Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power

Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power
Transfer for RFIDs and Wireless Sensors
Apostolos Georgiadis
Heriot Watt University
Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
a.Georgiadis@hw.ac.uk
11 July 2017
Energy Harvesting and Wireless PowerTransfer for RFIDs and Wireless Sensors Slide 1
Outline
• Energy Harvesting Technologies

• Challenges in RF energy harvesting and WPT
• Energy autonomous wireless sensors
• Conclusion
Introduction
 5G and IoT : ubiquitous wireless sensor networks
 Monitoring, security, health, space…
 Low power, conformal, low profile
Tactile internet
 Electrical AND mechanical properties required
 Adapt the manufacturing process to
the world we are living in
 Energy autonomous operation
 Minimize dissipated power Virtual reality
& maximize harvested power
 Environmental friendly materials & fabrication
 Additive manufacturing vs
traditional chemical etching / milling
Flexible electronics
 Spent batteries pose a waste management concern
Energy Sources Harvested power Conditions
examples
Light / Solar 60 mW 6.3 cm x 3.8 cm Flexible solar cell
AM1.5G Sunlight (100 mWcm-2) [1]
Kinetic 20 mW PMG‐FSH Electromagnetic
Mechanical transducer[2]
Thermal 0.52 mW Thermoelectric Generator TEG [3]
Electromagnetic 0.0015 mW Ambient power density
0.15 uWcm-2 [4]
[1] Silicon Solar Inc., Flexible Solar Panels 3V,

http://www.siliconsolar.com/flexible-solar-panels-3v-051282-p-500992.html.
[2] Perpetuum, http://www.perpetuum.com/.
[3] MicroPelt Inc., TEG MPG-D751. http://www.micropelt.com.
[4] A. Georgiadis, G. Andia, and A. Collado, "Rectenna Design and Optimization Using
Reciprocity Theory and Harmonic Balance Analysis for Electromagnetic (EM) Energy
Harvesting, " IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 9, pp. 444-446, July 2010.
Total available power Available power for
Human Body Sources
from body harvesting
0.2-0.32 W
Body heat 2.8W - 4.8 W
(neck brace)
Breathing band 0.83 W 0.42 W
Walking 67 W 5.0-8.3 W
Thad Starner, 'Human powered wearable computing', IBM systems journal, vol. 35,
no. 3-4, 1996
 Solar cell efficiency, measured under AM1.5G at T = 25 C
Classification Efficiency (%) Voc (V) Js (mAcm-2) FF (%) Description

c-Si 26.7 0.738 42.65 84.9 Kaneka
mc-Si 21.9 0.672 40.76 79.7 FhG-ISE
GaAs (thin film) 28.8 1.122 29.68 86.5 Alta Devices
CIGS 21.7 0.718 40.7 74.3 Solar Frontier
CdTe 21.0 0.875 30.25 79.4 First Solar
a-Si 10.2 0.896 16.36 69.8 AIST
Dye Sensitised 11.9 0.744 22.47 71.2 Sharp
Organic polymer 11.2 0.780 19.30 74.2 Toshiba
M.A. Green, et al, ‘Solar cell efficiency tables (version 50),’ Progress in Photovoltaics: Research
and Applications, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 668-676, July 2017
 Require low frequency high-Q resonators
 Application dependent
Application / Vibration source Vibration Acceleration
frequency (Hz) amplitude (ms-2)
Door Frame (after door closes) 125 3
Clothes Dryer 121 3.5
Washing Machine 109 0.5
HVAC vents in office building 60 0.2-1.5
Refrigerator 240 0.1
Small microwave over 121 2.25
External windows next to busy street 100 0.7
S. Roundy, "On the Effectiveness of Vibration-based Energy Harvesting,”

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, vol. 16 no. 10, pp. 809-823, Oct. 2005.
 Gulielmo Marconi
 ~ 1895
 Villa Griffone,
Bologna, Italy
Thermal Energy Harvesting
Semiconducting pellets
Rt
Metal
n p n p n p RL
contacts α12ΔT
Ceramic plates
Carnot efficiency: nc = (Thot-Tcold)/Thot

−1
Conversion efficiency: φ = nc 2 − 0.5nc + 4/ZThot
n < ( THOT – TCOLD ) / THOT
Example:
TCOLD = 293 K (20 C) and THOT = 303 K (30 C) => n < 3,3 %
TCOLD = 233 K (-40 C) and THOT = 293 K (20 C) => n < 20,48 %
Conversion efficiency
−1
φ = nc 2 − 0.5nc + 4/ZThot
K. Niotaki, A. Georgiadis, A. Collado,

"Thermal Energy Harvesting for Power
Amplifiers", 2013 IEEE Radio and
Wireless Week, 20-23 Jan 2013.
RF Energy Harvesting
 Key element: Rectenna (Brown US3434678, 1969).

