Hydraulics Activity1 Mid

SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700

College of Engineering
Activity No. 1
Determination of Density of Common Liquids and Liquid Viscosity
EXPERIMENT A (Density of Common Liquids)
I. Background
The density, ρ , of an object is defined as the ratio of its mass to its volume. Density can be useful
in identifying substances. It is also a convenient property because it provides a link (or conversion
factor) between the mass and the volume of a substance.
mass kg
ρ= =
volume m3
Mass and volume are extensive (or extrinsic) properties of matter - they depend on amount.
Density, an intensive (or intrinsic) property, is a kind of "heaviness" factor. In macroscopic terms,
density reflects how much mass is packed into a given three-dimensional space. Typically,
densities are reported g/ml or g/cm3 (which are equivalent because 1ml ≡ 1cm3). Experimentally,
mass and volume measurements are required to calculate density.
Masses are measured on weighing scales. Volume is an amount of space, in three dimensions,
that a sample of matter occupies. The number and the phase of the molecules in the sample
primarily determine the volume of a substance. As you heat something up, the volume usually
increases because the faster moving molecules are further apart. Since volume is in the
denominator, increasing the volume decreases the density.
II. Objective/s
To determine the density of common liquids such as water, vegetable oil, and glycerin (or any
similar liquid).
III. Apparatus
(a) set of transparent containers of homogeneous sections, (b) measuring scale, (c) weighing
scale, (d) ordinary tap water, (e) vegetable oil, glycerin (corn syrup or honey will do if none is
available).
IV. Procedure
1. Determine the mass of the container using the weighing scale.

2. Pour some liquid into the container.
3. Measure the level of the liquid and calculate its volume.
4. Weigh the container with the liquid.
5. Solve the density of the liquid by computation.
6. The above procedure comprises the first set of determining the density of liquid.
7. Repeat the procedures above and consider it as the second set and third sets for
other liquids.
Telephone No. +6355 251 2139 | Fax: +6355 543 8394 | Website: www.ssu.edu.ph | Contact us: info@ssu.edu.ph | Follow us on @ssucatbalogan | Page 1 of 15
V. Sample Videos
Liquid Density Experiment | Easily Conduct this Experiment at Home!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIzpH7gL7bg&feature=emb_logo
How to Calculate Density of Liquids - With Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVQMWihs3wQ
VI. Illustration/s
VII. Observation and Computation
Set 1 Set 2 Set 3

Dish Washing
Type of Liquid Sweetener Cooking Oil
Liquid
Mass of Empty Container (g) 108 102 106
Mass of Container with Liquid (g) 202 230 190
Mass of Liquid (g) 94 128 84

Volume of Liquid
100 mL 100 mL 100 mL
(ml or cu.cm.)
kg kg kg
Density, ρ (kg/cu.m.) 940 3
1 280 3
840 3
m m m
VIII. Result
Write the solution in calculating the density of each liquid type.
mass 94 g kg
ρ Disℎwasℎing Liquid = = =0.94 =940 3
volume 1 0 0 ml m
mass 1 28 g kg
ρ Sweetener = = =1.28 =1280 3
volume 1 0 0 ml m
mass 84 g kg
ρCooking Oil = = =0. 84 =840 3
volume 1 0 0 ml m
Plots of the following graphs:

 Density (y-axis) vs mass of liquid (x-axis),
 Density (y-axis) vs volume of liquid (x-axis).
Density vs Mass of Liquid Density vs Volume of Liquid

1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1.28
1 1
0.94
0.8 0.8
0.94
Density
Density
0.84
0.6 0.6 0.84
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
80.000 90.000 100.000 110.000 120.000 130.000 140.000 80.000 100.000 120.000 140.000 160.000 180.000 200.000
Mass of Liquid Volume of Liquid
IX. Conclusion
 Interpret the mass, volume, and density of each liquid

