2 MARKS SR INTER CHEMISTRY

1
Name of the chapter Number of Marks Page

question number
Solid state 01 02
Solution 01 02
Electrochemistry (OR)
01 02
Chemical kinetics.
Surface chemistry 01 02
P- block elements
15-Group elements (OR)
17-Group elements (OR) 02 04
16-Group elements (OR)
18-Group elements
D&F-block elements 01 02
Bio molecules 01 02
Halo Alkanes and Halo
01 02
arenes
Organiccompounds
containing 01 02
nitrogen
Choice ----- --------
Total 10 20
ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

2
1. Solid State
1. Define the term crystalline solid?
A: A solid substance in which the constituent particles have regular orderly
arrangement is called a crystalline solid.
Ex: NaCl, KCl, Diamond, Graphite, Quartz.
2. Define the term amorphous? ****
A: A solid substance in which the constituent particles do not have regular orderly
arrangement is called an amorphous Solid.
Ex: Glass, Quartz glass, Plastic, Fine powder, Pitch.
3. What makes a glass different from Quartz? ****
A:
Quartz Glass
1) It is a crystalline solid 1) It is an amorphous solid.
2) It has a long range order 2) It has a short range order.
4. Glass is considered as super cold liquid. Why? ****
A: Glass is considered as super cold liquid.
Reason: Glass has a less tendency to flow like super cold liquid.
5. Classify the following solids as ionic molecular, covalent network and amorphous
solids and metallic solids?
a) Li Br
b) Brass
c) Plastic
d) P4
e) Graphite
f) (NH4)3 PO4
g) Tetra phosphorous decaoxide(P4O10)
h) Si
i) Rb
j) I2
k) SiC
A: Ionic solids:- LiBr, Ammonium phosphate
Metallic solids:- Rb, Brass
Molecular solids: I2, P4, P4O10
Covalent network solids:- Si, SiC, Graphite.
Amorphous solids:- Plastic.
6. How does inter molecular forces among the molecules affect the melting point?
(OR)
7. How are does inter molecular forces among the molecules affect the melting point?
A: As the intermolecular forces among the molecules increases stability of a crystal
increases.
As the stability of molecules increases melting point of a crystal also increases.
8. Why are X -rays are needed to probe crystal structure? ****
A: To see the atoms, we must use the light with a wave length of 10-10m, which is
possible in the X-ray region. Hence X-rays are needed to probe the crystal structure.
9. How do you distinguish between crystal lattice and unit cell? ****
A: Crystal lattice:-A regular repeated 3D arrangement of the particles in the space is
called crystal lattice.
3
Unit cell:- A small portion of the crystal lattice is called unit cell.
10. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of simple cubic lattice?
A: Simple unit cell:
No of corner points=8
No of lattice points per unit cell = (81)1
8
Note:
1) Contribution of body centred point per unit cell =1
2) Contribution of face centred point per unit cell =1/2
3) Contribution of edge centred point per unit cell =1/4
4) Contribution of corner point per unit cell =1/8
11. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of body centered cubic lattice?
A: Body centered unit cell:
No of body centered points=1
No of lattice points per unit cell = (8
1)(11)
8
=1+1
=2
12. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of face centered cubic lattice?
(OR)
13. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of face centered tetragonal
lattice?
A: face centered unit cell:

4
No face centered points=6
No of lattice points per unit cell = (8
1)(6 1)
8 2
=1+3
=4
14. Define the term co-ordination number? ****
A: The no. of nearest neighbouring particles of a particle in unit cell is called co-
ordination number.
Ex: The co-ordination number of atoms in a simple unit cell is 6.
15. What is the co-ordination number of atoms in a simple unit cell?
A: The co-ordination number of atoms in a simple unit cell is 6.
16. What is the co-ordination number of atoms in a body centered cubic structure?
****
A: The co-ordination number of atoms in a body centered cubic structure is 8.
17. What is the co-ordination no. of atoms in a face centered close pack structure?
A: The co-ordination number of atoms in a face centered close pack structure is 12.
18. What is the co-ordination number of atoms in hexagonal close pack structure
(HCP)?
A: The co-ordination number of atoms in hexagonal close pack structure (HCP) is 12.
19. What is the co-ordination no. of atoms in a cubic close pack structure (CCP)?
A: The co-ordination no. of atoms in a cubic close pack structure (CCP) is 12.
20. How do you distinguish hexagonal close pack and cubic close packing? ****
A:
Hexagonal close pack (HCP) Cubic close pack (CCP)
1) The layers are arranged in the pattern 1) The layers are arranged in the
of AB, AB, AB……. pattern of ABC, ABC, ABC …… .
2) The third layer is same as the first layer. 2) The fourth layer is same as the
first layer.
3) Ex: Mg, Zn 3) Ex: Cu, Ag
21. What is Schottky defect? 15,18,21
A: Schotky defect:
 The defect which arises when the equal no of anions and cations are missing from
the lattice is called Schotky defect.
 Due to this defect density decreases.
 Ex: NaCl,KCl,AgBr.
22. What is Frenkel defect? 15, 18, 20

A: Frenkel defect:
5
 The defect which arises when the ion displaces from its normal position and
occupy the interstitial site is called Frenkel defect.
 Due to this defect density remains constant.
 Ex: ZnS,AgBr
23. What are f-centers? 21(2)

A: The anionic sites are occupied by the un paired electrons are called f-centres.
24. What is interstitial defect? ****
A: Interstitial defect:
 The defect which arises when the other atoms or molecules occupy the interstitial
site of the lattice is called interstitial defect.
 Due to this defect density increases.
 Ex: Stainless steel
25. Gold (atomic radius=0.144nm) crystallizes in a face centered unit cell. What is the
length of a side of the unit cell?
A: Given that atomic radius of gold atom is r= 0.144nm
For face centered unit cell 4r 2a
a 4r
2
a  40.144
2
a 4 0.144
1.414
a0.407nm

6
2. Solutions
1. Define the term solution? ****
A: A Homogeneous mixture oftwo or more substances is called a solution.
Ex: Salt solution
2. Give an example of solid solution in which the solute is solid.
A: Copper + Gold is an example of solid in solid solution.
3. What role do the molecular interactions play in a solution of alcohol and
water?
A: Inter molecular hydrogen bond is formed between alcohol and water.
Hence alcohol is easily soluble in water.
4. Define mass percentage of the solution. ****
A: Mass percentage (w/W)% : The mass of solute in grams present in 100gms of
the solution is called mass percentage of the solution.
Mass%of the solution massof thesolute 100
totalmassof thesolution
5. Define PPM of a solution?
A: Parts per million (PPM) : The number of parts of a component present in million
parts of the solution is called PPM of a solution.
= no.ofpartsofcomponent106
PPMof a solution
Total
.no.ofpartsof solution
6. Define Molarity? [TS 17, 20]
A: Molarity:
 The no. of moles of solute present in 1litre of the solution is called molarity.
 It is denoted by M
 M No.ofmolesofsolute
volumeof the solutionin litres
M n
VLitres
7. Define Molality? [TS 15]
A: Molality:
 The No. of moles of solute present in 1Kg of the solvent is called molality.
 It is denoted by m
 m No.ofmolesofsolute
Weightof thesolventin Κg
m n
WKg
8. Define Mole fraction? [AP 16, 18, 19] [TS 18]
A: Mole fraction(X):
 The ratio of mole number of one component to the sum of mole numbers of
all components present in the solution is called mole fraction of that
component.
 It is denoted by X
 Molefraction X = molenumberof thecomponent
of thecomponent
TotalNo.ofmolesof the solution
n
 Molefraction X1  1
of firstcomponent
n1 n2
7
9. State Henry’s law? 16(2), 18, 20(1), 21(2)

A: Henry’s law:
 The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase is directly proportional to the
mole fraction of the gas in the solution.
P X
P = KH X
Where, P = Partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase.
KH = Henry’s law constant
X = mole fraction of the gas in solution
10. What is relative lowering in vapour pressure (RLVP)? 19(1),19(2)
A: The ratio between LVP of the solution and vapour pressure of pure solvent
is called RLVP.
P P
RLVP= LVP= 0 S
P0 P0
11. State Raoults law? 14(1),16(1),17(1), 18, 20
A: Raoults law: The RLVP of the dilute solution of a non-volatile solute is equal to
the mole fraction of the solute.
RLVP=Xsolute
P0 PS
=Xsolute
P0
12. What are colligative properties? Give examples? 20(1)
A: The properties of the solution which are depending on the no. of particles of a
solute are called colligative properties.
Ex:
1) RLVP
2) Elevation of boiling point
3) Depression of freezing point
4) Osmotic pressure
13. What is elevation of boiling point? How is it related to the molar mass of the
solute? [TS16]
A: Elevation of boiling point:
 Increase in the boiling point of a liquid when a non volatile solute dissolved in it
is called elevation of boiling point.
 Sea water has high boiling point than pure water.
 It is denoted by ΔT b
W
ΔTb  Kb  2 1000
M2 W1
14. What is Ebullioscopic constant? 17(2)
A: The elevation of boiling point of one molal solution is called ebullioscopic
constant.
Its units are K.Kg.mole-1
15. What is depression of freezing point? How is it related to the molar mass of the
solute?
8
A: Depression of freezing point:

 Decrease in the freezing point of a liquid when a non volatile solute dissolved in
it is called depression of freezing point.
 Sea water has low freezing point than pure water.
 It is denoted by ΔT
f
W
ΔTf  Kf  2 1000
M2 W1
16. What is cryoscopic constant? ****
A: The depression of freezing point of one molal solution is called cryscopic
constant.
Its units are K.Kg.mole-1
17. The depression in freezing point of water is observed for the same amount of
acetic acid, dichloro acetic acid, trichloro acetic acid increases in the order
given above .explain briefly.
A:
 Depression in freezing point is a colligative property which depends on the
number of particles of a solute.
 From acetic acid to trichloro acetic acid the no. of particles are increases due
to ionization.
 Hence depression of freezing point increases.
18. What is Osmotic pressure? 15(2),16(1),18(1),18(2)
A: The pressure is applied on the solution to stop the osmosis process is
called osmotic pressure.
 It is denoted by 
 π = CRT
19. What are isotonic solutions? Give example? 15(1),17(1), 21(1)
A: The solutions of same osmotic pressure are called isotonic solutions.
Ex: Blood is isotonic with saline water [0.9% (
w ) NaCl solution]
v
20. Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C9H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) when
6.5 gm of C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450g of CH3CN. ****
A: Mass of aspirin=6.5 gm
Mass of acetonitrile=450gm
Total mass of the solution=6.5+450
=456.5 gms
Mass%ofaspirin Massofaspirin 100
Totalmassofthesolution
 6.5 100
456.5
 65 100
4565
 6500
4565
=1.42%
Mass%ofacetonitrile Massofacetonitrile 100
Totalmassofthesolution
9
 450 100
456.5
= 98.58
21. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5g of NaOH in 450 ml solution.
15(2)
A: Molarity=?
Weight of the solute (NaOH) =5grams
GMW of the solute (NaOH) = 1(Na) + 1(O) +1(H)
= 1(23) + 1(16) +1(1)
= 23+16+1
= 40
Volume of the solution= 450ml
 w 1000
Molarity
GMW Vml
 5 1000
40 450
10
36
M=0.27
22. Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) required for preparing 250ml
of 0.15 M solution in methanol. ****
A: Molarity=0.15
Weight of the solute (Benzoic acid C6H5COOH) =?
GMW of the solute (Benzoic acid C6H5COOH) = 7(C) + 6(H) +2(O)
= 7(12) + 6(1) +2(16)
= 84+6+32
= 122
Volume of the solution = 250ml
 w 1000
Molarity
GMW Vml
0.15 w 1000
122 250
w0.15122
4
w9.15
2
w =4.575gm
23. Calculate the mole fraction of H2SO4 in a solution containing 98% H2SO4 by mass?
14(2), 16(2), 17(1)
A: Given that 98% (
w ) H SO solution.
W 2 4
It means that 98gms of H2SO4 present in 100gms of the solution.
Solvent(H2O) Solute(H2SO4)
w1=2 w2=98
M1=18 M2=98

10
w w
n1 = 1 n2 = 2
M1 M2
2  98
18 98
1 1
9
n
Mole fraction of solvent water H2O X1 1
n1 n2
1
 19
1
9
1
10
9
9
 1 9
9 10
 1
10
X1 =0.1
Mole fraction of solute H2SO4 X2 =1-X1

=1-0.1
=0.9

11
3.1 Electro chemistry
Electrolysis
1. What is electrolysis?
A: The process of decomposition of the substance by passing electric
current is called electrolysis.
2. State Faradays first law? [AP16(1),18(1)] [TS 15, 20]
A: Faraday’s first law: During the electrolysis, the mass of the substance deposited at
the electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of the charge passing through
electrolyte is called Faraday’s first law.
m αq
mαCt(Cq)
t
m= eCt
But e GEW E
F F
mEct
F
But E 
GAW A
n n
m Act
nF
3. State Faradays second law? [AP 20] [TS 18]
A: Faraday’s second law: When the same amount of current passing through different
electrolytes connected in the series combination the masses of substances deposited
at the electrodes are in the ratio of their equivalent weights is known as faraday’s
second law.
m1:m2:m3 = E1:E2:E3
4. Write the chemical equation corresponding to the oxidation of H2O(l) at the
platinum anode?
A: 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
5. Give the chemical equation that represents oxidation of H2O(l) at the platinum
cathode?
A: 4H2O + 4e- → 2H2 + 4OH-
6. What are the products obtained at the platinum anode and the platinum
cathode respectively in the electrolysis of fused or molten NaCl?
A: 2NaCl→2Na+ + 2Cl-
At anode: (Oxidation): 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-
At cathode: (Reduction): 2Na+ + 2e- → 2Na
During electrolysis of molten NaCl, Chlorine is obtained at anode and
sodium is obtained at cathode.

