‭describe‬ ‭in‬ ‭1572‬ ‭a‬
‭➔‬ ‭proposes‬ ‭his‬ ‭own‬ ‭‘Law‬ ‭of‬ ‭supernova‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭positions‬
‭Planetary Motion’‬ ‭of 777 stars‬
‭➔‬ ‭determine‬‭the‬‭distance‬‭of‬‭the‬
‭Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion‬ ‭comet‬ ‭from‬ ‭Earth‬ ‭using‬
‭parallax in 1577‬
‭Law of Elipses‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Geo-heliocentric model‬
‭➔‬ ‭orbit is elliptical‬ ‭➔‬ ‭where‬ ‭the‬ ‭universe‬ ‭is‬
‭described‬ ‭as‬ ‭geocentric.‬ ‭He‬
‭Law of Equal Areas‬ ‭explained this by stating that‬
‭➔‬ ‭the speed at which it travels‬ ‭➔‬ ‭the‬ ‭Sun‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭Moon‬
‭normally‬ ‭go‬ ‭around‬ ‭the‬
‭ erihilion‬‭- near the sun‬
P ‭Earth,‬ ‭while‬ ‭all‬ ‭the‬ ‭other‬
‭Aphelion‬‭- far from the sun‬ ‭planets,‬
‭ OHN‬ ‭RAY‬ ‭–first‬ ‭to‬ ‭use‬ ‭species‬ ‭as‬ ‭the‬
J
‭fundamental unit of classification‬

‭ arolus‬ ‭Linneaus‬ ‭–Father‬ ‭of‬ ‭Modern‬

C
‭Taxonomy‬

-‭ modern‬ ‭system‬ ‭of‬ ‭classification‬ ‭of‬ ‭living‬

‭organism‬

‭❖‬ ‭John Ray‬

‭➔‬ ‭first‬ ‭to‬ ‭use‬ ‭species‬ ‭as‬ t‭he‬
‭fundamental‬ ‭unit‬ ‭ f‬
o
‭classification‬

‭❖‬ ‭Carolus Linnaeus‬

‭➔‬ ‭father of Modern Taxonomy‬

‭BONUS‬

‭❖‬ ‭Herbert Spencer‬

‭➔‬ ‭first‬ ‭coined‬ ‭the‬ ‭idea‬ ‭of‬
‭“Survival of the Fittest”‬

‭❖‬ ‭Charles Darwin‬

‭➔‬ ‭popularized‬ ‭the‬ ‭idea‬ ‭of‬
‭“Survival of the Fittest”‬

‭❖‬ ‭Auguste Comte‬

‭➔‬ ‭father of Sociology‬