Science 9 – Pointers to Review

ATOMIC THOERY

John Dalton  All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other
properties.
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.

Democritus  a Greek Philosopher who viewed that matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called “atomos”

Ernest Rutherford  The model described the atom as a tiny, dense, positively charged core called a nucleus, in which nearly all the
mass is concentrated, around which the light, negative constituents, called electrons, circulate at some distance, much
like planets revolving around the Sun.

Niels Bohr  Hydrogen is made up of a positively charged nucleus.

 Electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits called shells. Q. According to Bohr's postulate, electrons revolve around
the nucleus in certain definite circular paths called stationary orbits in which they do not radiate energy.

Electron Configuration
Example: 1s22s22p63s2 (paki review ng format sa electron configuration, alamin ang pagkakasunod-sunod)
s – maximum of two electrons; p – max of 6 electrons; d – max of 10; and f – max of 14 electrons

CHEMICAL BOND
 Ionic bond – occurs between metals and non-metals. Transfer of electrons
 Covalent Bond – occurs between 2 non-metals. Sharing of electrons.
- Polar covalent -> if the electronegativity difference is less than 1.9 and more than 0.4
- Nonpolar -> if the EN is equal to or less than 0.4
- Metallic bonds- bonding among metals (e.g. group 1 and 2 elements in the Periodic table)
Note: Paki familiarize kung alin sa mga elements in the periodic table ang metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

 Lewis Dot Structures

 The number of dots in the lewis dot structures corresponds on the number of valence elevtrons.
 Valence Electrons  electrons in the outermost energy level.
 Properties of molecular compound – they have high boiling and melting points, and they are gases or liquids at room
temperature.

Hydrocarbons – organic compounds that is made up of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms only.
Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne. (Note the boiling point for each hydrocarbon family)
 The boiling points of alkanes increase with increasing number of carbons. This is because the intermolecular
attractive forces, although individually weak, become cumulatively more significant as the number of atoms and
electrons in the molecule increases.
 Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates – larges organic compound use by organism as source of energy.
- Lipids – energy storage, to build structures, and as signal molecules
- Proteins – Cellular structures, control substances in and out of the cell.
- Nucleic Acid – direct and store information for reproduction and cellular growth.

- Computation for Molar Mass

- Computation for Percentage composition
- Computation for Mole, number of particles.
- Avogadro’s number = 6.022 X 1023 which is equal to 1 mole