12
7. What are the products obtained at the platinum electrodes (cathodes and
anode) when aqueous solution of K2SO4 is electrolysed.
A: K2SO4→2K+ + SO4-2
At anode (oxidation): 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
At cathode (reduction): 4H2O + 4e- → 2H2 + 4OH-
During the electrolysis of aqueous K2SO4 oxygen is obtained at anode and
hydrogen is obtained at cathode.
8. What are the products obtained at the cathode and anode during the
electrolysis of the following? When platinum electrodes are used in the
electrolysis.
a) Molten KCl
b) Aqueous CuSO4 solution
A:
a) 2KCl→2K+ + 2Cl-
At anode: (Oxidation): 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-
At cathode: (Reduction): 2K+ + 2e- → 2K
During electrolysis of molten KCl, Chlorine is obtained at anode and
Potassium is obtained at cathode.
b) CuSO4→ Cu+2 + SO4-2
At anode (oxidation): 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
At cathode (reduction): 2Cu+2 + 4e- → 2 Cu
During the electrolysis of aqueous CuSO4 oxygen is obtained at anode and
copper is obtained at cathode.
Conductance
9. What is cell constant of a conductivity cell?
A: For any conductivity cell
l is constant is called cell constant.
a
It is denoted by G*
G*l RRK
a ρ
Units of cell constant: Cm-1
10. Define conductivity of a material. Give its SI units?
A: Conductivity:
 It is denoted by K
 K 1
ρ
 The reciprocal of resistivity is called conductivity.
 Its units are Ohm-1.cm-1 (or) Ohm-1. m-1
Note: Ohm-1 = Siemen
11. Define molar conductivity m and how is it related to conductivity (k).

13
(OR)
12. Give the mathematically equation which gives the variation of molar
conductivity m with the Molarity (M) of the solution.
A: Molar conductivity:
 It is denoted by 
  KV
ml
 The conductivity of 1 gram mole of an electrolyte dissolved in Vml of the
solution is called molar conductivity.
 ButM W 1000
GMW Vml
M11000
Vml
M 1000
Vml
Vml  1000
M
 λ K 1000
M
 λ K  1000
M
Where K = conductivity
N = Molarity.
13. Define equivalent conductivity and how is it related to conductivity ( λ ).
(OR)
14. Give the mathematically equation which gives the variation of Equivalent
conductivity with the normality of the solution.
A: Equivalent conductivity:
 It is denoted by λ
 λ KV
ml
 The conductivity of 1 gram equivalent of an electrolyte dissolved in Vml of
the solution is called Equivalent conductivity.
 ButN W 1000n
GMW Vml
N GMWW 1000
Vml
n
N W 1000
GEW Vml
N11000
Vml
N 1000
Vml
Vml  1000
N
14
 λ K 1000
N
 λ K1000
N
Where K = conductivity
N = Normality.
15. State Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions?
A: Kohlrausch’s law: The limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is equal to the
sum of limiting molar conductivities of anions and cations is called Kohlrausch’s
law.
Electrochemical cells
16. What is a Galvanic cell or a voltaic cell? Give one example 14(2),17(2)
A: Electrochemical cells (or) Galvanic cells (or) Voltaic cells : The cell which converts
chemical energy into electrical energy by spontaneous redox reaction is called
electrochemical cell or Galvanic cell.
Ex: Daniel cell.
17. Name the two half-cell reactions that are taking place in the Daniel cell?
A: 1. Oxidation
2. Reduction
18. Write the chemical reaction used in the construction of the Daniel cell together
with the half-cell reactions.
A: At anode (oxidation): Zn Zn+2 +2e-
At cathode (reduction): Cu+2 +2e- Cu
The overall cell reaction is
Zns Cu2aq Zn2aq Cus
19. How is a Galvanic cell represented on paper as per IUPAC convention? Give
one example ****
A: According to IUPAC system the galvanic cell represented as the following.
Anode ||Cathode
Anode on the left hand side and Cathode on the right hand side and a double
vertical line in between them represents salt bridge.
Ex: Zn/ ZnSO4 || CuSO4 / Cu
(s) (aq) (aq) (s)
20. Write the cell reaction taking place in the cell. [TS 16]
Cu(S)/Cu+2(aq) || Ag+(aq) /Ag(s).
A: Given that
Cu (s) // Cu+2(aq) || Ag+ (aq) /Ag(s)
At anode (oxidation): Cu → Cu+2 + 2e-
At cathode: (reduction): 2Ag+ +2e- → 2Ag
Overall cell reaction is

15
Cu + 2Ag+→ Cu+2 + 2Ag

(s) (aq) (aq) (s)
21. What is standard hydrogen electrode? ****
A: Standard hydrogen electrode:
 It is used as a reference electrode.
 This electrode acts as a reversible electrode.
 It consists of a platinum electrode coated with platinum black.
 The platinum electrode is dipped in 1M aqueous HCl.
 H2 gas is bubbled through Pt at l atm pressure.
 On platinum electrode, H+ ions and H2 gas (at l atm) are in equilibrium.
H+ + 1e- ⇌
1H
2 2g




 Standard hydrogen electrode is represented as


Pts,H2 / Haq
(g)
 Its potential value is assumed to be zero volts at all temperatures.
22. Give a neat sketch of standard hydrogen electrode?
A : Standard hydrogen electrode SHE (OR)NHE :
Nernst equation
23. How is Gibbs energy change ( G) related to the cell Emf (E) mathematically?
****
A: ΔG - nFE
Cell
24. Explain the relationship between standard Gibb’s energy change and equilibrium
constant? ****
(OR)
25. Equilibrium constant K is measured accurately in the laboratory at given
temperature. Is it possible to calculate G0 at any other temperature? How?
A: ΔG ΔG0 RTlnQC
16
ΔG ΔG0 2.303RT logQC

At equilibrium G =0 and QC =KC
0 ΔG0 2.303RT logKC
ΔG0 2.303RT logKC
26. How is E0 cell related mathematically to the equilibrium constant Kc of the cell
reaction?
A: ΔG0 2.303RT
logKC
But ΔG0  nFE0Cell
KC
- nFEo
cell - 2.303RTlog10
2.303RT K
Eo
cell log10C
nF
Eo  0.059logKC
cell n 10
27. What is Nernst equation? Write the equation for an electrode with electrode
reaction Mn+(aq) + ne-⇌ M(s). ****
A: Nernst equation: Nernst equation is the mathematical equation which gives the
relationship between electrode potential and ion concentration in the electrolyte.
For metal electrodes:
Mn ne M
EcellEo  0.059log P
cell n 10R
 Eo  0.059log 1
cell n 10[Mn]
Eo 
cell n 10 
0.059log Mn
Ecell Eo 0.059 C
cell n log10
28. Write the Nernst equation for the EMF of the cell
Ni(s) / Ni2+(aq) // Ag+(aq) /Ag(s).
A: Give that Ni/Ni+2 || Ag+/Ag
At anode (oxidation): Ni  Ni+2 + 2e-
At cathode (reduction): 2Ag++ 2e- 2Ag
___________________
Ni + 2Ag+ → Ni+2 +2Ag
____________________
EcellEo  0.059log P
Nernst equation:
cell n 10R

17
Ni2
Ecell Eocell log10 
0.059 
2 Ag2
 
Ecell=E0cell - 2.303RT
29. Write the cell reaction for which
[Mg2]
2F 10[Ag]2
log
0 2.303RT [Mg2]
A: Ecell=E cell -
2F log10[Ag]2
Mg/Mg+2 // Ag+/Ag.
At anode (oxidation): Mg  Mg+2 + 2e-
At cathode: (reduction): 2Ag++ 2e- 2Ag
______________________
Mg + 2Ag+ Mg+2 + 2Ag
_______________________

18
3(b).Chemical kinetics
1. Define the speed (or) rate of a reaction? ****
A: Rate of a reaction: The decrease in the concentration of the reactants (or)
increase in the concentration of the products in 1 second time is called rate of
reaction.
Ex: For the reaction R P
rins  d[R] d[P]
dt dt
rav  Δ[R]  Δ[P]
Δt Δt
2. Write the equation for the rate of a reaction.
5Br-(aq) + BrO3-(aq) + 6H+  3Br2(aq) + 3H2O(l) .
A: 5Br-+BrO3-+6H+ 3Br2+3H2O
-] Δ[BrO
Δ[Br
-]  Δ[Br] Δ[HO]
rav 1  3  1 Δ[H ]  1 2  1 2
5 Δt Δt 6 Δt 3 Δt 3 Δt
3. What are the units of rate of reaction? ****
A: Units of rate of a reaction:
rav Δ[R] Δ[P]
Δt Δt
rav Δ[R]
Δt
rav Conc
time
rav  Mole/litre
sec
rav Molelitre-1sec-1
4. What is rate law? Illustrate with an example?
A: Rate equation (or) rate law: The equation which gives the relation between rate of
a reaction and molar concentrations of the reactants is called rate equation.
It is obtained by law of mass action.
Ex: xA+ yB Products
RateKAxBy
x[B]y
RateK[A]
5. Define order of a reaction. Illustrate your answer with an example. [TS15]
A: Order of a reaction:The sum of powers of concentration terms in the rate equation
is called order of a reaction.
Ex: xA+ yB Products
RateK[A]x[B]y
Order xy
The order may be zero, integer, fractional or negative.
6. Give two examples for zero order reactions. 19(1), 19(2)
A: Zero order reactions:
sunlight
1) 6CO2+12H2O 
C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
2) 2NH3 1130K
N2 + 3H2
19
3) 2HI Gold
H2 + I2
7. Give two examples for gaseous first order reactions? 14(1)
A: Examples for gaseous first order reaction:
1) SO2Cl2  SO2 +Cl2
(g) (g) (g)
2) N2O5 N2O4 +
1O
2
2
(g) (g) (g)
8. What are pseudo first order reactions? Give one example. 16(2)
A: Pseudo First order reaction: The reaction whose molecularity is two but the order
is one is called pseudo first order reaction.

Ex: C12H22O11+H2O H

 C6H12O6+C6H12O6
rateK[C 1 0
12H22O11] [H2O]
Order=1+0
=1
9. Mention a reaction for which the exponents of concentration terms are not the
same as their stoichiometric coefficients in the rate equation.
A:

1) C12H22O11+H2O H

 C6H12O6+C6H12O6
rateK[C 1 0
12H22O11] [H2O]
2) CHCl3+Cl2 CCl4+HCl
1
rateK[CHCl1
3] [Cl2]
2
10. Give the units of rate constants for zero, first order and second order
reactions. ****
A: Units of rate constant of nth order of a reaction:
Rate Cn
RateKCn
K Rate
Cn
]sec1
K [Mole/litre
e]n
[Mole/litr
e]1nsec1
K[Mole/litr
KMole 1nlitren1sec1
1) Unit of rate constant for zero order reaction is mole.lit-1.sec-1
2) Unit of rate constant for first order reaction is sec-1
3) Unit of rate constant for second order reaction is mole-1. lit. sec-1.
11. Identify the reaction order from each of the following rate constant. 20(1)
a) K=2.3x10-5 lit. Mol-1. Sec-1.
b) K=3x10-4 sec-1.
A: 1nlitren1sec1
KMole
20
a) K=2.3x10-5 lit. Mol-1. Sec-1 represents second order reaction.

b) K=3x10-4 sec-1 represents First order reaction.
12. Write the equation relating [R], [R]0 and reaction time t for a zero order
reaction.
A: The integrated equation for zero order reaction is
[R]0 [R]
K
t
Where K=Zero order rate constant
[R]0 = initial concentration of a reactant.
[R] = Concentration of the reactant after t seconds.
13. Draw the graph that relates the concentration of [R] of the reactant and t the
reaction time for a zero order reaction.
[R]0 [R]
A: For a zero order reaction K
t
Kt=[R]0 –[R]
[R]= [R]0 - Kt
[R]= -Kt + [R]0
This is in the form of y=mx+c
14. Write the integrated equation for a first order reaction in terms of [R], [R]0
and t . 21(1)
A: The integrated equation for a first order reaction is
[R]
K 2.303log 0
t [R]
15. What is half- life of a reaction? Illustrate your answer with an example. ****
A: Half life of a reaction:
The time is required to reduce half of the initial concentration of the reactant is
called half life of a reaction.
It is denoted by t
1/2
Ex: Half life of 1 gram of Radium is 1620 years.
16. Write the equation useful to calculate half life (t1/2) values for zero and first
order reactions. ****
[R]
A: For a zero order reaction, t1/2 0
2K
21
For a first order reaction, t1/2 0.693

K
17. A reaction has half life of 10 minutes. Calculate the rate constant for first
order reaction?
A: Given that half life of a reaction t 10minutes
1/2
For a first order reaction, t1/2 0.693
K
10 0.693
K
K 0.693
10
1
K0.0693min
18. What are elementary reactions? ****
A: Single step reactions are called elementary reactions.
Ex: C2H6 CH3CH2Cl
19. What are complex reactions? Name one complex reaction. 21(2)
A: A sequence of elementary reactions is called complex reaction.
C2H6 CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2OH CH3CHO CH3COOH CO2+H2O
20. What is rate determining step in a complex reaction?
A: In a complex reaction, the overall rate of the reaction is depending on slowest
step. Hence the slowest step is called rate determining step.
21. Define molecularity of a reaction. Illustrate with an example. ****
A: The no. of chemical species (atoms, molecules, ions) involved in the rate
determining step is called moleculaity of a reaction.
Examples for gaseous bimolecular reaction:
1) N2+O2 2NO
2) H2+I2 2HI
22. What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant? ****
(or)
23. Write the Arrhenius equation for the rate constant (k) of a reaction. ****
A: The rate of a reaction increases with the increase of temperature. Arhenius given a
mathematical equation for the relation between rate constant and temperature.
Ea
KAe RT
Where A=Arhenius factor
Ea=Activation energy
R=Ideal gas constant
T=Absolute temperature.
24. Write the equation which relates the rate constants K1 & K2 at temperatures T1
& T2 of a reaction. ****
K E T T
A: log 2  a ( 2 1)
K1 2.303R T1T2
Where Ea=Activation energy
22
R=gas constant
K1=rate constant at T1 temperature
K2=rate constant at T2 temperature
25. By how many times the rate constant increases for a rise of reaction
temperature by 100C? ****
A: For every 100C raise in temperature, the rate constant is nearly doubled.