 Compare the properties of the liquids
EXPERIMENT B (Liquid Viscosity by Method of Falling Sphere)
I. Background
This method of determining viscosity was based on Stroke’s law on velocity. It consists of a
long vertical container which is filled with the liquid whose viscosity is to be determined. The
container is surrounded by a constant temperature bath.
Small Spherical ball of plastic or stone of known density is released and allowed to fall
vertically through the liquid. The ball will at first accelerate as it falls from air. When the
sphere touches the liquid the resistance to its motion increase with the velocity. The velocity
will become constant when the draft force is equal to the resistance force.
The formula of viscosity of liquid using the falling sphere and Strokes Law is as follows:
2
D
μ= ( γ s− γ w)
18 V
where:
V =L /t
L=¿ is the distance of fall of sphere
t=¿ time of fall
γ s =¿ is the submerged unit weight of sphere
γ w =¿ is the unit weight of water
D=¿is the diameter of the sphere
The derivation is as follows. If the sphere falls with a constant velocity V , the net force acting
on the sphere must be zero. Besides the weight of the sphere, the force acting to the sphere are
the upward thrust and the drag.
Thus,
Weigℎt =upward tℎrust + drag
or
3 3
4 D 4 D
π γ s = π 3 γ w +3 πDμV
3 23 3 2
Simplifying the above expression and solving for μ will result to the above
previous formula.
II. Objective/s
To determine the Viscosity of a Liquid by Falling Sphere method.
III. Apparatus
(a) liquid, (b) spherical ball, (c) stop watch, (d) meter stick, (e) caliper, (f) analytic balance and,
(g) transparent plastic cylinder of homogeneous section.
IV. Procedure
1. Determine the unit weight of the sphere

2. Determine the unit weight of fluid by the procedure as discussed in Experiment No. 1.
The more detailed method of determining the unit weight of the sphere and liquid is the
following:
a. Determine the unit weight of the sphere ball.

a.1. Weigh the sphere ball using the analytical balance.
If there is no available analytical balance, weigh about 30 pieces of the sphere
ball using the beam balance. The combined weigh is divided by 30 to get the
weight of the single sphere.
a.2. Measure the diameter of the sphere ball using the caliper.
a.3. Determine the unit weight of one sphere ball using
A
weight of one sphere ball 6 W t
γ s= =
volume of the sphere ball π d 3
b. Determine the unit weight of the liquid.

If the liquid used is water then use the standard unit weight of water as 9810 N/m3.
b.1. Weigh the empty graduated cylinder or breaker.
b.2. Pour some amount of liquid in the breaker to a certain volume flushed to a line
on the graduated scale of the breaker.
b.3. Determine the weight of the breaker with the liquid in it.
b.4. Determine the weight of the liquid by subtracting the weight of the empty
beaker to the weight of the beaker with the liquid inside.
b.5. Record the volume of the liquid.
b.6. The unit weight of the liquid is given by:
weight of liquid
γ w=
volume of liquid
c. Measure the distance of fall of sphere ball.

c.1. Mark on the surface of the glass wall with a chalk the initial point of entry of
sphere in water. Call this as the initial point.
c.2. The final point of fall of the sphere in the liquid is the bottom of the cylinder.
Measure the distance using the meter stick from initial point to final point.
d. The velocity of fall of the sphere is given by the formula:
distance of fall L
V= =
time of fall T
4. Drop the sphere ball with the initial position of the ball just near the liquid surface.
5. Mark the point where the velocity of the ball starts to become uniform. This will be the
initial point of measurement of distance.
6. Simultaneously set the time on as that with procedure 4.
7. Set the time off when the ball reached the bottom of the cylinder.
8. Measure the distance dropped from the initial marked point to the final position of the
ball.
V. Sample Videos
How to test the Viscosity of a Liquid

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Gdxu4XcsbY&feature=emb_logo
Measuring Viscosity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69iUhlqFJFk
VI. Illustration/s
VII. Observation and Computation
Type of Liquid Dish-washing Liquid