 Rectifier circuits: envelope detector,
charge pump circuits Schottky diodes,
low / zero barrier diodes
Reported UHF rectifier efficiencies for available input power levels in the order of 10 µW
are approximately 20 %, and increase to > 50 % for available power levels of 100 µW.
RF Energy Harvesting
Ambient RF energy:
R. Vyas, B.S. Cook, Y. Kawahara and M. M Tentzeris, "E-WEHP: A Battery less Embedded Sensor-Platform Wirelessly Powered From
Ambient Digital-TV Signals," Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.61, no.6, pp.2491,2505, June 2013
Wireless Power Transfer
 Wireless Power Transfer
(Selected historical milestones)
 Nikola Tesla (1899)

 William Brown (1964)
(Microwave powered helicopter)
 Kyoto Univ. (1992) Tesla, Colorado Springs
 MIT (2007)(Resonant magnetic coupling)

 KAIST (2009)(On-line electric vehicle – OLEV))
W.C. Brown
MILAX (1992) Kyoto Univ., Kobe Univ., etc.
Challenges in energy harvesting and WPT
– Multiple technology harvesting

– Rectenna design and optimization
– Sensitivity to load and input power variations
– Waveform optimization
 Multi-technology harvesters
 Solar antennas and rectennas
 Flexible electronics
 Paper / Textile / Plastic Substrates
 Solar powered batteryless circuits
DC - DC +
Flexible polyurethane (h=11mm /e=1.16 /ta
Aramid textile layer (h=0.95 mm /e=1.97 / t
 Textile /flexible foam passive and active circuit integration.
 Wearable smart fabric with sensing and communication
(transmission) capabilities.
F.Declercq, A. Georgiadis and H. Rogier, ‘Wearable Aperture-Coupled Shorted Solar

Patch Antenna for Remote Tracking Applications,’ EuCAP, Rome, April 2011.
DC - DC +
Flexible polyurethane (h=11mm /e=1.16 /tand=0.01
Aramid textile layer (h=0.95 mm /e=1.97 / tand=0.02)
Solar/RF Energy Harvesting
Radiating element size minimized by eliminating areas of a
semicircle monopole where field distribution are weaker
DC interconnect line for solar cell integration place for minimum
effect on antenna performance E-plane 1.85 GHz
90
120 60
co-pol
150 30
cross-pol
180 (a)
0
0 -20 -10 0
H-plane 1.85 GHz
90
120 60
-10 210 330
co-pol
S (1,1)
150 30
-20 240 300
270
cross-pol
(b)
-30 simulation
180 0
measurements w/o solar cell -20 -10 0
measurements with solar cell antenna w/o solar cell
-40 antenna with solar cell
1 2 3 4 5 6
frequency (GHz) 210 330
Thermal/RF Energy Harvesting
M. Virili et al., "Design and optimization of an antenna with Thermo-Electric Generator (TEG) for autonomous
wireless nodes," 2014 IEEE RFID Technology and Applications Conference (RFID-TA), Tampere, 2014, pp. 21-25.
Solar/Thermal/RF Energy Harvesting
M. Virili, A. Georgiadis, A. Collado, P. Mezzanotte and L. Roselli, "EM characterization of a patch antenna with
thermo-electric generator and Solar Cell for hybrid Energy Harvesting," 2015 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium
(RWS), San Diego, CA, 2015, pp. 44-46.
Rectenna Design and Optimization
 Rectenna optimization using Thevenin (below) or