23
4. Surface Chemistry:
1. What is interface? Give one example.
A: Surface (or) interface is the boundary separating the two bulk phases.
2. What is adsorption? Give one example.*****
A: Adsorption: Concentration of one substance on the surface of another substance
is called adsorption.
Ex:
1) Adsorption of hydrogen on charcoal.
2) Adsorption of molasis on charcoal.
3) Adsorption of acetic acid on charcoal.
4) Adsorption of hydrogen on nickel.
5) Adsorption of moisture on silica gel.
3. The moist air becomes dry in the presence of silica gel. Give reason for this.
A: The moist air becomes dry in the presence of silica gel.
Reason: Due to adsorption of water vapour on the surface of silica gel.
4. Methylene blue solution when shaken with animal charcoal gives a colourless
filtrate on filtration. Why?
A: Methylene blue solution when shaken with animal charcoal gives a colourless
filtrate on filtration.
Reason: Due to adsorption of Methylene blue from solution on the surface of
char coal.
5. Define occlusion?
A: Adsorption of hydrogen on the surface of metals is called occlusion.
Adsorption of hydrogen on Ni/Pd/Pt
6. Why is adsorption always exothermic?
A: During adsorption
1) Exothermic reaction takes place.
2) Surface energy of the adsorbent decreases and which appears as heat.
3) Enthalpy of the system decreases.
Hence H = -Ve
7. What is absorption? Give one example*****
A: Absorption:-
 Uniformly distribution of one substance into the bulk of another substance is
called absorption
 Ex: 1. Piece of chalk dipped in coloured ink.
2. Sponge dipped in water.
8. What is sorption?
A: Sorption: If both adsorption and absorption takes place simultaneously then
it is called sorption.
The term sorption was introduced by MC Bain.
9. What is desorption?
A: Desorption: The process of removal of adsorbate from the surface of
adsorbent is called desorption.
10. What type of forces are involved in physisorption on a gas on solid?
A: Weak vander wall forces are involved in physisorption on a gas on solid.
24
11. What type of interaction occurring between gas molecules and a solid surface
is responsible for chemisorption of the gas on solid?
A: Strong chemical forces occurring between gas molecules and a solid surface is
responsible for chemisorptions of the gas on solid.
12. Why physisorption suffers from lack of specificity?
A: As vander wall forces are universal, the surface of the solid adsorbent does not
have any
preference for a particular gas for physisorption. Hence, it is non- specific in
nature.
13. What are the factors which influence the adsorption of a gas on a solid?
A: The factors that influence the adsorption of a gas on a solid:
1) Nature of gas
2) Surface area of adsorbent
3) Pressure
4) Temperature
14. Easily liquefiable gases are readily adsorbed on solids. Why?
A: Easily liquefiable gases are readily adsorbed on solids.
Reason: They have high critical temperatures.
15. Among SO2, H2 which will be adsorbed more readily on the surface of charcoal
and why?
A: Among SO2 and H2, SO2 will be adsorbed more readily on the surface of charcoal
Reason:
1) It is an easily liquefiable gas.
2) It has high critical temperature.
16. Give two applications of adsorption?.
A: Application of adsorption:
1) Gas masks containing activated charcoal remove poisonous gases from
atmosphere.
2) Removal of colouring matter from the solutions
3) Froth flotation process
4) Production of high vaccume
5) Control of humidity
17. What is colloidal solution?
A: The solution in which the particle size is in the range of 1mμ1μ is called
colloidal solution.
18. How are the colloidal solutions classified on the basis of physical states of
components?
(OR)
19. Give examples of colloidal system of 21(1)
a) Liquid in solid
b) Gas in solid
(OR)
20. What is the difference between a colloidal solid sol, Gel, sol, emulsion,
foam?*****
25
A:
Physical state of Physical state of Type of Example
dispersed phase dispersion medium colloidal system
Solid Solid Solid sol Gem stones
Liquid Solid Gel Cheese
Gas Solid Sold sol Pumice stone
Solid Liquid Sol Paints
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk
Gas Liquid Foam Froth
Solid Gas Aero sol Smoke
Liquid Gas Aero sol Fog
21. Explain the terms with suitable example (i) aerosol (ii) hydrosol?
A: Aerosol: it is a Colloidal solution in which dispersion medium is air.
Ex: Smoke, fog
Hydrosol: it is a Colloidal solution in which dispersion medium is water.
Ex: Milk, Starch sol.
22. Name the dispersed phase and dispersion medium in the following colloidal
system *****
1) Starch solution
2) Gold solution
3) Milk
4) Blood
5) Smoke
6) Fog
7) Cloud
A:
1) Starch solution:-
Dispersed phase: Starch particles
Dispersion medium: Water
Type: Hydrosol
2) Gold solution:-
Dispersed phase: Gold particles
Type: Hydrosol
3) Milk :-
Dispersed phase: Liquid fat
Type: Hydrosol
4) Blood :-
Dispersed phase: Albuminoid
Type: Hydrosol
5) Fog :-
26
Dispersed phase : Liquid

Dispersion medium: Air
Type: Aerosol
6) Smoke :-
Dispersed phase: Carbon particles
Type: Aerosol
7) Cloud :-
Dispersed phase: Water
Type: Aerosol
23. Explain why lyophilic colloids are relatively more stable than lyophobic colloids?
A: 1. In lyophilic sols, greater affinity is present in between the molecules of dispersed
phase and dispersed medium.
2. Factors responsible for the more stability of lyophilic sols are charge and salvation
of the colloidal particles.
24. Give two examples of lyophobic sols?
A: Examples of lyophobic sols: Metal hydroxide like Fe(OH)3 and metal sulphide like
As2S3.
25. What are micelles? Give one example. *****
A: Micelle: Large size colloidal particle is formed in water by the association of
simple molecules having hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends is called a micelle.
Ex: soap forms micelle in water.
26. What is critical micelle concentration (CMC) and Kraft temperature (TK)?
*****
A: Critical micelle concentration (CMC):
The formation of micelles takes place only above a particular concentration
called critical micelle concentration (CMC).
Kraft temperature (Tk):
The formation of micelles takes place only above particular temperature called
Kraft temperature.

27
27. What is the general difference between soap and detergent chemically?
A:
Soaps Synthetic detergents
1) Soaps are sodium 1) Detergents are sodium salts of
salts of higher fatty long chain alkyl benzene
acids. sulphonates.
2) Soaps cannot work in 2) Detergent can work in both
hard water soft and hard water
28. What is dialysis? How is dialysis can be made fast.

A:
 Blood is a colloidal solution.
 In case of kidney failure, blood cannot be purified.
 Under such conditions, the blood is purified by dialysis and reintroduced in the
blood stream.
 Dialysis: The process of purification of colloidal solution by using a suitable
membrane (dialyzing membrane) is called dialysis.
 The dialysis process can be made fast by applying electric field around the
membrane.
29. What is colloidion solution?

A: Colloidion solution: It is a 4% solution of cellulose nitrate in a mixture of alcohol and
ether.
30. What is Tyndal effect? ****
A: Tyndal effect : The scattering of light by the colloidal particles is called
Tyndal effect.
Applications:
1) Blue appearance of sky and sea water.
2) Visibility of tails of comets.
31. Sky appears blue in colour? Explain. *****
A: Sky appears blue in colour due to scattering of light by dust particles. This is
due to Tyndall effect.
32. What is Brownian movement? 21(2)
A: Brownian movement: A rapid zig-zag movement of colloidal particles in a
dispersion medium is called is called Brownian movement.

28
33. Name the four positively charged sols and negatively charged sols?
A:
Positively charged sols Negatively charged sols
1) Metal Oxides 1) Metals
Ex: TiO2 Ex: copper, Silver,gold
2) Hydrated metallic oxides 2) Metallic sulphides
Ex: Al2O3. xH2O Ex: AS2S3, Sb2S3, Cds
Fe2O3. xH2O
3) Basic dye stuff’s 3) Acid dyestuff’s
Ex: Methylene Blue Sol Ex: Eosin, congo red sols.
4) Haemoglobin (Blood) 4) Sols of starch, Gum,Gelatin,
Clay, Charcoal.
34. What is the main cause for charge on a colloidal solution?

A: 1. The charge on the colloidal particles is due to adsorption of common ions of the
electrolyte on the surface of the colloidal particles.
2. Ex: Fe+3 from FeCl3 on the surface of Fe(OH)3 particles.
35. What is electro kinetic potential or zeta potential?
A: Zeta potential: The potential difference developed between the two layers of
Helm-Holtz electrical double layer is known as Zeta potential (or) electric
kinetic potential.
36. What is electrophoresis?
A: Electrophoresis: The movement of dispersed phase particles under the
influence of electric field is called electrophoresis.
37. What is electro osmosis?

A: Electro –Osmosis: The movement of the dispersion medium under the
influence of electric field is known as electro osmosis.
38. Define coagulation? *****
A: Coagulation: The precipitation of colloidal solution by adding a suitable
electrolyte is called coagulation.(or) Flocculation.
39. What is Hardy-Schulze’s law? *****
A: Hardy – Schulze law : Coagulation power of the ion increases with the
increase of charge of the ion.
Ex: 1. Positive colloids are coagulation by –ve ions in the following order.
Cl- < SO4-2 < PO4-3
Ex: Negative colloids are coagulated by +ve ions in the following order
Na+ < Ba+2 < Al+3
40. Give the order of coagulating power of Cl-, SO4-2, PO4-3 in the coagulation of
positive sols.
A: Order of coagulating power: PO4-3 > SO4-2 > Cl-
29
41. Amongst Na+, Ba2+, Al3+ which coagulates negative sol readily and why?
A: Order of coagulating power: Al+3> Ba2+> Na+
42. Define flocculation value?
A: Flocculation value (or ) Precipitation value:
 The minimum no. of moles of the electrolyte is added to 1 litre of the colloidal
solution to bring about coagulation is called flocculation value.
 Smaller is the flocculation value of an electrolyte, greater is the coagulating
power.
43. What is peptization?
A: Peptization:
 The process of conversion of a precipitated substance into colloidal solution by
the addition of a small amount of electrolyte is called peptization.
 The electrolyte is used for the peptization process is called peptizing agent.
 Eg: 1. Fe(OH)3 is peptized by FeCl3
2. AgCl is peptized by HCl
44. What is protective colloid?
A: Protective colloid
 Lyophobic sols are less stable than lyophilic sol.
 A lyophobic sol can be protected from coagulation by adding a lyophilic sol
 Hence the lyophilic sol is called protective colloid (or) protective agent.
45. What is gold number? ****
A: Gold number: The weight of protective colloid in milligrams is required to
prevent coagulation of 10ml gold solution on addition of 1ml 10% NaCl solution
is called Gold number
Ex: Gold number of albumin is 0.1-0.2mg
46. Name any two applications of colloidal solutions?
A: Applications of colloidal solution:
Rubber: Plant latex is a colloidal solution of number particles which are
negatively charged. Rubber is obtained from latex by coagulation.
Purification of drinking water: The water obtained from natural sources
often contains suspended impurities. Alum is added to such water to
coagulate the suspended impurities and make water fit for drinking purposes.
47. How rubber is obtained from latex?
A: Natural rubber:
 It is a natural polymer.
 It is obtained from rubber latex.
 Latex obtained from bark of rubber trees.
 Latex is a colloidal solution of rubber in water.
 The rubber present in the latex is coagulated by the addition of HCOOH or
CH3COOH
 This solid is crude rubber.
 Crude rubber is refined by breaking and compounding.

30
48. Alum is used to purify water obtained from natural sources. Explain?
A: Purification of drinking water: The water obtained from natural sources
often contains suspended impurities. Alum is added to such water to
coagulate the suspended impurities and make water fit for drinking purposes.
49. Bleading from fresh cut can be stopped by applying alum. Give reasons.
A: Blood is a colloidal solution of albuminoids in water. Bleeding stop on
applying alum due to coagulation of blood forming a clot.

31
P- Block elements
15th Group elements
1. What is inert pair effect? ****
A: The reluctance of ns2 electrons to take part in bond formation is called inert pair
effect.
2. Why are the compounds of bismuth more stable in +3 oxidation state?
A: The compounds of bismuth are more stable in +3 oxidation state.
Reason: Inert pair effect
3. Nitrogen exists as di atomic molecule and phosphorus as P4. Why? ****
A:
Nitrogen Phosphorous
It exist as a diatomic molecule(N2) It exist as a tetra atomic molecule(P4)
Reasons: Reasons:
1) Nitrogen has small atomic size 1) Phosphorous has large atomic size
2) Nitrogen has high electro negativity 2) Phosphorous has less electro
negativity
3) PπPπ bond is strong 3) PπPπ bond is weak
4. Nitrogen molecules highly stable why 14(2),21(1)

(OR)
5. How do you account for the inert character of dinitrogen. ****
(OR)
6. Why does the reactivity of nitrogen differ from phosphorous? ****
A:
1. There is a triple bond between two 1. There is a single bond between
nitrogen atoms. phosphorous atoms.
2. Its structure is 2. Its structure is
3. N N is stronger 3. P-P is weaker

4. It has high bond dissociation 4. It has less bond dissociation energy.
energy.
5. It is more stable 5. It is less stable
6. Chemically inert at normal 6. Chemically active at normal
conditions. conditions.

32
7. Why is dinitrogen a gas but phosphorous a solid?