Weight of Empty Container = 1.00062 N
Weight of Container with Liquid = 2.00124 N
Weight of Liquid = 1.00062 N

Volume of Liquid = 0.0001 cu.m.
Unit Weight of Liquid = 10006.2 N/cu.m.
Mass Density of Liquid = 1020 kg/cu.m.
Diameter of the Sphere = 15.24 mm
Mass of the Sphere = 5.13333 g
Unit Weight of the Sphere = 27172.66272 N/cu.m.
Set 1
Kinematic
Viscosity
Trial No. Distance (m) Time (s) Velocity (m/s) Viscosity
(N*s/m2)
( m2/s)
1 0.24130 8.04 0.03001 7.14973 0.00701
2 0.24130 7.34 0.03287 6.52686 0.00640
3 0.24130 7.33 0.03292 6.51759 0.00639
4 0.24130 6.93 0.03482 6.16156 0.00604
5 0.24130 7.52 0.03209 6.68575 0.00655
Average 6.60830 0.00648
Type of Liquid Cooking Oil Set 2

Viscosity Kinematic
Trial No. Distance (m) Time (s) Velocity (m/s)
(N*s/m2) Viscosity ( m2/s)
1 0.24130 1.65 0.14624 1.60146 0.00148
2 0.24130 0.75 0.32173 0.72790 0.00067
3 0.24130 0.62 0.38919 0.60169 0.00056
4 0.24130 0.79 0.30544 0.76663 0.00071
5 0.24130 1.17 0.20624 1.13534 0.00105
Average 0.96660 0.00090
Type of Liquid Sweetener

Set 3
Velocity Viscosity Kinematic
Trial No. Distance (m) Time (s)
(m/s) (N*s/m2) Viscosity ( m2/s)
1 0.24130 2.27 0.10630 1.67257 0.00158
2 0.24130 2.32 0.10401 1.70929 0.00161
3 0.24130 2.39 0.10096 1.76074 0.00166
4 0.24130 2.46 0.09809 1.81218 0.00171
5 0.24130 2.46 0.09809 1.81205 0.00171
Average 1.75337 0.00165
Solutions:
DISHWASHING LIQUID
mass 9.81 N
= =
0.102 Kg× 1.00062
Weight of Empty Container
gravitaional force 1 Kg = N
Trial 1
distance mass 0.2413 9.81 N

Weight of Container with
Velocity = = 0.204 Kg × 0.03001
2.00124
Liquid
= Trial
timegravitaional force
3 = 8.04 1 Kg == m/sN
distance 0.2413
2 0.03292
Velocity = 2 = 0.015007.33 9.81 N = m/s
time
D mass 0.102 ¿-Kg×
10006.2) 1.00062
7.14973
Viscosity
Weight (μ)
of Liquid = = ¿) = =
18(0.03001) 1 Kg == (N*s/m
N2)
18 2v gravitaional force 0.01500
2
Viscosity (μ)
D ¿- 10008.2) 6.51759
= ¿) = 7.14973
18(0.03292) 1× 10 m
−6 3 = (N*s/m2)
18 μv 1 ×10
0.00701 −4
Kinematic Viscosity
Volume (v) =
of Liquid = 100=mL × 1020 1 mL == mcu.m.
2
/s
p 6.51759
μ 0.00639
Kinematic Viscosity ( v ) = = Trial 2 10201.00062 N = m2/s
p weight of liquid 0.2413 10006.2 N/
Unit Weight of Liquid =
distance = 1 ×10
−4 =
volume of 0.03287 cu.m.
Velocity = = liquid
Trial 4 7.34 = m/s
time 0.2413
distance mass 0.102 Kg 0.03482
Velocity = = 0.01500
2
6.93 = 1020 Kg/
m/s
Mass Density of Liquid =D 2
time = 1 ×10
−4 =
Viscosity (μ) = ¿) volume
= ¿ - 10007.2) =
6.52686 cu.m.
(N*s/m2)
18 2v 18(0.03287) 2
D 0.01500 25.4 mm
¿- 10009.2) 6.16156
15.24
Diameter(μ)
Viscosity = = μ ¿) = == (N*s/m 2)
of the Sphere 0.6∈¿ × 6.526861∈¿ ¿
18(0.03482) mm
Kinematic Viscosity ( v ) =
18 v = =
0.00640
m /s
2
p 1020
μ 6.16156 154 Kg
Kinematic Viscosity (v) = weight
= ==
0.00604
5.13333 m2/sg
Mass of the Sphere = = 1020 30
p gravitaional force
Trial 5 6 ×0.05036
6W 0.2413 = 27172.66272 N/
Unit Weight of the Sphere distance
= 3 = π × 0.01524
3
0.03209 cu.m.
Velocity = π =d 7.52 = m/s
time
2
COOKING OIL D
2 0.01500
Viscosity (μ) = ¿) = ¿- 10010.2) =
6.68575
(N*s/m2)
18 v 18(0.03209)
μ 6.68575
0.00655
Kinematic Viscosity ( v ) = = 1020 = m2/s
p
mass 9.81 N
= =
0.108 Kg × 1.05948
SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY 9.81 N

