Chapter 1:

1. Prehistory.
a. Paleolithic: Old stone age (c. 3000000-10,000 bce)
- Tribal hunter and gatherers
- Crude stone and bone tools and weapons
- cave pinting and sculpture
b. Mesolithic: Middle stone age (c. 10,0000-8,000 bce)
- Domestication of plants and animals
- stone circles and shrines
c. Neolithic: New stone age (c. 8,000-2,000 bce)
- Farming and food production
- Polished stone
- architecture
- pottery and weaving
2. B.C.E./C.E.
a. B.C.E: Before common era
b. C.E: Common era
3. Venus of Willendorf
 Symbolism of women importance in fertility and having childrens
 Mother earth/fertility God
4. Megalith: Bug stones
5. Stonehenge: megalith structure on Wiltshire, Engalnd. (c. 3,000-1800)
6. Civilization: the birth of civilization marked the shift from rural to urban culture
7. Polytheism: Believed in more that one God.
8. Ra: God of the sun, stands on the Benben mound and creates everything; man is made
by Ras tears
9. Benben mound: Mound rising out of recending Nile-Atum/Ra stands on this while he
creates
10. Osiris: The god of the dead, the rules of the underworld,the first pharaon of Egypt
and the first mummy
11. Seth: Brother of Osiris
12. Isis: Osiris wife
13. Anubis: Guide to underworld and weighed souls
14. Ma'at: goodnes of ethical living and divin order
15. Ammit: devourer of the dead (devours heart if it not victor)
16. Mummification and the story about Osiris that explains the origins of
mummification
a. Story: The story of Osiris, the first pharaoh of Egypt, depicts his brother
Seth's jealousy leading to Osiris's demise. Seth and his friends devise a plot
to kill Osiris by sealing him in a mummy case and dumping it into the Nile.
Osiris's wife, Isis, manages to revive him, but Seth dismembers him
afterward. Isis and their son Horus the Younger search for Osiris's body parts,
establishing temples wherever they find them. However, Osiris's penis is
missing, preventing his full revival. They wrap his body parts in linen, making
Osiris the first mummy, which explains the Egyptian tradition of
mummification to preserve the body for the afterlife.
 b. Mummification/ Burial rituals: Egyptian burial rituals, including
mummification, involved removing internal organs except the heart, drying the
body with natron, wrapping it in linen with amulets and inscriptions, and
preparing furniture and paintings for the afterlife. These practices were crucial
for the transition of power between pharaohs and reflected the belief in an
afterlife.
17. Canopic jars: containers used by egyptians during the mummification process, to
store and preserve the viscera of their owner fo the after life
18. Book of the Dead: A loose collection of texts consisting of many magics spells
intended to assist a dead persons journey through the underworld and into the
afterlife. It was writen by many presta
a. The Last Judgment of Princess Entiu-ny
 depicting the deceased Hunefer undergoing judgment before the
gods, where his heart is weighed against the feather of Ma'at to
determine his fate in the afterlife.
b. The Last Judgment of Hunefer
 portraying the judgment of Princess Eutiu-Ny, likely emphasizing her
royal lineage or deeds during her lifetime, where her heart is weighed
against the feather of Ma'at to determine her fate in the afterlife.
19. Conceptual/composite representation of the human body: upper body from the
front, the lowest is show from the side; the head is in profile, while the eye and the
eyebrow are frontal
20. Pharaoh Tutankhamen's/King Tut’s sarcophagi and tomb
a. Outer coffin: made of wood
b. Middle coffin:Made of wood coverof gold and enamel
c. Inner coffin: Solid gold
 crook: sehepherdofho staff/protector of peolple
 Flail: punishment whip control

Chapter 2:
21. Myth: Stories that explain the natural world using supernatural beings
22. Philosophy: means lover of wisdom, is used to refer greek thinkers who combined
careful observations, systematic analysis and the exercise of pure reason
23. Pre-Socratic philosophers
a. Thales—History’s 1st philosopher
 Everything is made of water because water change to solid, water;
liquid. Steam; Gas. Ice; solid
b. Heraclitus
 The universe is always changing and has no permanence (you cannot
step twice in the same river)
c. Leucippus of Miletus and Democritus
 Everything is made of atoms
 Atoms: indivisible
 Atom move constantly and eternally according to changes in infinite
time and space
d. Pythagoras—
i. Proportion/numbers are the bases of reality—Pythagorean theorem
 ii. Pythagoras theorem:

24. Socrates
a. Socrates believed that truth and justice are absolutle and ethical life belong to
a larger set of universal truths and a unvhanging moral order
b. Principle idea: the unxamined life is not worth living
c. Socrates questioning Athens about their traditions and laws saying some of
them are wrong or may have change
d. The trial was meant to be show, socrated plead but socrates said they sould
thank him
e. He have opportunities to scape but he did not, he was sentence to drink
hemlock (poisonous plant relative to carrot)
25. Plato
a. Student of socrates
b. Learn throght socratic method: professor ask, student anwser
26. “Allegory of the Cave”: how we learn what we know
27. Levels of knowing/How we learn what we know
a. Guessing—Shadows and Pictures
b. Observation with the senses
c. Understanding of universal laws/science and mathematics
d. Understanding of the Pure forms
28. Post-and-lintel construction: the simples form of architectural construction,
consisting of vertical members that support horizontal beams
29. Entasis: Subtle outward curve on columns to offset the visual distortion from distance
(optical illusion)
30. Doric order
a. Rounded capital
b. Metope
c. Triglyph
d. No base
31. Ionic order
a. Capital with volutes
b. Continuous frieze
c. Base
32. Corinthian order
a. Capital with acanthus leaves
b. Continuous frieze
c. Base
33. Parthenon: Temple to Athens parthenins (Athenea the virgin) Athens, greece. It is
made of Doric order
34. Kouros: Young man
35. Kore: Young woman
36. Marble v. Bronze for statues
a. More open positions possibles
b. Marble breaks, so things that stick out often break
c. Bronze does nor break
d. Bronze can be remelted and made into other things so most of the greek statues
that we have today are actually Roman copies in marble of statues that are originally
bronze
37. Archaic Greek sculpture
 Rigig poses, arms close to sides, hands attached to the thights, one foot infront
another, weight in both feet, kness straight, muscles defines by lies, faces and
hair painted
a. New York Kouros: marble
b. Anavyssos Kouros: marble
c. Peplos Kore: marble
38. Classical Greek sculpture
 One leg infront another, weith greater in one foot, muscle defined by shadows,
made of bronze
a. Kritios Boy
b. Polycleitus—Spear-Bearer
c. Riace Warrior A
d. Zeus
39. Contrapposto: Natural body position
40. Humanism: Greek art observes fundamental laws derivedfrom the human physique
and focuses consistently on the actions of human beings
41. Protagoras—“Man is the measure of all things...”