A:
1. It exists as a gas. 1. It exists as a solid.
2. Weak inter molecular forces 2. Strong inter molecular forces
present between the nitrogen present between the phosphorous
molecules. molecules.
8. Why does nitrogen shows catenation properties less than phosphorous? ****
A. The catenation tendency of nitrogen is less than phosphorus.
Reasons: It is due to
1) High inter electronic repulsions between the non- bonding electrons

2) High bond order
3) Small bond length.
4) The N-N single bond is weaker than P-P single bond.
9. Arrange the hydrides of 15th group elements in increasing order basic strength and
decreasing order reducing character? ****
A. Increasing order of basic strength of hydrides is BiH3 < SbH3< AsH3< PH3< NH3.
Decreasing order of reducing character of hydrides is BiH3> SbH3> AsH3> PH3>
NH3
10. Explain while NH3 is basic while BiH3 is only feebly basic. 18(1)
A. NH3 is basic while BiH3 is only feebly basic (weak base).
Reasons:
NH3 BiH3
Nitrogen Bismuth
1) It has small atomic size 1) It has large atomic size
2) It has more electro negativity 2) It has less electro negativity
3) It has more electron density 3) It has less electron density
4) It has more tendency to donate lone 4) It has less tendency to donate lone
pair of electrons pair of electrons
11. Why does NH3 acts as Lewis base? 18(2)

A. Ammonia acts as Lewis base due to the presence of lone pair of electrons on nitrogen
atom.

33
12. Ammonia is a good complexing agent. Explain with an example? 14(1)

A: Ammonia is a good complexing agent.
Reason: Ammonia acts as a ligand. It donates the electron pair to the central metal
atom and forms a complex compound.
Ex: AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag (NH3)2]Cl
13. Give an example of 17(2)
1) Acidic oxide of phosphorous.
2) Neutral oxide of Nitrogen.
A.
1) Acidic oxide of phosphorous is P4O10
2) Neutral oxide of nitrogen is N2O
14. NO is paramagnetic in gaseous state. But diamagnetic in solid, liquid state. Why?
****
A. NO is paramagnetic in gaseous state.
Reason: In gaseous state nitric oxide exists as monomer (NO) and it has odd number
of electrons (7+8=15 electrons).
NO is diamagnetic in solid, liquid state.
Reason: In solid and liquid states nitric oxide exists as a dimer (N2O2) and it has
even number of electrons (7+7+8+8= 30electrons).
15. Which chemical compound is formed in the brown ring test of nitrate ions? 18(2)
A. The chemical compound formed in the brown ring test of nitrate ions is
[Fe(H2O)5(NO)]SO4 (OR) [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]+2

34
16th group elements

1. Write any two compounds, in which oxygen shows an oxidation state different
from-2. Give the oxidation states of oxygen in them?
A. In oxy fluorides oxygen shows an oxidation states +1,+2
Compound Oxidation state of

oxygen
O2F2 +1
OF2 +2
2. Oxygen generally exhibits an oxidation state of -2 only while the other

members of the group show oxidation states +2,+4 and +6 also-explain?
A: In 16th group elemets, oxygen shows -2 oxidation state only.
Reason: It is due to high electro negativity and absence of d-orbitals.
But the other elements of the group show +2, +4 and +6 oxidation states.
Reason: It is due to the presence of d-orbitals.
3. Among the hydrides of chalcogens, which is most stable and which is most
acidic?
A: Hydrides of 16th group elements are H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te
Most stable hydride of group – 16 elements is water (H2O)
Most acidic hydride of group – 16 elements is H2Te.
4. Why is H2O a liquid while H2S is a gas? 14(2)
A: H2O is a liquid due to the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
H2S is a gas due to the absence of hydrogen bonds.
5. H2O is neutral while H2S is acidic-explain? ****
A. H2O is neutral while H2S is acidic.
H2 O H2 S
1) Oxygen has small atomic size. 1) Sulphur has large atomic size.
2) O-H bond is stronger 2) S-H bond is weaker
3) It cannot donate proton easily. 3) It can donate proton easily.
6. Give one example each for 21(2)

a) Neutral oxide
b) Peroxide
c) Superoxide.
A.
a) Examples for neutral oxides are CO, NO, N2O etc.
b) Examples for peroxides are K2O2, Rb2O2 etc.
c) Examples for superoxides are KO2, RbO2 etc.
7. Give two examples each for amphoteric oxides and neutral oxides?
A. Examples for amphoteric oxides are ZnO, Al2O3, SnO2 ect.
Examples for neutral oxides are CO, NO, N2O etc
8. SO2 can be used as an anti-chlor. Explain? [TS 19]
A. SO2 can be used as an anti-chlor,to remove chlorine from fabrics after bleaching.
SO2 + Cl2 → SO2Cl2 (Sulphuryl chloride).
35
9. Give the hybridization of sulphur in the following

a) SF4 b) SF6
(OR)
10. Explain the structures of SF4 and SF6
A: a)
No of bond pairs : 4
No of lone pairs : 1
Hybridisation : SP3d
Shape : Sea saw
b) In SF6, the central sulphur atom undergoes SP3d2 hybridisation. So, shape of SF6
molecule is octahedral.
No of bond pairs : 6
No of lone pairs : 0
Hybridisation : SP3d2
Shape : Octahedral
11. Give the hybridization of sulphur in the following. 20(1)
1) SO2
2) SO3
3) SF4
4) SF6
A.
S. No Compound Hybridizatio of sulphur
1) SO2 Sp2
2) SO3 Sp2
3) SF4 Sp3d
4) SF6 Sp3d2
12. What is tailing of mercury? How is it removed? 15(1),17(2),21(2)

A. In the presence of ozone, mercury loses its meniscus and stick on to the glass.
This is called tailing of mercury. It is removed by shaking with water(On
shaking with water mercury regains its meniscus)
2Hg + O3 → Hg2O + O2
36
Mercurous oxide
13. What happens when ****

a) KClO3 is heated with MnO2.
b) O3 is passed through KI solution.
A:
a) When KClO3 is heated with MnO2 dioxygen is formed.
MnO,Δ
2KClO3  2  2KCl + 3O2
b) When O3 is passed through KI solution iodine is formed.
O3 +2KI + H2O →I2 + 2KOH + O2
14. How does ozone react with ethylene?
A: Ozone reacts with ethylene to form ethylene ozonide, which is hydrolysed in the presence of
zinc dust to form formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
ZnH O
O3 +C2H4 C2H4.O3  2HCHO+ HCHO + H2O2
15. How is ozone detected?
A. Tests of ozone:
1) It is a pale blue gas with a strong rotten smell.
2) It turns alcoholic solution to brown.
3) It turns benzidine paper to brown.
4) It turns starch iodide paper to blue.
5) In the presence of ozone, mercury loses its meniscus and stick on to the glass.
16. Write any two uses of O3?
A. Uses of ozone:
1) It is used as a disinfectant, germicide (for sterilizing water).
2) It is used as a bleaching agent for oils, ivory, starch etc.
17. Write the names and formulae of any two oxyacids of sulphur. Indicate the
oxidation state of sulphur in them?
A:
S. Name of oxo acid of sulphur Formula Oxidation state of
No Sulphur
1. Sulphurous acid H2SO3 +4
2. Sulphuric acid H2SO4 +6
18. Write any two uses of H2SO4?
(OR)
19. Mention three areas in which H2SO4 plays an important role?
A. Uses of H2SO4:
1) It is used as a laboratory reagent.
2) It is used in the manufacture of paints, pigments and dyestuffs.
3) It is used in the purification of petroleum.
20. Give the formula of the following compounds?
a) Oleum
b) Caros acid
c) Marshal acid
A:
a) Oleum –H2S2O7
37
b) Caros acid- H2SO5

c) Marshal acid- H2S2O8

38
17th - group elements

1. Write the reactions of F2 and Cl2with water? 14(1)
A.
a) Reactions of F2 with water
2F2 + 2H2O → 4HF + O2
3F2 + 3H2O → 6HF+ O3
b) Reactions of Cl2 with water
Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HOCl
2. Which halogen produces O2 and O3 on passing through water? ****
A. Fluorine produces O2 and O3 on passing through water.
2F2 + 2H2O → 4HF +O2
3F2 + 3H2O → 6HF +O3
3. HF is a Liquid while HCl is a gas Explain?
A. HF is a liquid due to the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
HCl is a gas due to absence of hydrogen bonds.
4. What is aquaregia? Write it’s reaction with gold and platinum.
A. Aquaregia: The mixture of 3 parts of con HNO3 and 1 part of con HCl is called
aquaregia
Uses: It is used for dissolving noble metals like gold and platinum.
Au + NO3- + 4H+ + 4Cl- AuCl4-+NO+2H2O
3Pt +4NO3- + 16H+ + 18Cl- 3PtCl6-2+ 4NO+8H2O
5. Write two uses of hydrogen chloride?
A. Uses of HCl:
1) It is used as a laboratory reagent
2) It is used in the preparation of
a) Chlorine
b) NH4Cl
c) Aquaregia
d) Glucose
e) Sucrose
f) Medicine
3) It is used in the purification of bone marrow.
4) It is used in the extraction of glue from bones.
6. Write the formula of the compounds, in which oxygen has positive oxidation
states and mention the oxidation states of oxygen in them.
A: In oxy fluorides oxygen shows an oxidation states +1,+2
Compound Oxidation state of

oxygen
O2F2 +1
OF2 +2
7. What are inter halogen compounds?

A: Compound containing two (or) more different halogens are called Inter halogen
compounds. They are classified into 4 types.

39
S. No Type Example
1. AX ClF
2. AX3 ClF3
3. AX5 BrF5
4. AX7 IF7
8. Explain the structure of BrF3 15(2)
A: Structure of BrF3
No. of Bond pairs = 3

No. of lone pairs = 2
Hybridisation = Sp3d
Shape = Bent T shape
9. Explain the structure of ClF3 ?
A: Structure of ClF3:
No. of bond pairs=3
No.of lonepairs= G- VA-C 7-3  2

2 2
Total no. of pairs=5
Hybridisation=sp3d
Shape=Bent T shape
10. Explain the structure of BrF5

A: Structure of BrF5:
No. of bond pairs=5
No.of lonepairs= G- VA- C 7-5 1
2 2

40
Hybridization=sp3d2
Shape=Square pyramidal
11. Explain the structure of IF7

A: Structure of IF7:
No. of bond pairs=7
No.of lonepairs= G- VA-C 7-7  0
2 2
Hybridization=sp3d3
Shape: Pentagonal bi pyramidal
12. What is the use of ClF3

A. Use of ClF3: ClF3 is treated with uranium to form UF6
U+ 3ClF3  UF6 + 3ClF
(s) (l) (g) (g)
13. Inter halogen compounds are more reactive than the constituent halogens
expect fluorine explain.
A. Inter halogen compounds are more reactive than halogens (except fluorine)
Reason: A-X bond in inter halogen compound is weaker than
X-X bond in halogen (Except F-F bond)
14. Why is ICl more reactive than I2
A. ICl is more reactive than I2
Reasons:
1) ICl is an inter halogen compound but I2 is a halogen.
2) The I-Cl bond is weaker than the I-I bond.

41
15. The acidic nature of the oxo acids of chlorine is HOCl < HClO2< HClO3<
HClO4. Explain
A.
Oxo acid Oxidation state of Cl
HOCl +1
HClO2 +3
HClO3 +5
HClO4 +7
Acidic strength of oxo acid increases with the increase of oxidation state.
Hence the order acidic strength is HOCl< HClO2 < HClO3< HClO4
16. The decreasing order of acidic character among Hypohalogen acids is
HClO > HBrO > HIO. Give reason.
A:
Hypo halogen acid Oxidation state of halogen
HOCl +1
HOBr +1
HOI +1
Here oxidation state of halogen atoms is same.
The acidic strength of oxoacid increases with the increase of
electronegativity.
Hence the increasing order of acidic strength is HOI< HOBr < HOCl.
Hence the decreasing order of acidic strength is HOCl > HOBr > HOI.
17. Give the oxidation states of halogen in the following *****
1) Cl2 O
2) Cl O2-
3) K Br O3
4) NaClO4
A:
S.No Question Answer
1) Cl2 O
Cl2 O
↓ ↓
X -2
2(Cl) + 1(O) =0
2 (x) + 1(-2) =0
2x-2 =0
2x=2
2
x=
2
x =+1
2) Cl O2-
Cl O2- ↓ ↓
X -2
1(Cl) + 2(O) = -1
1(x) +2(-2) = -1
42
x- 4 = -1
x = - 1+4
x =+3
3) K Br O3
K Br O3
↓ ↓ ↓
+1 x -2
1(K) +1(Br) +3 (O) =0
1(1) + 1(x) +3 (-2) =0
1+x- 6 = 0
x- 5=0
x =+5
4) NaClO4
NaClO4
↓ ↓ ↓
+1 x -2
1(Na) + 1(Cl) + 4(O) =0
1(1) + 1(x) + 4(-2) =0
1+x- 8=0
x- 7=0
x=+7
18. How is chlorine prepared by Deacons method? 17(1),19(1), 19(2)

A: Deacons Process: HCl reacts with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of CuCl2
at 723K to form chlorine.
4HCl+O2 CuCl
 2,723K
2Cl2+2H2O
19. What happens when chlorine reacts with slaked lime?
15(1), 15(2),16(1) ,17(1)18(1) , 20(1)
A: Chlorine reacts with slaked lime to form bleaching powder.
Cl2+ Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2+H2O
20. Chlorine acts as an oxidizing agent. Explain with two examples?
A. Oxidising properties of chlorine:
1) Chlorine oxidizes KI to Iodine
2KI + Cl2 2KCl + I2
2) Chlorine Oxidizes H2S to S
H2S+ Cl2  2HCl + S
21. Chlorine acts as a bleaching agent only in the present of moisture. Explain
A. Chlorine reacts with water to form HCl and HOCl. The formed HOCl gives
nascent oxygen which is responsible for bleaching property.
Cl2 + H2O  HCl + HOCl
HOCl HCl + (O)
Coloured substance +(O) oxidized colourless substance
22. Compare the bleaching action of Cl2 and SO2
A.
a) Chlorine reacts with water to form HCl and HOCl. The formed HOCl gives
nascent oxygen which is responsible for bleaching property.
43
Cl2 + H2O  HCl + HOCl

HOCl  HCl + (O)
Coloured substance + (O)  oxidized colourless substance.
i.e chlorine bleaches the substance by oxidation.
b) SO2 reacts with water to form H2SO4 and (H). The formed nascent hydrogen is
responsible for bleaching property.
SO2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2(H)
coloured substance + 2(H) reduced colourless substance.
i.e SO2 bleaches the substance by reduction.

44
18th group elements

1. Noble gases are inert. Explain. ****
A. In earlier days zero group elements are called inert gases.
Reason: They have no reactivity (They are chemically inactive due to the
presence of stable octet configuration ns2 np6 in the valence shell (except He).
2. Why are the elements of 18th group known as noble gases?
A. Nowadays zero group elements are called noble gases.
Reason: They have little reactivity (They react with a few elements only under
certain conditions)
3. Why are the elements of 18th group known as aerogens?
A. Zero group elements (except radon) are called aerogens.
Reason: They are present in air
4. Why are the elements of 18th group known as rare gases?
A. Zero group elements (except radon) are called rare gases.
Reason: They are present in air in small amounts (rare amounts).
5. Name the most abundant noble gas in atmosphere?
A. The order of abundance of noble gases in atmosphere is Ar>Ne>He>Kr>Xe
Argon is the most abundant noble gas in atmosphere.
Xenon is the least abundant noble gas in atmosphere.
6. Name the noble gas not present in atmosphere?
A. Radon is not present in atmosphere.
It is obtained from radium.
88 Ra  86 Rn + 2 He
226 222 4
7. Name the radioactive noble gas?