Weight of ContainerArteche
with Blvd., mass City, Philippines
Catbalogan 0.194 Kg ×
6700 1.90314
Liquid
= = 1 Kg = N
gravitaional force
mass 9.81 N
= =
0.086 Kg × 0.84366
Weight of Liquid
−6 3
1× 10 m −4
Volume of Liquid = 100 mL × = 1 ×10 cu.m.
1 mL
weight of liquid 0.84366 N

8436.6 N/
Unit Weight of Liquid = = 1× 10
−4 = cu.m.
volume of liquid
mass 0.108 Kg
1080 Kg/
Mass Density of Liquid = = 1 ×10
−4 = cu.m.
volume
25.4 mm
15.24
Diameter of the Sphere = 0.6∈¿ × 1∈¿ ¿ = mm
weight 154 Kg
5.13333
Mass of the Sphere = = 30 = g
gravitaional force
6W 6 ×0.05036
= 27172.66272 N/
Unit Weight of the Sphere = 3 = π × 0.01524
3
cu.m.
πd
Trial 1
distance 0.2413
Velocity = = = 0.14624 m/s
time 1.65
2 2
D 0.01500
Viscosity (μ) = ¿) = ¿- 8436.6) = 1.60146 (N*s/m2)
18 v 18(0.14624)
μ 1.60146
Kinematic Viscosity ( v ) = = = 0.00148 m2/s
p 1080
Trial 2
distance 0.2413
Velocity = = = 0.32173 m/s
time 0.75
2 2
D 0.01500
Viscosity (μ) = ¿) = ¿ - 8437.6) = 0.72790 (N*s/m2)
18 v 18(0.32173)
μ 0.72790
p 1080
Trial 3
distance 0.2413
Velocity = = = 0.38919 m/s
time 0.62
2 2
D 0.01500
Viscosity (μ) = ¿) = ¿- 8438.6) = 8438.6 (N*s/m2)
18 v 18(0.38919)
μ 8438.6
p 1080
Trial 4
distance 0.2413
Velocity = = = 0.30544 m/s
time 0.79
2 2
D 0.01500
Viscosity (μ) = ¿) = ¿-8439.6) = 0.76663 (N*s/m2)
18 v 18(0.30544)
μ 0.76663
p 1080
Trial 5
distance 0.2413
Velocity = = = 0.20624 m/s
SWEETENER
mass 9.81 N
= =
0.106 Kg × 1.03986
Trial 3
distance mass 0.2413 9.81 N