Norton equivalent of antenna/coil in receive mode.
N-port loaded scatterer

(see e.g. Mautz and Harrington)
A.Georgiadis, G. Andia-Vera, A. Collado “Rectenna design and optimization using reciprocity theory and harmonic
balance analysis for electromagnetic (EM) energy harvesting,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 9,
pp. 444-446, 2010.
 Circuit topology
important
in low available power
conditions
 Trade-off between
efficiency
and output voltage
50
40
Efficiency (%)
30
 Efficiency varies with 20
input power and 10
load variation 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Load (KOhm)
OPTIMIZATION PARAMETERS:
p1,…,pN
RL
For a given receiving structure (antenna/coil) and nonlinear device (diode),

optimize matching network and output load
Circularly polarized rectenna
Rectenna design example
 2.40 GHz - 2.48 GHz ISM band

 Aperture coupled patch
topology:
 Circuit and radiator layers
are made of Arlon A25N
20 mil thick
 Separated by a Rohacell51
layer of 6mm in order to
achieve the desired bandwidth
 Optimization goals are used to

maximize the RF-DC conversion efficiency
at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz
𝜼 = 48% and 𝜼 = 39% at 915 MHz and
2.45 GHz, for Pin=0 dBm
Radial Stub a=2mm
b=3.2mm
𝜼 <1 % for Pin<-33 dBm θ b
θ=40o
L2 L3 Diode
60 a
One tone measurement (915 MHz)
50
One tone measurement (2.45 GHz) L1 C1 Rload
Two tone measurement (915 MHz/2.45 GHz)
RF-DC Conversion Efficiency(%)
40
DC output
30 Antenna Rectifier
20 50
45 Measurement

Simulation
40
10
35
30
0 25
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Input Power (dBm) 20
15
Niotaki, K.; Sangkil Kim; Seongheon Jeong; Collado, A.; Georgiadis, A.; Tentzeris, M.M., "A 10
Compact Dual-Band Rectenna Using Slot-Loaded Dual Band Folded Dipole Antenna," Antennas 5
0
and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE , vol.12, no., pp.1634,1637, 2013 0.5 1 1.5
Frequency (GHz)
2 2.5
Pin l3
Vdc
 SIW 24 GHz rectenna w1
l1
w2
l2 RL CL
 Compact rectenna inside (a)

w3
substrate integrated cavity (SIW)

RF to DC conversion efficiency (%)
20
simulations
measurements
15 P= -2 dBm
(b)
P=1 dBm
P=8 dBm 15 mm
10
8.2 mm
13.9 mm
5 rectifier
21.9 mm circuit
0
23 24 25 26 27 additional row of
frequency (GHz) metallized vias
60
900 MHz [23]

2.45 GHz [21]
50
915 MHz [21]

40 1.76 GHz [23]
2.45 GHz [23]

30
915 MHz 940 MHz [24]
20 2.5 GHz
1.95 GHz [24]
850 MHz [22]
10 2.44 GHz[24]
1850 MHz [22]
0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Input Power (dBm)
[1]([22]) A. Collado, and A. Georgiadis, "Conformal Hybrid Solar and Electromagnetic (EM) Energy Harvesting Rectenna," IEEE Trans. Circuits
Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 60, no. 8, pp.2225,2234, Aug. 2013
[2]([24]) B. L. Pham and A.-V. Pham, "Triple Bands Antenna and High Efficiency Rectifier Design for RF Energy Harvesting at 900, 1900 and
2400 MHz," in Proc. IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp., Seattle, WA, 2–7 June 2013.
[3]([23]) V.Rizzoli, G. Bichicchi, A. Costanzo, F. Donzelli, and D. Masotti, "CAD of multi-resonator rectenna for micro-power generation," in Proc.
Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference (EuMIC 2009), 28-29 Sept. 2009, pp.331–334.
[21] R. Scheeler, S. Korhummel, Z. Popovic, "A Dual-Frequency Ultralow-Power Efficient 0.5-g Rectenna," Microwave Magazine, IEEE , vol.15,
no.1, pp.109,114, Jan.-Feb. 2014
Bode-Fano criteria (see e.g. D. Pozar, Microwave Eng.)
∞ Lossless
1 𝜋
න ln 𝑑𝜔 ≤ Matching R C
Γ 𝜔 𝑅𝐶
0 Γ(ω) Network
|Γ(ω )|
1 𝜋 1
Δ𝜔 ln ≤
Γ𝑚 𝑅𝐶 ω
Γm
Δω
 Octave bandwidth rectenna
 Non-uniform transmission line
F. Bolos, D. Belo and A. Georgiadis, "A UHF rectifier with one octave bandwidth based on a non-uniform
transmission line," 2016 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), San Francisco, CA, 2016, pp. 1-3.
 Decade bandwidth rectenna
 Inkjet printed, flexible substrate
Sensitivity to load and input power variation
 Challenge: load and input power variation