A. Radon is the radioactive element.
8. What is the major source of helium?
A. Natural gas is the main source of Helium.
9. Why do noble gases have comparatively large atomic sizes?
A. Noble gases have comparatively large atomic sizes.
Reason: They have vander walls radius, which is larger than both crystal radius
and covalent radius.
The order of radius is Vander wall radius > crystal radius > covalent radius.
10. Why the noble gases have low boiling points?
A: Noble gases have low melting and boiling points.
Reason: It is due to the presence of weak vander walls force between the atoms
in their solid and liquid states.
11. Name the noble gas with least boiling point?
A.
 Melting and boiling points of noble gases increases from top to bottom.
 The order of M.P & B.P is He< Ne< Ar< Kr< Xe.
 Hence Helium gas has lowest M.P & B.P
12. What inspire Bartlet for carrying out reaction between Xe and PtF6? ****
A:
 Till 1962 Noble gas compounds were not known.
 In 1962 Neil bartlet observed that oxygen reacts with PtF6 to form a
compound O2+ [PtF6]-
45

O2 + PtF6 →O2+ [PtF6]-
 And also bartlet observed that the ionization potential of O2 [1175 kj/mole]
and that of Xenon [1170 kj/mole] are almost same.
 Hence Bartlet tried to react Xenon directly with Pt F6.
Xe + Pt F6 → Xe+ [PtF6]-
xenon hexa fluoro platinate
13. Write the name and formula of the first Noble gas compound by Bartlet?
****
A. Bartlet synthesized the first noble gas compound xenon hexa fluoro platinate
Xe + PtF6 → Xe+ [PtF6]-
xenon hexa fluoro platinate
14. Which of the following does not exists?
a) XeOF4 b) NeF2 c) XeF2 d) XeF6
A. Compounds of He, Ne & Ar are not known.
Kr forms only KrF2
Xenon forms large number of compounds.
Hence NeF2 does not exist among the given compounds.
Reason: Due to
1) Small atomic size
2) High ionization energy.
15. Why do Noble gases form compounds with fluorine and oxygen only?
A: Krypton and Xenon react with high electro negative elements like fluorine and
oxygen.
Reasons:
1) They have low ionization potential
2) They have vacant d- orbitals.
3) They show positive oxidation state by losing electrons.
16. It is very difficult to study the chemistry of Rn (Radon) Explain?****
A. It is difficult to study the chemistry of radon.
Reasons:
 It is a radioactive element
 Its half life value is only 3.8 days
 Its compounds have been identified by tracer technique but have not been
isolated.
17. Give the formula and describe the structures of a Noble gas species, iso
electronic with
a) ICl4- b) IBr2- c) BrO3-
A.
1) ICl4- is iso electronic with xeF4

46
No of bond pairs =4
No of lone pairs =2
Hybridization = Sp3d2
Shape =[ square planar.
b) IBr2- is iso electronic with XeF2
No of Bond pairs =2
No of lone pairs = 3
Hybridization = sp3d
Shape= linear
c) BrO3- is iso electronic with XeO3.
No of bond pair = 3
No of lone pairs = 1
Hybridization = sp3
Shape = pyramidal
18. Write the uses of Helium? ****
A:Uses of Helium:
1) Helium is light, non inflammable gas. Hence it is used in filling air balloons
for materological observations.

47
2) The mixture of [He+O2] is used in modern diving apparatus. Because helium

is less soluble in blood.
19. Helium is heavier than Hydrogen. Yet Helium is used (instead of H2) in filling
balloons for materological observations why?
A. Helium is light, non inflammable gas. Hence it is used in filling of air balloons
for materological observations.
20. In modern diving apparatus a mixture of He and O2 is used why? 16(1)
A. The mixture of [He+O2] is used modern diving apparatus. Because helium is less
soluble in blood.
21. Why is Helium used in diving apparatus?

A.
 Air contains a large amount of nitrogen.
 The solubility of gases in liquids increases with increasing pressure.

Ex: When sea divers dive into the sea, large amount of nitrogen dissolves
in the blood.
 When they come back to the surface, solubility of nitrogen decreases and
nitrogen separates from the blood and forms small air bubbles.
 This leads to a dangerous medical condition called ―Bends‖ disease.
 Hence oxygen cylinders are used for diving purpose.
 These are diluted with helium. Because helium is low soluble in blood.
22. Write the uses of Neon? 18(1)
A: Uses of Neon:
1) Neon bulbs are used in advertisement.
2) Neon lamps are used in botanical gardens.
23. Write the uses of Argon? 21(1)
A. Uses of Argon:
1) It is used in filling of electric bulbs.
2) It is used to create inert atmosphere.
24. Write the uses of Krypton?
A. Uses of Krypton:
1) It is used in high efficiency miner’s cap lamp
2) Krypton 85 is used to determine the thickness of metal sheets and plastic
sheets.
25. Write the uses of xenon?
A. Uses of Xenon:
1) It is used in high efficiency miner’s cap lamp
2) It is used in photo graphic flash tubes.
26. Write the uses of Radon?
A. Uses of Radon:
1) It is used in radio therapy of cancer.
2) It is used to check defects in steel castings.

48
7. 1 D & F Block elements

1. Define d-block element? Give example.
A: The element in which the differentiating electron enters into d orbital
is called d- block element.
d-block is divided into four series. They are 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d.
Ex: Copper, silver, gold.
2. Write the general electronic configuration of d-block elements.
A: The general electronic configuration of d-block elements is (n-1) d1-10 ns1-2
3. Write the electronic configuration of chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu).
A: The electronic configuration of chromium (Z=24) is [Ar] 3d54s1
The electronic configuration of copper (Z=29) is [Ar] 3d104s1
4. Write down the electronic configuration of
1) Cr+3
2) Cu+2
3) Co+2
4) Mn+2
A:
1) The electronic configuration of Cr+3 (Z=24) is [Ar] 3d94s0
2) The electronic configuration of CO+2 (Z=27) is [Ar] 3d74s0
3) The electronic configuration of Mn+2 (Z=25) is [Ar] 3d5 4s0
5. Why d-block elements are called transition elements?
A: d-block elements are called transition elements.
Reason: d-block elements are placed between the electropositive S-block elements
and electro negative P-block elements.
6. What are transition elements? Give example. ****
A: The element which has incompletely filled d- orbitals (d1-9) either in atomic state (or)
in more stable oxidation state is called transition element.
Ex: Scandium, copper, silver.
7. Scandium is a transition element. But zinc is not. Why? [14, 19]
(OR)
8. On what ground can you say that scandium (Z=21) is a transition element. But zinc is
not?
A: The electronic configuration of Sc (Z=21) is [Ar] 3d14s2
It has incompletely filled 3d-orbitals (3d1).
So, it is regarded as transition element.
The electronic configuration of Zn (Z=30) is [Ar] 3d104s2
It has has completely filled 3d-orbitals (3d10).
So it is not considered as transition element
9. Even though Silver has d10 configuration, it is regarded as transition element. Why?
(OR)
10. Silver atom has completely filled d –orbitals(4d10) in its ground state. How can you
say that it is a transition element?
A: Ag (Z=47) electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d105s1
Ag+2 (Z=47) electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d95s0
Even though silver has d10 configuration in atomic state, it is regarded as transition
element.
Because it has incompletely filled 4d-orbitals (4d9) in +2 most stable oxidation state.
49
11. Which elements of 3d, 4d and 5d series are not regarded as transition elements and
why?
A: In 3d series –Zn
In 4d series-Cd
In 5d series-Hg are not regarded as transition elements.
Because they have completely filled d-orbitals in atomic state as well as in stable
oxidation states.
NOTE: All the d- block elements are not transition elements. But all the transition
elements are d- block elements.
12. Write the general electronic configuration of transition elements.
A: The general electronic configuration of transition elements is (n-1) d1-10 ns1-2
13. In what way is the electronic configuration of transition elements different from non-
transition elements?
A: Transition elements have incompletely filled d-orbitals in any common oxidation
state.Their electronic configuration of is (n-1)d 1-10 ns1-2
Non transition elements have no d- orbital and ns1-2 or ns2np1-6 configuration
in their outermost shell.
14. Write spin only formula to calculate the magnetic moment of transition metal ions.
A: The spin only formula to calculate the magnetic moment of transition metal ions is
μ= n(n2)BM.
Where μ =Magnetic moment
n = No. of unpaired electrons.
BM= Bohr magneton
Configuration No. of unpaired electrons Magnetic moment μ= n(n2) BM.

d0, d10 0 0
d1 , d 9 1 31.73
d2 , d 8 2 8 2.84
d3 , d 7 3 153.87
d4 , d 6 4 24 4.9
d5 , d 5 5 355.92
15. Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of Mn+2ion? [AP 16]
(OR)
16. Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of a divalent ion in aqueous solution if its
atomic number is 25?
A: The electronic configuration of Mn+2 (Z=25) is [Ar] 3d54s0
No. of unpaired electrons=5
The spin only magnetic moment μ= n(n2) BM.
μ= 5(52)
μ= 5(7)
μ= 35
μ= 5.92 BM
50
17. Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of Fe+2ion? [AP 17] [TS 19]
A: The electronic configuration of Fe+2 (Z=26) is [Ar] 3d64s0
μ= 4(42)
μ= 4(6)
μ=
24
μ= 4.9 BM
18. Why Zn+2 is diamagnetic whereas Mn+2 is paramagnetic? [AP 18, 20,21] [TS 15]
A: The electronic configuration of Zn+2 (Z=30) is [Ar] 3d104s0
So, it is diamagnetic in nature.
The electronic configuration of Mn+2 is [Ar] 3d54s0
So, it is paramagnetic in nature.
19. Aqueous Cu+2 ions are blue in colour, whereas aqueous Zn+2 ions are colorless.
Why? [AP 16] [TS 16]
A: The electronic configuration of Cu+2 (Z=29) is [Ar] 3d94s0.
So it is blue colour in aqueous solution.
The electronic configuration of Zn+2 (Z=30) is [Ar] 3d104s0.
So it is colourless in aqueous solution.
20. What is an alloy? Give example. [AP 18]

A: A homogeneous mixture of a metal with other metal or non metal or metalloid is
called an alloy.
Ex:
1) Brass- ( Cu + Zn)
2) Bronze-( Cu + Sn)
3) German silver-( Cu + Zn + Ni)
21. Why do the transition metals readily form alloys? ****
A: Transition metals readily form alloys.
Reason: They have similar
1) Density
2) Atomic size Trick: DAM
3) Melting points
22. How do transition metals exhibit catalytic activity?
A: Transition metals and their compounds act as good catalysts.
Reason:
1) Formation of complex compounds Trick:
2) Presence of vacant d- orbitals CC, DO, OS
3) Variable oxidation states
51
23. Give two reactions in which transition metals or their compounds act as catalysts.
[TS 17]
A: Finely divided iron is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of NH3 by Haber’s
process.
N2 + 3H2 Fe
2NH3
Platinum is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of H2SO4 by contact process.
2SO2 + O2
Pt 2SO3


52
7. 2 Co-ordination compounds
1. What is a double salt? Give example.
A: Double salts:
They are formed by the combination of two simple salts.
They can exist only in solid state.
They lose their identity in solution.
They can completely dissociate in water to form simple ions.
 They give tests for all ions.
EX:
1) Carnallite (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O)
2) Mohr’s salt (FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4. 6H2O)
3) Potash alum (K2 SO4 .Al2(SO4)3 .24H2O)
2. What are coordination compounds? Give two examples.
(OR)
3. What are complex compounds? Give two examples.
A : Complex compounds:
 They are formed by the combination of two simple salts.
 They can exist both in solid state and in aqueous state.
 They retain their identity in solution.
 They can dissociate in water to form complex ion and the counter ions.
 They do not give tests for all ions.
 EX:
1) K4 [Fe (CN)6]
2) [CO (NH3)6]Cl3
 They contain a complex ion in which negative or neutral groups are directly
attached to central metal atom (or) ion through co-ordinate covalent bonds.
 Hence they are also known as co-ordination compounds.
4. What is the difference between a double salt and a complex compound? ****
A: Double salts can completely dissociate in water to form simple ions.
Ex: KCl.MgCl2 K+ +Cl- + Mg+2+ 2Cl-
Complex compounds can dissociate in water to form complex ion and the
counter ions.
Ex: K4 [Fe (CN)6] K+ + [Fe(CN)6]-4
5. What is ligand? [TS 18] [AP 21]
A: Ligand:
 The groups which donate the electron pairs to the central metal atom in co-
ordination sphere are known as ligands.
 Ligands act as lewis bases.
6. Give one example each for ionic and neutral ligands.
A: Negative ligands: CN-, NO2-
Positive ligands: NO+, NO2+
Neutral ligands: H2O, NH3
7. What is an ambidentate ligand? Give example. [AP 16]
A: Ambidentate ligand:

53
 The ligand which contains two possible donor atoms but attached to the central
atom by only one donor atom is called ambidentate ligand.
 Ex: NO2- , CN-, SCN-

 Rough work:
8. What is chelate ligand? Give example.