Weight of Container with
Velocity = = 0.238 Kg × 0.10096
2.33478
Liquid
=
timegravitaional force
= 2.39 1 Kg == m/sN VIII.
R
2
2
mass 0.01500 9.81 N
D 0.132
¿ -Kg×
12951.2) 1.76074
1.29492
Viscosity
Weight (μ)
of Liquid = = ¿) = =
18(0.10096) 1 Kg == (N*s/m
N2)
18 v gravitaional force
−6 3
μ 1.76074
1× 10 m −4
Kinematic Viscosity
Volume (v) =
of Liquid = 100=mL × 1060 1 mL == 1 ×10
0.00166
mcu.m.
2
/s
p
Trial 4 1.29492 N
weight of liquid 0.2413 12949.2 N/
Unit Weight of Liquid =
distance = 1 ×10
−4 = 0.09809 cu.m.
Velocity = volume of
= liquid 2.46 = m/s
time
mass 2
0.106 Kg
0.01500 1060 Kg/
Mass Density of Liquid =D 2 = 1¿×10
−4 = 1.81218 cu.m.
- 12952.2)
Viscosity (μ) = ¿) volume= 18(0.09809) = (N*s/m2)
18 v
25.4 mm
15.24
Diameter of the Sphere =μ 0.6∈¿ ×1.812181∈¿ ¿ =
0.00171
mm
p
weight Trial 5 154 Kg
5.13333
Mass of the Sphere = = 30 = g
gravitaional force 0.2413
distance 0.09809
Velocity = = 2.46 = m/s
time 6W 6 ×0.05036
= 27172.66272 N/
Unit Weight of the Sphere = = 3
3 2π × 0.01524 cu.m.
2 πd 0.01500
Viscosity (μ)
D ¿- 12953.2) 1.81205
= ¿) = Trial 1
18(0.09809) = (N*s/m2)
18 v 0.2413
distance 0.10630
Velocity = = 2.27
1.81205 = m/s
time
μ 0.00171
p2 0.01500
2
Viscosity (μ)
D ¿ - 12949.2) 1.67257
= ¿) = 18(0.10630) = (N*s/m2)
18 v
μ 1.67257
0.00158
p
Trial 2
distance 0.2413
0.10401
Velocity = = 2.32 = m/s
time
2
D
2 0.01500
Viscosity (μ) = ¿) = ¿- 12950.2) =
1.70929
(N*s/m2)
18 v 18(0.10401)
μ 1.70929
0.00161
p
esults
Average Viscosity of the Liquid……………………………… μ=¿
Average Kinematic Viscosity of the Liquid …………………. v=¿
DISHWASHING LIQUID
∑ Viscosity 7.14973+6.52686+6.51759+ 6.16156+6.68575
Average Viscosity = = = 6.60830
5 5
∑ Kinematic Viscosity 0.00701+0.00640+0.00639+ 0.00604+0.00655
Average Kinematic Viscosity = = = 0.00648
5 5
COOKING OIL
∑ Viscosity 1.60146+0.72790+0.60169+ 0.76663+1.13534 5
5 5
∑ Kinematic Viscosity 0.00148+0.00067+ 0.00056+0.00071+0.00105
5 5
SDWEETENER
∑ Viscosity 1.67257+1.70929+1.76074+ 1.81218+1.81205
5 5
∑ Kinematic Viscosity 0.00158+0.00161+0.00166+ 0.00171+0.00171
5 5
Plots of the following graphs:

 Viscosity (y-axis) vs Velocity (x-axis),
 Kinematic Viscosity (y-axis) vs Velocity (x-axis).
Dish-washing Liquid
Viscosity vs Velocity Kinematic Viscosity vs Ve-

7.4 locity
7.2 0.0075
7 6.68575
Kinematic Viscosity
6.8 0.007
7.14973 6.51759 0.00701
Viscosity
6.6 6.52686
6.4 0.00655 0.00639
0.0065
6.2 6.16156 0.0064 0.00604
6 0.006
5.8
5.6 0.0055
0.028 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.028 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.036
Velocity Velocity
Cooking Oil