 Resistance compression networks
500
400
Input Resistance (Ohm)

300
200
100
Load resistance variation: 3 Ohm – 1000 Ohm 0 0

10
1
10
2
10
3
10
Load Resistance (Ohm)
Input resistance variation: 55 Ohm – 500 Ohm
Y. Han, O. Leitermann, D.A. Jackson, J.M. Rivas, and D.J. Perreault, “Resistance Compression Networks for Radio-Frequency
Power Conversion, ” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 41-53, Jan. 2007.
 Resistance Compression Networks

 Identical Rload variation
 Opposite phase response
Φ1 @ f1
-Φ2 @ f2
Rload
-Φ1 @ f1
Zin Φ2 @ f2
Rload
RCN operating at single frequency Dual-Band RCN
LR CL
CR LL 100 120 LR 8.7 nH

nH pF
RF LL 100 nH
input Rload
CR 0.8 pF
100 120
nH pF CL 2.7 pF
• Schottky diode
– SMS7630
• Arlon 25N
– 30 mil
– ɛr = 3.38
K. Niotaki. A. Georgiadis, A. Collado, ‘Dual-Band Resistance Compression Networks for Improved Rectifier
Performance,’ IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, accepted for publication, Dec. 2014.
 Dual band resistance compression network.
-fTOTAL1 @ f1
fTOTAL2 @ f2
LR CL MRCN load
L R CL
CR LL CR LL Ldc
IN
Cout Rload
C L LR CL L R
Ζin
CR LL CR LL L Ldc
5
fTOTAL1 @ f1
-fTOTAL2 @ f2
70 70
b)
RF-DC Conversion Efficiency (%)

a)
60 60
50 915 MHz 50 2.45 GHz
40 40
30 30
20 20
Single diode dual-band rectifier
10 Dual-band rectifier with RCN 10 Single diode dual-band rectifier
Dual-band rectifier with RCN
00 1 2 3 4 00 1 2 3 4
RL (kΩ) RL (kΩ)
Signal Optimization
 Signals with time-varying envelope (peak-to-average power

ratio PAPR > 0 dB) may lead to higher rectifier RF-DC
conversion efficiency
 Multi-sines
 Chaotic signals
 White noise
 Random modulation (multi-carrier)
Signal Optimization
Signal PAPR (dB)
1-tone 3
OFDM 12
White 13.7
noise
Chaotic 14.8
PAPR[x(t)] ~ PAPR[e(t)] + 3 dB
2
10
OFDM
0 0
Pr (PAPR [e(t)] > g) (%)
white noise 50 MHz 50 MHz
Spectrum (dBm)
-20 -20
Spectrum (dBm)
OFDM Signal
One-tone Signal
1 chaotic
10 -40
-40
-60 -60
PAPR [echaotic(t)] ~ 11.8 dB
0
10 -80 -80
-100 -100
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
frequency (GHz) frequency (GHz)
-1 PAPR [ewhite_noise(t)] ~ 10.7 dB
10 0 0
White Noise Signal

50 MHz 50 MHz
PAPR [eOFDM(t)] ~ 9 dB
Spectrum (dBm)
-20 -20
Spectrum (dBm)
Chaotic Signal
-2 -40 -40
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 -60 -60
g (dB) -80 -80
-100 -100
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
frequency (GHz) frequency (GHz)
A. Collado, A. Georgiadis, 'Optimal Waveforms for Efficient Wireless Power Transmission,' IEEE Microwave and Wireless
Components Letters, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 354-356, May 2014.
Signal Optimization
 Rectifier operates at 433 MHz
 Skyworks SMS7630-02LF diode
 Output load of 5.6 KOhm
60
50
40
30
1-tone
OFDM
20 white noise
chaotic
10
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Input Power (dBm)
A. Collado, A. Georgiadis, 'Optimal Waveforms for Efficient Wireless Power Transmission,' IEEE Microwave and Wireless
Components Letters, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 354-356, May 2014.
Signal Optimization
 Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF)
 Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)