(OR)
9. What is meant by chelate effect? Give example. ****
A: Chelating ligands:
 A poly dentate ligand which can form ring like structure with metal atom or
ion is called chelating ligand and the effect is known as chelate effect.
 Example: en (ethane 1,2 di amine)
10. What are homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes? Give one example for each.
A: Homoleptic complex: The complex compound which contains same type of
ligands is known as homoleptic complexes.
Ex: [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
Heteroleptic complex: The complex compound which contains different types of
ligands is known as heteroleptic complex.
Ex: [Co(NH3)6Cl3]
11. What is the oxidation state of cobalt in
1) K [Co (CO)4]
2) [Co (NH3)6]+3 ?
A:
1) K [Co (CO)4]
1(K) +1(Co) + 4(CO) = 0
1(1) + 1(x) + 4(0) = 0
1+ x +0 = 0
1 +x= 0
x = -1
2) [Co(NH3)6]+3
1(Co) + 6(NH3) = +3
54
1(x) + 6(0) = +3
x + 0 = +3
x = +3
12. Use Hunds rule to derive the electronic configuration of Ce+3 ion, and
calculate its magnetic moment on the basis of spin only formula.
A: The electronic configuration of Ce[Z=58] is [Xe] 4f15d16s2.
The electronic configuration of Ce+3[Z=58] is [Xe] 4f1
μ= 1(12)
μ= 1(3)
μ= 3
μ= 1.732 BM
13. [Cr(NH3)6]+3 is paramagnetic while [Ni(CN)4]-2 is diamagnetic .why?
A: In [Cr (NH3)6]+3
 Cr is the cental atom.
 The oxidation state of Cr is +3
 The electronic configuration of Cr+3[Z=24] is [Ar] 3d34s0.
 Co-ordination number= 6
 Nature of ligand: strong field
 Shape: Octahedral
 Type of complex: Inner orbital complex
 Hybridization : d2sp3
 No. of unpaired electrons=3
 Magnetic nature: Paramagnetic
 Magnetic moment: 3.9B.M
 Colour: It shows some colour
In [Ni (CN)4]-2,
 Ni is the cental atom.
 The oxidation state of Ni is +2
 The electronic configuration Ni+2 [Z=28] is [Ar] 3d84s0.
 Shape: Square planar
 Hybridization : dsp2
 Magnetic nature: Dia magnetic
 Magnetic moment: 0 B.M
 Colour: colourless
14. A solution of [ Ni(H2O6)]+2 is green but a solution of [Ni(CN)4]-2 is
colorless. Why?

55
A: In [Ni (H2O)6]+2,
 The electronic configuration of Ni+2[Z=28] is [Ar] 3d84s0
 Nature of ligand: Weak field

 Type of complex: Outer orbital complex
 Hybridization : sp3d2
 Colour: It shows some colour(Green)
In [Ni (CN)4]-2,
 The electronic configuration Ni+2 [Z=28] is [Ar] 3d84s0.
 Colour: colourless
15. [Fe(CN)4]-2 and [Fe (H2O)6]-2 are of different colors in dilute solutions. Why?
A: In [Fe (H2O)6]-2
 Fe is the cental atom.
 The oxidation state of Fe is +2
 The electronic configuration of Fe+2[Z=26] is [Ar] 3d64s0.
 Nature of ligand: weak field
 Type of complex: outer orbital complex
 Hybridization : sp3d2
 No. of unpaired electrons= 4
 Colour: it shows some colour
In [Fe(CN)4]-2,
 Fe is the cental atom.
 The oxidation state of Fe is +2
 The electronic configuration of Fe+2[Z=26] is [Ar] 3d64s0.
56
 No. of unpaired electrons= 0
 Colour: colour less
16. CuSO4 .5H2O is blue in color whereas anhydrous CuSO4 is colorless. Why?
[AP 14, 18]
A: CuSO4 .5H2O is blue in color
Reason: Due to the presence of water molecules splitting of d- orbitals and d-
d transition is possible.
Anhydrous CuSO4 is colorless.
Reason: Due to the absence of water molecules splitting of d- orbitals is not
possible.

57
Bio molecules
1. What makes the difference between any two persons?
A: The physical structure, emotional reactions, growth factor, resistance capacity,
health and so on all such kind of things in living beings are governed by
particular kind of molecules are called bio molecules.
Bio molecules Cells Tissues Organells Organs Organism
The molecules which are buildup the living systems are called bio molecules.
Ex: Carbo hydrates, Amino acids, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Hormones, Vitamins,
Lipids.
2. Define Carbohydrates?
A: Optically active poly hydroxy aldehydes or ketones or the
compounds which give these compounds on hydrolysis are are called
carbohydrates.
Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Galactose, Mannose, Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose,
Starch, Cellulose.
3. Name the different types of carbohydrates on the basis of their hydrolysis.
Give one example for each.
A: Based on the hydrolysis carbohydrates (Saccharides) are classified into three types.
They are
a) Monosaccharides: The simple carbohydrates that cannot be broken into smaller
units on hydrolysis are called Mono saccharides.
Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Galactose, Mannose.
b) Oligosaccharides: The carbohydrates which give 2-10 mono saccharides on
hydrolysis are called Oligosaccharides.
Ex: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose.
c) Polysaccharides: The carbohydrates which give more than 10 mono saccharides
on hydrolysis are called Polysaccharides.
Ex: Starch, Cellulose.
4. What are mono saccharides?
A: Monosaccharides: The simple carbohydrates that cannot be broken into smaller
units on hydrolysis are called mono saccharides.
Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Galactose, Mannose.
5. Classify the following into monosaccharides and disaccharides
a) Ribose
b) 2-deoxy ribose
c) Maltose
d) Fructose.
A:
a) Ribose- Mono saccharide
b) 2-Deoxy ribose- Mono saccharide
c) Maltose- Disaccharide
d) Fructose- Mono saccharide.

58
6. Classify the carbohydrates based on taste?

A: Based on taste, the carbohydrates can be classified into two types.
They are
1) Sugars
2) Non sugars
1) Sugars:
 The carbohydrates which are sweet to taste are called sugars.
 These are crystalline solids.
 These are soluble in water.
 Ex: Mono saccharides, Oligosaccharides.
2) Non sugars
 The carbohydrates which are not sweet to taste are called non sugars.
 These are amorphous solids.
 These are sparingly soluble in water.
 Ex: Poly saccharides.
7. Why are sugars classified as reducing and non- reducing sugars?
A: Based on the reducing property, carbohydrates are classified into two types.
They are
1) Reducing sugars
2) Non- reducing sugars
1) Reducing sugars: The carbohydrates which contain free aldehyde or Ketonic
group and reduce Tollen’ reagent and Fehling’s solution are called reducing
sugars.
Ex: All mono saccharides, Oligo saccharides (Except sucrose)
Non- reducing sugars: The carbohydrates which do not have free aldehyde or
ketonic group and do not reduce Tollen’ reagent and Fehling’s solution are called
non-reducing sugars.
Ex: Sucrose.
8. What are reducing sugars? 21(1)
A: Reducing sugars: The carbohydrates which contain free aldehyde or Ketonic
group and reduce Tollen’ reagent and Fehling’s solution are called reducing
sugars.
Ex: All mono saccharides, Oligo saccharides (Except sucrose)
9. How do you classify the carbohydrates on the basis of functional group?
A: Based on the functional group, carbohydrates are classified into two types.
They are
1) Aldose
2) Ketose
1) Aldose: The carbohydrate which contans an aldehyde functional group is called
Aldose.
Ex: Glucose.

59
2) Ketose: The carbohydrate which contains ketone functional group is called

Ketose.
Ex: Fructose.
10. What do you understand from the names (a) Aldo pentose (b) Keto heptose?
A: The carbohydrate which contans an aldehyde functional group and five carbons is
called Aldopentose.
The carbohydrate which contans ketone functional group and seven carbons is
called Keto heptose.
11. Write two methods of preparation of glucose? 14(2)
A: Preparation methods of Glucose:
1) It can be prepared by the acid hydrolysis of Sucrose.
C12H22O11+H2O 
H
C6H12O6+ C6H12O6
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
2) It can be prepared by the acid hydrolysis of Maltose.
C12H22O11+H2O 
H
C6H12O6+ C6H12O6
Maltose Glucose Glucose
3) It can be prepared by the acid hydrolysis of Lactose.
C12H22O11+H2O 
H
C6H12O6+ C6H12O6
Lactose Glucose Galactose
4) It can be prepared by the acid hydrolysis of starch.

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O H
nC6H12O6
Starch Glucose
12. Briefly explain open chain strure of glucose?
(OR)
13. What happens when D-glucose is treated is treated with the following reagents.
a) HI
b) Bromine water
c) HNO3
(OR)
14. Glucose reacts with bromine water to give gluconic acids. What information do
you get from this reaction about the structure of glucose?
(OR)
15. Glucose and gluconic acid on oxidation with nitric acid give saccharic acid
what information do you get from this reaction about the structure of glucose?
(OR)
16. Glucose reacts with acetic anhydride to form penta acetate. What do you
understand about the structure of glucose from this reaction?
A: Glucose:
 It is known as grape sugar.
 Its molecular formula is C6H12O6

60
 All the carbon atoms are present in a straight chain.

 It is aldo hexose.
 It contains aldehyde functional group at first carbon.
 It belongs to D series.
 It is a dextrorotatory (Dextrose).
S. No Reaction Reagent Product conclusion

1) Reduction HI, Δ n-Hexane Presence
of six
carbons
in a
straight
chain
2) Acetylation Acetic acid Penta acetate Presence
of 5 OH
groups
3) Reaction with NH2OH Oxime Presence of

hydroxyl amine carbonyl
group
4) Reaction with HCN Cyano hydrin Presence of

HCN carbonyl
group
5) Mild oxidation Bromine Gluconic acid Presence of

water aldehyde
group
6) Strong oxidation Conc. HNO3 Saccharic acid Presence of

CH2OH group
61
( primary
alcohol group)
 From the above points the structure of fructose is as follows
17. Explain the cyclic structures of glucose?

(OR)
18. Give any two reasons to understand that glucose molecule has no open chain
structure?
(OR)
19. Enumerate the reactions of D-glucose which cannot be explained by its open
chain structure.
A: Evidences in favour of cyclic structure:
 It does not react with Schiffs reagent, NH3, NaHSO3
 Penta acetate of glucose does not react with hydroxyl amine(NH2OH)
 It exists in two forms( α-Glucose and β -Glucose)
 The aqueous solution of glucose exhibits muta rotation.
 Change in optical rotation of either form of glucose until a constant value is
obtained is called mutarotation.
 Note: All reducing sugars undergo muta rotation in aqueous solutions.

 From the above points it is known that glucose in water exists as a mixture of
open chain and ring structures in equilibrium.
62
 Fischer ring structures:
 Haworth structures:
20. What are anomers? ****

A: The isomers of glucose differ in the orientation of –OH group on first carbon are
called Anomers.
Ex: α-Glucose and β -Glucose
21. D- glucose means dextro rotatory glucose. Is it true? Why?
A: No. It is not true.
 The letter D or L before the name of any compound indicates the relative
configuration of a particular stereoisomer(Glyseraldehyde).
 Glyseraldehyde contains one asymmetric carbon atom & exists in enantiomeric
form.
22. Write a short note on Fructose?

A: Fructose:

63
 It is known as fruit sugar or Laefulose.

 It is present in fruits, honey and cane sugar.
 It sweetest of the sugars.
Preparation: It can be prepared by the acid hydrolysis of Sucrose.
C12H22O11+H2O 
HC6H12O6+ C6H12O6
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
Structure:
 Its molecular formula is C6H12O6
 All the carbon atoms are present in a straight chain.
 It is keto hexose.
 It contains ketone functional group at second carbon.
 It belongs to D series.
 It is a laevorotatory (Laefulose).
 From the above points the structure of fructose is as follows
 Fischer ring structures:
 Haworth structures:

64
23. Write the importance of carbohydrates?

(OR)
24. Write two functions of carbohydrates in plants?
A: Importance of carbohydrates:
1) Honey is the instant source of energy.
2) Cell wall of bacteria and cell wall of plant is made by cellulose.
3) They provide raw materials for many industries.
4) Carbohydrates are used as energy storage molecules.
Ex: 1. Glycogen is stored in animals.
2. Starch is stored in plants.
25. Why are vitamin A and vitamin C essential to us? Give their important sources.
A:
S. No Vitamin Source Deficiency disease
1. A Milk Night blindness, Hardening
of eye (Xerophthalmia)
2. C Citrus fruits Scurvy
26. Name the vitamin responsible for the coagulation of blood.

A: Vitamin K is responsible for the coagulation of blood.
27. What are amino acids? Give two examples. 20(1)
A: Carbon compound contains both amino (-NH2) group and a carboxylic group
(-COOH) is called amino acid.
 Originally more than 700 different types of amino acids are present. But among
them only 20 amino acids are important.
 Their general formula is
 Ex:
1) Histidine
2) Arginine

65
3) Leucine
4) Lycine Ex:
Glycine is the simplest amino acid
Most of the naturally occurring amino acids are having L- configuration.
28. What are Essentials and Non Essential amino acids? Give examples. 14(2)
A: Based on the source, the amino acids are classified into two types. They are
1. Essentials amino acids
2. Non Essential amino acids:
1. Essentials amino acids:
The amino acids which cannot be synthesized in the body are called essential amino
acids.
They need to be supplied through diet.
Ex:
1) Valine
2) Iso leucine Trick: V IMP HALL TickeT
3) Mithionine
4) Phenyl alanine
Write any two of the following
5) Histidine
6) Arginine
7) Leucine
8) Lycine
9) Tryptophan
10) Threonine
2. Non Essential amino acids:
 The amino acids which can be synthesized in the body are called non essential
amino acids.
 They need not to be supplied through diet.
 Ex:
1) Tyrosine
2) Serine
3) Proline Trick: TSPC A-3 G-3
4) Cysteine
5) Alanine Write any two of the following
6) Aspargine
7) Aspartic acid
8) Glutamine
9) Glutamic acid
10) Glycine
29. Write the structures of Alanine and Aspartic acid?
A: Structures of Alanine:

66
Structures of Aspartic acid:
30. What is Zwitter ion? Give an example. 15(2)

(OR)
31. How do you explain the amphoteric behavior of amino acids?
A: In aqueous solutions of amino acids, the carboxylic group losses a proton and–NH2
group accepts a proton to form a dipolar ion known as Zwitter ion.
In this form, Amino acids exhibit acidic and basic nature based on PH.
Hence they are amphoteric in nature.
Note: In this form –COO- group acts as the base while –NH3+ acts as the acid.
32. Define peptide linkage?
A: The (CO-NH) bond between amino acids is called Peptide bond.
 No. of peptide bonds = No. of amino acids -1