1.8 1.60146 locity
1.6 0.0016
1.4 0.0014 0.00148
1.2 0.0012
1.13534 0.001 0.00105
1 0.7279 0.00067
0.0008
0.8 0.0006
0.76663 0.00071 0.00056
0.6 0.60169 0.0004
0.4 0.0002
0.2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
Y-Values Y-Values
Sweetener

1.85 1.81218 locity
1.8 0.00175
0.00171 0.00171
Kinematic Viscosity
1.75 0.0017
Viscosity
1.76074 0.00165 0.00166

1.7
1.70929 0.00158
1.65 1.67257 0.0016 0.00161
1.6 0.00155
0.0015
6
8
09
09
10
10
10
10
10
0.095 0.100 0.105 0.110

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Velocity Velocity
IX. Conclusion
 Interpret the velocity, viscosity, and kinematic viscosity of the liquid.

 Compare the viscosity of the liquids.
Note: Video presentation of activity conducted will be submitted together with the written report.
Evaluation Criteria:
Quality/Craftmanship 40%
Creativity/Presentation 30%
Effort/Perseverance 20%
Timeliness 10%
Total 100%
Performed by:
STUDENT’S FULL NAME

Year and Section
Date Performed:
Presented to:
ENGR. HEBE C. UY, MECE

Faculty

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SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY

Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700

EXPERIMENT A (Density of Common Liquids)

1. Determine the mass of the container using the weighing scale.

Liquid Density Experiment | Easily Conduct this Experiment at Home!

How to Calculate Density of Liquids - With Examples

VII. Observation and Computation

Set 1 Set 2 Set 3

Mass of Container with Liquid (g) 202 230 190

Mass of Liquid (g) 94 128 84

Plots of the following graphs:

Density vs Mass of Liquid Density vs Volume of Liquid

 Interpret the mass, volume, and density of each liquid

EXPERIMENT B (Liquid Viscosity by Method of Falling Sphere)

To determine the Viscosity of a Liquid by Falling Sphere method.

1. Determine the unit weight of the sphere

a. Determine the unit weight of the sphere ball.

b. Determine the unit weight of the liquid.

c. Measure the distance of fall of sphere ball.

d. The velocity of fall of the sphere is given by the formula:

How to test the Viscosity of a Liquid

VII. Observation and Computation

Type of Liquid Dish-washing Liquid

Weight of Liquid = 1.00062 N

2 0.24130 7.34 0.03287 6.52686 0.00640

3 0.24130 7.33 0.03292 6.51759 0.00639

4 0.24130 6.93 0.03482 6.16156 0.00604

5 0.24130 7.52 0.03209 6.68575 0.00655

Average 6.60830 0.00648

Type of Liquid Cooking Oil Set 2

1 0.24130 1.65 0.14624 1.60146 0.00148

2 0.24130 0.75 0.32173 0.72790 0.00067

3 0.24130 0.62 0.38919 0.60169 0.00056

4 0.24130 0.79 0.30544 0.76663 0.00071

5 0.24130 1.17 0.20624 1.13534 0.00105

Average 0.96660 0.00090

Type of Liquid Sweetener

distance mass 0.2413 9.81 N

SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY 9.81 N

weight of liquid 0.84366 N

distance mass 0.2413 9.81 N

Average Viscosity of the Liquid……………………………… μ=¿

Average Kinematic Viscosity of the Liquid …………………. v=¿

Plots of the following graphs:

Viscosity vs Velocity Kinematic Viscosity vs Ve-

Viscosity vs Velocity Kinematic Viscosity vs Ve-

Viscosity vs Velocity Kinematic Viscosity vs Ve-

1.76074 0.00165 0.00166

0.095 0.100 0.105 0.110

 Interpret the velocity, viscosity, and kinematic viscosity of the liquid.

STUDENT’S FULL NAME

ENGR. HEBE C. UY, MECE

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