 PAPR = PPK/PA
 Instantaneous
Power Variance (IPV)
 IPV = E[(P-PA)2]
J. Blanco, F. Bolos, A. Georgiadis, "Instantaneous power variance and radio frequency to dc conversion efficiency of
wireless power transfer systems," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 10, (10), p. 1065-1070, 2016.
Signal Optimization
 4-tone and 64QAM
F. Bolos, J. Blanco, A. Collado and A. Georgiadis, "RF Energy Harvesting From Multi-Tone and Digitally Modulated Signals," in IEEE
Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 1918-1927, June 2016.
J. Blanco, F. Bolos, A. Georgiadis, "Instantaneous power variance and radio frequency to dc conversion efficiency of
wireless power transfer systems," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 10, (10), p. 1065-1070, 2016.
Solar Beacon Signal Generator
 Compact design: Meander (PET) or Slot (Paper)
 Antenna surface shared with solar cell
CPW Inverted F monopole
pHEMT Solar Cell

N3509M04
Solar Cell Solar Cell
(cm)
A. Georgiadis, A. Collado, S. Kim, H. Lee, M. M. S. Kim, A. Georgiadis, A. Collado, M. M. Tentzeris, "A Inkjet-Printed
Tentzeris, ‘UHF Solar Powered Active Oscillator Solar-Powered Wireless Beacon on Paper for Identification and
Antenna on Low Cost Flexible Substrates for Wireless Power Transmission Applications", IEEE Transactions on
Wireless Identification Applications,’ IMS 2012. Microwave Theory and Techniques, Dec 2012
Solar Beacon Signal Generator
-20
Harmonic Balance
Sunlight Full Spectrum
Oscillator Simulation -60
Daylight Lamp
Power (dBm)
Ld Vd
Cd
T1 Id Solar Cell Solar Cell -100
Cs R1
-140
916 918 920 922 924
Ls Rs Frequency (MHz)
Solar Rp D1 Io
Antenna Oscillator Module
θ deg 0
930 -30 30 YZ plane
(φ = 90 deg)
-60 60 θ pol
φ pol
Frequency (MHz)
920
Y
CPW Inverted F monopole 0 dB -10 dB -20 dB
-90 90 X
Z
θ deg 0
pHEMT Solar Cell
N3509M04 -30 30 XZ plane
910 (φ = 0 deg)
-60 60 θ pol
φ pol
900 (cm)
8 12 16 20 24 28 0 dB -10 dB -20 dB
-90 90
I0 (mA)
Energy Harvesting Assisted RFID and WSN
 Solar powered data logger (SWAP project)
Energy Harvesting Assisted RFID and WSN
 Energy autonomous wireless sensor using
solar/electromagnetic energy harvesting
 3D printed package
J. Bito, R. Bahr, J. G. Hester, S. A. Nauroze, A. Georgiadis, M. M. Tentzeris, "A Novel Solar and Electromagnetic
Energy Harvesting System With a 3-D Printed Package for Energy Efficient Internet-of-Things Wireless
Sensors," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques , vol. 65 no. 5, pp. 1831-1842, May 2017.
Commercial WSN Radios  Cost and Power Constraints
 Antenna load switching

 Single transistor or RF switch
 μW Communication!
Applications:
RFID Tags ALN- Squiglette 9630
44
Energy Harvesting Assisted RFID
 RFID tag and wireless power transmission
 Using Impinj reader
and RF signal generator
 Read rate improvement
 Saturation
70
40 f = 868 MHz
60 f = 865.7 MHz
Read rate (%)

30 50
Read rate (%)
40
20
30
10
20
10
0 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
860 862 864 866 868 870
Freq (MHz) P (dBm)
Solar RFID tag
 Solar tag with high efficiency
DC-to-RF converter: Class-E oscillator
A. Georgiadis and A. Collado, "Improving range of passive RFID tags utilizing energy harvesting and high efficiency
class-E oscillators," 2012 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), Prague, 2012, pp.
3455-3458.
Millimeter wave Gbps tag
• Printed FLEXIBLE 24-28 GHz tag