 Based on the peptide bond proteins are classified into three types. They are

67
1) Dipeptide
2) Tripeptide
3) Polypeptide
 Shorter peptides (2-20 amino acids) are called oligo peptides.
 Longer peptides (More than 20 amino acids) are called poly peptides.
33. What are proteins? Give an example.
A: A polypeptide chain with more than 100 amino acids having molecular mass more
than 10,000amu is called a protein. (OR)
Proteins are high molecular mass complex bio polymers of amino acids present in
all living cells.
Ex:
1) Haemoglobin Trick: HAI CM
2) Albumin
3) Insulin
4) Carotin-Hairs and nails protein
5) Myosine-Muscle protein
 Protein may contain phosphorous and iodine.
 Protein may contain Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn.
 The deficiency of protein causes the disease called kwashiorkor.
 The order of calorific value of various food stuffs is
Fats> Carbo hydrates > Proteins
34. How are proteins classified with respect to peptide bond?
A: The (CO-NH) bond between amino acids is called Peptide bond.
Based on the peptide bond proteins are classified into three types. They are
1) Dipeptide
2) Tripeptide
3) Polypeptide
35. Explain the structure of protein?
A: Structure of protein:
10Structure of protein: Amino acids are linked with each other in a sequence.
This is considered as 10 structure of protein.
20Structure of protein:
 The 20 structure of protein explains the shape of poly peptide chain.
 In the 20 structure of protein α -helical structure and β pleated sheet structures are
common.
 In the α -helical structure poly peptide chains coiled up to form a right handed
helix.
 α -helical structure of a protein is stabilized by inter molecular hydrogen bonds
between CO and NH groups of different peptide bonds.
 In the β pleated sheet structure poly peptide chains are stretched out and
arranged side by side and held together by inter molecular hydrogen bonds and
disulphide bonds.
3 Structure of protein:
0
 30 structure of protein represents the overall folding of the poly peptide chains.
 It give rise to, two major molecular shapes (Globular,Fibrous).
68
40Structure of protein (Quaternary structure of protein):

Quaternary structure of protein represents the spatial arrangement of sub units.
36. What are the common types of secondary structure of proteins?
A: In the 20 structure of protein α -helical structure and β pleated sheet structures are
common.
 In the α -helical structure poly peptide chains coiled up to form a right handed helix.
 α -helical structure of a protein is stabilized by inter molecular hydrogen bonds
 In the β pleated sheet structure poly peptide chains are stretched out and arranged
side by side and held together by inter molecular hydrogen bonds and disulphide
bonds.
37. What type of bonding helps in stabilizing the α -helix structure of proteins?
A: α -helical structure of a protein is stabilized by inter molecular hydrogen bonds
38. What are globular proteins? Give Examples.

A: When the poly peptide chains coiled up around spherical shape is formed, which
is called Globular protein.
Ex:
1) Haemoglobin
2) Albumin
3) Insulin
39. What are fibrous proteins? Give Example. 21(2)
A: When the poly peptide chains are arranged side by side they are held together by
Inter molecular hydrogen bonds and disulphide bonds, fibre- like structure is
formed, which is called fibrous protein.
Ex: Carotin, Myosine
40. Differentiate between globular and fibrous proteins? 20(1)

A:
Globular Proteins Fibrous Proteins
1) Polypeptide chains are arranged 1) Polypeptide chains are arranged
as coils. side by side.
2) They have spherical shape. 2) They have thread like shape.
3) They are soluble in water. 3) They are insoluble in water.
4) Ex: Haemoglobin, 4) Ex: Carotin, Myosine
Albumin,
Insulin
41. Explain the denaturation of proteins?

A: Denaturation of proteins:
1) Protein is found in biological system with definite configuration, physical and
biological activity is called native protein.
2) The biological activity of protein is due to their 20 and 30 structures.
69
3) The process which changes the physical and biological activity of a protein is called
denaturation of protein.
4) Due to denaturation of protein 30 and 20 structures are destroyed but the 10 structure
is remains constant.
5) Denaturation of protein is carried out
a) By adding urea
b) By adding detergents
c) By changing temperature.
d) By changing PH
6) Ex:
1) Coagulation of egg white on boiling.
2) Curdling of milk
Note: Reverse process of denaturation is called renaturation which is possible in
DNA.
42. What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?
A:
Nucleoside Nucleotide
1) It is a combination of base and 1) It is a combination of base and
pentose sugar pentose sugar and phosphoric acid
Nucleoside= Base + Pentose sugar Nucleotide= Base + Pentose sugar+
Phosphoric acid
2) Ex: 2) Ex:
a) Adinine + Ribose =Adinosine a) Adinine + Ribose+ Phosphoric acid
b) Guanine + Ribose =Guanosine =Adenylic acid
c) Cytosine+ Ribose =Cytidine b) Guanine + Ribose+ Phosphoric acid
d) Thymine+ Ribose =Thymidine =Guanylic acid
e) Urasil+ Ribose =Uridine c) Cytosine+ Ribose+ Phosphoric acid
=Cytidylic acid
d) Urasil+ Ribose+ Phosphoric acid
=Uridylic acid
3) Structure: 3) Structure:
43. What are nucleic acids?

A: Nucleic acids:
Nucleic acids are bio polymers of nucleotides.
Nucleic acids are presents in the nucleus of cell.
Nucleic acids are of two types. They are
1) DNA (Deoxy ribonucleic acid)
2) RNA (Ribo nucleic acid)

70
44. What are the components of nuclecic acids?

A: The components of nucleic acids are
1) Base (Nitrogen containing heterocyclic base)
2) Pentose sugar
3) Phosphoric acid
45. Write a short note on bases of nucleic acids?
A: The bases in nucleic acids are of two types. they are
1) Purine bases: Ex: Adinine, Guanine
2) Pyrimidine bases: Ex: Thymine,cytosine,Uracil
 DNA and RNA have each four bases.
 DNA does not contain Uracil.
 RNA does not contain thymine.
46. Write the names of three types of RNA. ****
A: RNA molecules are of three types and they perform different functions. They are
1) Messenger RNA (m-RNA), Linear in structure
2) Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA), Single helix structure
3) Transfer RNA (t-RNA), Clover leaf structure
47. Write the biological functions of nucleic acids. ****
A: Biological functions of nucleic acids:
1) DNA is reserve of genetic information.
2) DNA is the chemical basis of heredity
3) DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species
of organism over million years.
4) DNA is capable of self duplication (Replication) during cell division and
identical DNA strands are transferred to daughter cells.
5) DNA and RNA help in the protein synthesis in the cell. DNA has the message
for the protein synthesis & RNA synthesizes the protein.

71
Halo Alkanes and Halo Arenes
1. Write the structure of 15(1),15(2)

a) 1,4 dibromo but 2-ene
b) 2chloro 1-phenyl butane
c) 2Chloro 3methyl pentane
d) 4-t-butyl 3- iodo heptane
e) 1Bromo 4sec butyl - 2methyl Benzene
f) P Bromo Chloro Benzene
g) 1-choro 4-ethyl cyclo hexane
A:
a) 1,4 dibromo but 2-ene
b) 2chloro 1-phenyl butane.

1 2 3 4
CH2 –CH- CH2 –CH3
C6H5 Cl
c) 2Chloro 3methyl pentane
1 2 3 4 5
CH3 –CH- CH-CH2-CH3
Cl CH3
d) 4-t-butyl 3- iodo heptane
e) 1Bromo 4sec butyl - 2methyl Benzene.

72
f) P Bromo Chloro Benzene.
g) 1-choro 4-ethyl cyclo hexane
2. Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds.

a) CH3-CH(Cl)-CHI-CH3
b) ClCH2-CH=CH-CH2Br
A:
a) CH3-CH(Cl)-CHI-CH3
2-chloro 3-iodo butane
b) ClCH2-CH=CH-CH2Br
1-Bromo 4-chloro but 2-ene
3. Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds.
1) (CCl3)3 CCl
2) CH3.C(P—Cl—C6H4)2-CH(Br)CH3
A:
1) (CCl3)3 CCl

73
2) CH3.C(P—Cl—C6H4)2-CH(Br)CH3
4. What type of isomerism is exhibited by o, m and p dichloro benzene? ****

A: Position isomerism is exhibited by o, m and p dichloro benzene.
5. Write the possible isomers of the compound having molecular formula

C4H9Br? ****
A:
6. How is ethane converted to bromo ethane?

A: Ethane reacts with bromine in the presence of sunlight to form bromo ethane.
hν
CH3-CH3 + Br2 CH3—CH2Br + HBr
7. What is Hunsdiecker reaction?
A: Huns diecker reaction: Silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine in the
presence of CCl4 to form alkyl bromide. This reaction is known as Huns diecker
reaction.
74
CCl
CH3COOAg+Br2  4CH3Br+CO2+AgBr
8. What is Swarts reaction?
A: Swarts reaction: Alkyl chloride (or) Alkyl bromide heated with silver fluoride
to form alkyl fluoride. This reaction is known as Swarts reaction.
RX + AgF  RF +AgX

9. What is Finkel stein reaction?
A: Finkelstein reaction: Alkyl chloride (or) alkyl bromide reacts with NaI in the
presence of dry acetone to from alkyl iodide. This reaction is known as Finkel
stein reaction.
R-X + NaI Dry
 acetone
R-I + NaX
10. Explain why the alkyl halides though polar are immiscible with water? ****
A: Alkyl halides are polar due to the presence of C-X bond.
Alkyl halides are immiscible with water.
Reasons:
1) They are not able to break hydrogen bonds in water.
2) They are not able to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
11. Which of the following has highest dipole moment? ****
a) CH2Cl2
b) CHCl3
c) CCl4
A:
From the above structures it is clear that CH2Cl2 has highest dipole moment.
12. Explain why the dipole moment of chloro Benzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl
chloride.
A: The dipole moment of chloro benzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
Reasons:
1) In chloro benzene chlorine atom is attached to sp2 hybridised carbon.
Hence C-Cl bond is less polar and it has less dipolemoment.
2) In cyclohexyl chloride chlorine atom is attached to sp3 hybridised carbon.
75
Hence C-Cl bond is more polar and it has more dipolemoment.

13. What are ambident nucleophiles? 16(2)
A: The group which contains two nucleophilic centres is called ambident
nucleophile.
Ex: Cyanide ion [CN-]
Nitrite ion [NO2-]
14. How can you prepare ethyl cyanide and ethyl iso cyanide from their common alkyl
halide. 14(2),16(2),19(2)
A: Ethyl chloride reacts with alcoholic KCN to form Ethyl Cyanide.
C2H5Cl+KCN(alc) C2H5CN+KCl
Ethyl chloride reacts with alcoholic AgCN to form Ethyl isocyanide.
C2H5Cl+AgCN(alc) C2H5NC+AgCl
15. Explain SN1 , SN2 reactions ? 14(1),17(2),18(1), 21(2)
A: Nucleophilic substitution reactions are of two types. They are
1) Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction(SN1 reaction)
2) Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction(SN2 reaction)
SN1 reaction SN2 reaction

1) Its molecularity is 1 1) Its molecularity is 2
2) Alkyl halide only is involved in the 2) Alkyl halide and nucleophile are
rate determining step. involved in the rate determining step.
3) Its order is 1 3) Its order is 2
4) Rate of SN1 reaction depends on 4) Rate of SN2 reaction depends on
concentration of alkyl halide only. concentrations of alkyl halide and
nucleophile.
5) 5)
RateK[Alkylhalide]
1[Nucleophi
le]0 RateK[Alkylhalide]
1[Nucleophi
le]1
Order= 1+0=1 Order= 1+1=2
6) This reaction involves in two steps. 6) This reaction involves in one step.
7) 30 alkyl halide undergoes SN1 7) 10 alkyl halide undergoes SN2
reaction reaction
8) Ex: 3 butyl bromide reacts with
0 8) Ex: 10 ethyl bromide reacts with
aq.KOH to form 30 butyl alcohol. aq.KOH to form 10 ethyl alcohol.
9) The order of reactivity of alkyl 9) The order of reactivity of alkyl
halides is 3 > 2 > 1
0 0 0 halides is 10> 20> 30
10) The order of reactivity of alkyl 10) The order of reactivity of alkyl halide
halide is RI>RBr>RCl is RI>RBr>RCl
11) The stereo chemical result of SN1 11) The stereo chemical result of SN2
reaction is racemic mixture reaction is inversion
16. What is the stereo chemical result of SN & SN2 reaction? ****
1
A: The stereo chemical result of SN1 reaction is partial racemization.

The stereo chemical result of SN2 reaction is inversion.
17. What is retention configuration?
A: Retention configuration:

76
 3D spatial arrangement of atoms (or) groups in a molecule is called

configuration.
 If there is no change in the configuration during a chemical reaction. It is called
Retention configuration.
 Example:
18. Which compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN2
reaction with OH-? 14(2),19(1) ****
a) CH3Br (or) CH3I
b) (CH3)3CCl (or) CH3Cl
A: In SN2 reaction
The order of reactivity of alkyl halides is 10> 20 > 30
The order of reactivity of alkyl halide is RI > RBr > RCl > RF
a) CH3I
b) CH3Cl
19. Out of C6H5CH2Cl and C6H5CHClC6H5 which is more easily hydralised with
aqueous KOH? ****
A: Out of C6H5CH2Cl and C6H5CHClC6H5,C6H5CHClC6H5 is more easily hydralised
with aqueous KOH
Reason:
The order of stability of carbo cations is

Tertiary > secondary > primary (30>20>10)
20. Treatment of alkyl halides with aq. KOH leads to the formation of alcohols.
While in presence of alc. KOH what products are formed? ****
A: The reaction between an alkyl halide and aqueous KOH is a neucleophilic
substitution reaction. This leads to the formation of alcohol.
The reaction between an alkyl halide and alcoholic KOH is an elimination
reaction. This leads to the formation of alkene.
21. How will you convert toluene to benzyl alcohol?
A: Toluene reacts with chlorine in the presence of sun light to form benzyl
chloride, it is treated with aqueous KOH to form benzyl alcohol.
C6H5CH3 + Cl2 hν
Aq.KOH
C6H5CH2Cl C6H5CH2OH + KCl
22. What happens when n-Butyl chloride is treated with alc.KOH?
A: When n-Butyl chloride is treated with alc.KOH But1-ene is formed.

77
23. What is saytzeffs rule?

A: Saytzeffs rule: In de hydrohalogenation if more than one β hydrogen atom is
available then two products are formed. But among them the preffered
product is that alkene which has more number of alkyl groups attached to
double bond carbon atoms is called Saytzeffs rule.
Example:
24. Explain the following

1) Wurtz reaction 20(1)
2) Fittig reaction 20(1), 21(1)
3) Wurtz Fittig reaction 17(1),18(2)
4) Cross Wurtz reaction
A:
1) Wurtz reaction: 2 moles of alkyl halide reacts with sodium metal in the
presence of dry ether to form alkane. This reaction is known as Wurtz
reaction.
RX+ RX + 2Na Dry  ether
R-R+ 2NaX
2) Fittig reaction: 2 moles of aryl halide reacts with sodium metal in the
presence of dry ether to form bi phenyl compound. This reaction is
known as Fittig reaction.
ArX+ ArX + 2Na Dry  ether
Ar-Ar+ 2NaX
3) Wurtz Fittig reaction: Alkyl halide and aryl halide reacts with sodium
metal in the presence of dry ether to form alkyl benzene. This reaction
is known as Wurtz Fittig reaction.
Dryether
RX+ ArX + 2Na R-Ar+ 2NaX
4) Cross Wurtz reaction: Different types of alkyl halides react with sodium
metal in the presence of dry ether to form mixture of alkanes. This
reaction is known as cross Wurtz reaction.
3RX+ 3R1X+ 6Na Dry
ether
R-R + R1-R1 + R-R1 + 6NaX
(OR)
Wurtz reaction of different types of alkyl halides
is known as cross Wurtz reaction.
Dryether
3RX+ 3R1X+ 6Na R-R + R1-R1 + R-R1 + 6NaX
25. What happens when methyl bromide is treated with sodium in presence of dry
ether?
78
A: When two moles of Methyl bromide is treated with Na in presence of dry

ether, ethane is formed.
CH3Br + CH3Br + 2Na Dry
 ether
CH3—CH3 + 2NaBr
26. Explain the Grignard reagents preparation and application with suitable example?
19(2)
A:
 Alkyl magnesium halide or Aryl magnesium halide is known as Grignard
reagent.
 Its formula is RMgX (or) ArMgx.
Where R= Alkyl group
Ar= Aryl group
X = Halogen
Preparation:
1) Alkyl halide reacts with magnesium metal in the presence of dry ether to form
Grignard reagent.
RX + Mg dry  ether
 RMgX
2) Aryl halide reacts with magnesium metal in the presence of dry ether to form
Grignard reagent.
ArX + Mg dryether

ArMgX
Chemical properties (Applications):
 Grignard reagent is highly reactive
 Grignard reagent reacts with every source of proton to form alkane.
 Example:
1) RMgX + HOH RH + (OH)MgX
2) RMgX + HOR  RH + (OR)MgX
3) RMgX + HOAr  RH + (OAr)MgX
4) RMgX + HNHH RH +(NHH)MgX
5) RMgX + HNHR RH +(NHR)MgX
6) RMgX + HNHAr  RH +(NHAr)MgX
27. What happens when Bromo benzene is treated with Mg in presence of dry
ether?
A: When bromo benzene is treated with Mg in presence of dry ether, Grignard
reagent is formed.
Dry
C6H5Br + Mg ether
 C6H5MgBr
Mg,Dryether HO
28. CH3-CH2-Br  A 2B, What are A and B?
Mg,Dryether
A: CH3-CH2-Br  CH3-CH2-MgBr
(A)
H2O
CH3-CH2-MgBr   CH3-CH3+ Mg(OH)Br
(B)
Where (A)= Grignard reagent
(B)= Ethane
29. What is optical activity? Give two examples of chiral molecules?
A: Optical activity: The rotation of plane polarized light by a chemical substance
79
is known as optical activity.

Dextro rotatory: If the substance rotates the plane polarized light towards right
side or in the clock wise direction then it is called dextro rotatory.
It is denoted by d (or) +
Laevo rotatory: If the substance rotates the plane polarized light towards left
side or in the anti clock wise direction then it is called laevo rotatory.
It is denoted by l (or) -
Criteria (condition) for optical activity:
1) It should contain chiral carbon
2) It should contain non super imposable mirror image (enantiomeric pair).
3) It should not contain
a) Plane of symmetry
b) Alternating axis of symmetry
c) Centre of symmetry
Examples:
1) 2-Bromo propanol
2) 2- Bromo butane
30. What are enantiomers? 14(2),16(2),21(2)
A: The stereo isomers which are non super impossible mirror images are called
enantiomers.
Ex: - d-Lactic acid , l-Lactic acid
31. What is racemic mixture? ****

A: Racemic mixture:
 A mixture containing two enantiomers in equal proportion is called
racemic mixture.
 Racemic mixture is represented by dl (or) 
32. What is racemisation? 16(1)
A: The process of conversion of a compound into a racemic mixture is known as
Racemization.
33. What is resolution?
A: The process of separation of d and l isomers from the Racemic mixture is called
resolution.
 dl (lactic acid) d-lactic acid + l-lactic acid

80
13. Organic compounds containing nitrogen

1. Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds and classify them into
primary,secondary and tertiary amines. [TS15]
a) (CH3)2 CHNH2
b) CH3(CH2)2NH2
c) (CH3CH2)2NCH3
A:
S. Compound Structure IUPAC Name Type of
No amine
a) Propanamine-2 Primary
(CH3)2 CHNH2
amine
b) CH3-CH2- CH2-NH2 Propanamine-1 Primary

CH3(CH2)2NH2
amine
c) N-ethyl N-methyl Tertiary
(CH3CH2)2NCH3
ethanamine-1 amine
2. Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds?

a) CH3-CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-CH3
b) Ph-CH2CN
c)
d)
A:
S. No Compound IUPAC Name
a) CH3-CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-CH3 N-ethyl propanamine
b) Ph-CH2CN 2-Phenyl ethane nitrile

81
c) 3- Bromo Aniline
d) Benzyl carbylamine
3. What reducing agents can bring about reduction of nitro benzene?

(OR)
4. How will you convert Benzene to aniline?
(OR)
5. How is aniline prepared? 15(2)
A: Nitro benzene is reduced with hydrogen in the presence of Ni/Pd/Pt (or)
Fe+HCl (or) Sn+HCl to form aniline.
6. How will you convert Benzene into N,N di methyl -aniline?

A:
7. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis exclusively forms primary amines only.

Explain. 21(2)
(OR)
82
8. Why cannot aromatic primary amines be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide

synthesis?
A: Gabriel phthalimide synthesis:
 It is used for the preparation of primary amines.
 In this method pthalimide is treated with alcoholic KOH to form potassium
pthalimide, it is treated with alkyl halide followed by hydrolysis to form
corresponding primary amines.

 Aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by this method. Because aryl
halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution reaction with the anion
formed by pthalimide.
9. Explain why ethylamine is more soluble in water whereas aniline is not

soluble.
A: Ethyl amine is soluble in water because it can form hydrogen bonds with
water molecules.
Aniline is not soluble in water because it cannot form hydrogen bonds with
water molecules.
10. Explain why amines are less acidic than alcohols of comparable molecular
masses?
A: Amines are less acidic than alcohols of comparable molecular masses.
Reasons:
1) Amines are less polar.
2) Amines cannot easily releases H+ ion.
Basic nature of amines:

 Amines act as Lewis bases due to the presence of lone pair of electrons on
nitrogen atom.
 Amines react with acids to form salts.
RNH2+ HX RNH3X
C6H5NH2+ HX C6H5NH3X
 Basic nature of amines can be understood in terms of their Kb and PKb vaues.
PKblog10
Kb
83
 Strong base has large Kb value and small PKb vaue.

 The order of basic nature is
Aliphatic amines > NH3 > Aromatic amines.
 The order of basic nature of amines in the gaseous state is 30> 20 > 10
 The order of basic nature of aliphatic amines in aqueous solution is 10> 20 > 30
 The order of basic nature of aliphatic methyl amines in aqueous solution is
20> 10 > 30 > NH3
 The order of basic nature of aliphatic ethyl amines in aqueous solution is
20> 30 > 10 > NH3
 In case of substituted anilines
a) Electron releasing groups increase the basic nature.
Ex: OCH3, CH3, OH
b) Electron withdrawing groups decrease the basic nature.
Ex: SO3H, COOH, NO2,CN, X (F,Cl,Br,I)
11. Arrange the following bases in decreasing order of pkb values. [TS18]
C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH and C6H5NH2
A: The decreasing order of PKb value of given amines
C6H5NH2 > C6H5NHCH3 > C2H5NH2> (C2H5)2NH
12. In between NH3 and CH3NH2 which one is more basic and why? ****
A: In between NH3 and CH3NH2, CH3NH2 is more basic.
Reason: It is due to +I effect (Positive inductive effect)
13. Arrange C6H5NH2, C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2 NH, NH3 in decreasing order of their
basic strength
A: The decreasing order of basis strength of given amines and NH3 is
(C2H5)2NH > C2H5NH2 >NH3 > C6H5NH2
14. Arrange C2H5NH2, C6H5NH2, NH3, C6H5CH2NH2 and (C2H5)2NH in increasing
order of their basic strength.
A: The increasing order of basic strength of given compounds is
C6H5NH2< NH3< C6H5CH2N2 < C2H5NH2 < (C2H5)2NH
15. Arrange C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N, C6H5NH2 in increasing order of their
basic strength.
C6H5NH2 < C2H5NH2 < (C2H5)3N < (C2H5)2NH
16. Arrange CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N, C6H5NH2, NH3, C6H5CH2NH2 in
increasing order of their basic strength.
C6H5NH2 < NH3< C6H5CH2NH2< (CH3)3N< CH3NH2< (CH3)2NH
17. Arrange the following bases in increasing order of their basic strength.
Aniline, P- nitro aniline and P-toluidine.

84
18. Write chemical reaction of aniline with benzoyl chloride and write the name
of the product obtained.
A: Aniline reacts with benzoyl chloride to form N-phenyl benzamide or
benzanilide. This reaction is known as Schotten-baumann reaction.
C6H5NH2 + C6H5COCl C6H5NHCOC6H5+HCl
19. Explain carbylamine test (Isocyanide test)? 14(1),16(1),18(2) , 20(1), 21(1)

(OR)
20. Write equations for carbylamine reaction of any one aliphatic amine?
(OR)
21. Write equations for carbylamine reaction of any one aromatic amine?
A: Carbylamine Reaction: Primary amine is heated with chloroform and alcoholic
KOH to form carbylamine ( isocyanide). This reaction is known as carbylamines
reaction (or) isocyanide test.
RNH2 +CHCl3+ 3KOH(alc)  RNC+ 3KCl + 3H2O
 C2H5NC+ 3KCl + 3H2O
C2H5NH2 +CHCl3+ 3KOH(alc) 
C6H5NH2 +CHCl3+ 3KOH(alc)   C6H5NC+ 3KCl + 3H2O
22. Why aniline does not undergo Friedel- Craft’s reaction?
A: Aniline does not undergo Friedel- Craft’s reaction
Reason: It is due to the salt formation with aluminium chloride due to this
nitrogen of aniline acquires positive charge and hence acts as a strong
deactivating group for further reaction.
23. Explain Diazotisation 14(1),18(2)
A: Diazotization: Aniline reacts with nitrous acid in the presence of HCl at 0 to 50C to
form benzene diazonium chloride. This reaction is known as Diazotization.
 0
C6H5NH2 +NaNO2+ HCl + HCl 0  5
C C6H5N2Cl + NaCl + 2H2O
24. How can you prepare ethyl cyanide and ethyl iso cyanide from their common alkyl
halide? 14(2),16(2),19(2)
A: Ethyl chloride reacts with alcoholic KCN to form Ethyl Cyanide.
C2H5Cl+KCN(alc) C2H5CN+KCl
Ethyl chloride reacts with alcoholic AgCN to form Ethyl isocyanide.
C2H5Cl+AgCN(alc) C2H5NC+AgCl

85
25. Accomplish the following conversions: 14(1)

1) Benzoic acid to benzamide
2) Aniline to p- bromo aniline
A:
1) C6H5COOH+ NH3 C6H5COONH4
Δ C6H5CONH2 +H2O

2)

2 MARKS SR INTER CHEMISTRY

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 MARKS SR INTER CHEMISTRY

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

Name of the chapter Number of Marks Page

Choice ----- --------

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

22. What is Frenkel defect? 15, 18, 20

23. What are f-centers? 21(2)

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

9. State Henry’s law? 16(2), 18, 20(1), 21(2)

A: Depression of freezing point:

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

Mole fraction of solute H2SO4 X2 =1-X1

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

3.1 Electro chemistry

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

Cu + 2Ag+→ Cu+2 + 2Ag

 Standard hydrogen electrode is represented as

ΔG ΔG0 2.303RT logQC

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

a) K=2.3x10-5 lit. Mol-1. Sec-1 represents second order reaction.

For a first order reaction, t1/2 0.693

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

Dispersed phase : Liquid

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

28. What is dialysis? How is dialysis can be made fast.

29. What is colloidion solution?

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

34. What is the main cause for charge on a colloidal solution?

37. What is electro osmosis?

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

4. Nitrogen molecules highly stable why 14(2),21(1)

3. N N is stronger 3. P-P is weaker

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

7. Why is dinitrogen a gas but phosphorous a solid?

1) High inter electronic repulsions between the non- bonding electrons

11. Why does NH3 acts as Lewis base? 18(2)

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

12. Ammonia is a good complexing agent. Explain with an example? 14(1)

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

16th group elements

Compound Oxidation state of

2. Oxygen generally exhibits an oxidation state of -2 only while the other

6. Give one example each for 21(2)

9. Give the hybridization of sulphur in the following

12. What is tailing of mercury? How is it removed? 15(1),17(2),21(2)

13. What happens when ****

b) Caros acid- H2SO5

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

17th - group elements

Compound Oxidation state of

7. What are inter halogen compounds?

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

No. of Bond pairs = 3

No.of lonepairs= G- VA-C 7-3  2

10. Explain the structure of BrF5

ALL THE BEST BY K.RAAMUDU JEE/NEET FACULTY SL IN CHEMISTRY CELL: 8247748589

11. Explain the structure of IF7

12. What is the use of ClF3