• Ultra fast (minutes) printing
• Gb/s backscatter communication
(4Gb/s @ 1m)
• Energy efficient, < 0.15 pJ/bit
• 3-4 orders of magnitude beyond
current RFIDs
24 GHz flexible printed tag
J. Kimionis, A. Collado, A. Georgiadis, M.M. Tentzeris, ‘Millimeter-wave Backscatter:

A Quantum Leap for Gigabit Communication, RF Sensing, and Wearables.’ IEEE MTT-S IMS 2017.
Ambient FM backscattering
S. Daskalakis, J. Kimionis, A. Collado, M. M. Tentzeris, A. Georgiadis, ‘Ambient FM Backscattering for Smart

Agricultural Monitoring,’ IEEE MTT-S IMS 2017.
Ambient FM backscattering, indoor demo
Thank you for your attention !
Questions
Acknowledgment
EU COST, EU Marie Curie, IEEE MTT-S, ICON Foundation
A. Collado, M. Tentzeris, N. Carvalho, R. Roselli, H. Rogier,
J. Kimionis, K. Niotaki, S. Daskalakis and many more…
Apostolos Georgiadis
Associate Professor
Heriot-Watt University
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
Edinburgh EH14 4AS
Scotland
UK
Email: apostolos.georgiadis@ieee.org, a.georgiadi@hw.ac.uk
Google: https://sites.google.com/site/apostolosgeorgiadis1/home

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Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power

Transfer for RFIDs and Wireless Sensors

• Energy Harvesting Technologies

[1] Silicon Solar Inc., Flexible Solar Panels 3V,

Classification Efficiency (%) Voc (V) Js (mAcm-2) FF (%) Description

S. Roundy, "On the Effectiveness of Vibration-based Energy Harvesting,”

Carnot efficiency: nc = (Thot-Tcold)/Thot

K. Niotaki, A. Georgiadis, A. Collado,

 Key element: Rectenna (Brown US3434678, 1969).

 Nikola Tesla (1899)

 Kyoto Univ. (1992) Tesla, Colorado Springs

 MIT (2007)(Resonant magnetic coupling)

MILAX (1992) Kyoto Univ., Kobe Univ., etc.

– Multiple technology harvesting

Flexible polyurethane (h=11mm /e=1.16 /ta

Aramid textile layer (h=0.95 mm /e=1.97 / t

F.Declercq, A. Georgiadis and H. Rogier, ‘Wearable Aperture-Coupled Shorted Solar

Flexible polyurethane (h=11mm /e=1.16 /tand=0.01

Aramid textile layer (h=0.95 mm /e=1.97 / tand=0.02)

 Rectenna optimization using Thevenin (below) or

N-port loaded scatterer

 Efficiency varies with 20

input power and 10

For a given receiving structure (antenna/coil) and nonlinear device (diode),

Rectenna design example

 2.40 GHz - 2.48 GHz ISM band

 Optimization goals are used to

RF-DC Conversion Efficiency(%)

 Compact rectenna inside (a)

substrate integrated cavity (SIW)

RF-DC Conversion Efficiency(%)

915 MHz [21]

2.45 GHz [23]

Bode-Fano criteria (see e.g. D. Pozar, Microwave Eng.)

 Challenge: load and input power variation

Input Resistance (Ohm)

Load resistance variation: 3 Ohm – 1000 Ohm 0 0

 Resistance Compression Networks

 Opposite phase response

RCN operating at single frequency Dual-Band RCN

CR LL 100 120 LR 8.7 nH

RF-DC Conversion Efficiency (%)

 Signals with time-varying envelope (peak-to-average power

white noise 50 MHz 50 MHz

White Noise Signal

 Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF)

 Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)

 4-tone and 64QAM

pHEMT Solar Cell

Solar Cell Solar Cell

Solar Cell Solar Cell

 Antenna load switching

RFID Tags ALN- Squiglette 9630

Read rate (%)

• Printed FLEXIBLE 24-28 GHz tag

J. Kimionis, A. Collado, A. Georgiadis, M.M. Tentzeris, ‘Millimeter-wave Backscatter:

S. Daskalakis, J. Kimionis, A. Collado, M. M. Tentzeris, A. Georgiadis, ‘Ambient FM Backscattering for Smart

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