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Rheological Modelling of Caspian Pony Blood

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Iranian Polymer Journal / Volume 10 Number S 12001), 293—303 1026-126512001

Rheological Modelling of Caspian Pony Blood

Shokoufeh Hakim ' , Jalil Morshedian 2( ` ) , Mohafnmad R. Golkar Narenji ' and Parvaneh Khazraei Nia3
(1) Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tehran, I .R. Iran
(2) Department of Plastics, Iran Polymer Institute, P .O . Box : 14965/115, Tehran, LR. Iran
(3) College of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, I .R . Iran

Received 6 December 2000 ; accepted 12 June 2001

ABSTRACT

To study the rheological behaviour of Caspian pony blood which is a

suspension of macromolecules in an aqueous medium, steady shear and
small amplitude oscillatory shear experiments were conducted on thirty
Caspian pony blood samples . The seven different viscoelastic constitutive
equations viz ., Giesekus, Thurston, four-constant Oldroyd, Williams-Bird,
Spriggs, modified Spriggs and Bogue-White were examined . The viscosity
data obtained from steady shear experiments and the dynamic viscosity and
imaginary part of complex viscosity data obtained from oscillatory shear
experiments were used to determine the model parameters . The performance
of the models was studied by comparing their prediction for viscosity,
dynamic viscosity and imaginary part of complex viscosity with those
measured experimentally. As a result, Giesekus and Thurston models were
found to be the best models and the Caspian pony blood was characterized
by these models . The same experiments mentioned above were carried out
on four blood samples of one Caspian pony, different only in hematocrit, in
order to find its effect on rheological properties of Caspian pony blood . It was
concluded that as the hematocrit of Caspian pony blood increased, the zero
shear rate viscosity, the relaxation time, the retardation time and the very high
shear rate viscosity increased and the mobility factor decreased.

Key Words : Caspian pony blood, rheology, viscoelastic, model, constitutive equation

INTRODUCTION Similarly in the design and development of extra-

A thorough knowledge of the theological properties
of blood and its constituents is essential for under-
standing and modelling circulatory system dynamics
and capillary transport phenomena in the body [11 .
corporeal devices such as artificial kidneys, blood
oxygenators and blood pumps, the same knowledge is
critical . . Many of the major practical problems
involved in artificial organ applications result in fact
from the sensitivity of blood to the unfamiliar shear

( .) To whom correspondence should be addressed . J .Morshcdian@proxy .ipi .ac .ir

293
Rheological Modelling of Caspim Pony Blood
stress imposed by such devices, that give rise to blood
cell rupture and clotting problems.
From the rheological point of view, whole blood
is a shear thinning non-Newtonian fluid that exhibits
both viscous and elastic properties [2 — 4) . Blood is a
suspension of red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets in a continuous aqueous medium called plasma.
Since red blood cells constitute about 97 % of the total
particle volume of blood, they together with the plasma
proteins especially fibrinogen are thought to be respons-
ible for the rheological behaviour of blood [2].
Red blood cell consists of a large number of
macromolecules, i.e ., phospholipids, proteins, enzymes
with different ranges of molecular weight. The central
feature of the structure of red blood cell membrane is
matrix formed by a double layer of phospholipids.
This membrane surrounds a solution of proteins and
electrolytes . It has the ability to maintain the mem-
brane integrity while exhibiting extreme deformability
under normal physiological circumstances [5].
The flow properties of blood depend primarily
on the elastic behaviour of red blood cells [6] . The red
blood cell changes its shape from biconcave disc at
rest to oblate ellipsoid under shear and the elliptical
cell is oriented in a flow field with long axis parallel
to the flow direction [5—6].
Since the abundance of red blood cells at
normal hematocrit (volumetric percent of red blood
cells), leaves little space for free cell motion or
deformation without direct interaction with neigh-
bouring cells, the tendency for interacting macro-
molecular cells to aggregate and undergo elastic
deformation is high and is an important factor in
blood viscoelastic behaviour [6].
Most of the rheological models used for blood
have been in the form of power law [7–8] or Bingham
plastic equations [9–12] such as Casson model [9] and
Walbum-Schneck model [7] . However, blood is a
viscoelastic fluid and its flow in arteries is pulsatile in
which the elastic response becomes important.
Therefore, the Casson [9] and Walburn-Schneck [7]
equations, which do not account for the elastic nature,
are inappropriate for the description of blood flow . In
this work steady shear and small amplitude oscillatory
shear experiments were conducted on CP blood samples .
294
The seven viscoelastic constitutive equations
viz., four-constant Oldroyd [13], Williams-Bird [14],
Spriggs [14], modified Spriggs [14], Giesekus [13,
15], Thurston [16] and Bogue-White [17—18] were
examined and model parameters were estimated . Then
blood samples of one CP with different hematocrit
were prepared and used to study the effects of
changing the hematocrit on the observed theological
behaviour.
THEORETICAL
The following seven viscoelastic constitutive equations
were applied in this work:
Four-constant Oldroyd Model (1)
Four-constant Oldroyd model is a generalization of
convected Jeffreys model to describe non-linear
viscoelastic phenomena [13] . The material functions
for this model are written as:
tl =T loa +X 2 x 3 y02+a. 1 21 3y°2 ) (I)
11 = TIo(t + ),L2/ 14 )
(X1>0, I AI< X2< Al, 0< A 3< Xi) (2)
9
2 2
T1~=rlou2(7„l -1 . Z 1+ ~. l r0 } (3)
where, tl is the steady shear viscosity, ti' the dynamic
viscosity (or real part of complex viscosity), r]" the
imaginary part of complex viscosity, no the zero shear
rate viscosity, in the angular velocity, y° the shear rate,
~l the relaxation time and k and ),.3 are time
constants.
Williams-Bird Model (2)
Williams and Bird [14] simplified the Oldroyd model
by assuming that normal stresses perpendicular to the
flow direction are equal and the stress tensor is
traceless . The material functions for this model are
written as:
11=r)9 (1+2/32 1? 2y 02 /1+2/3A .iy 42 ) (4)
lranlan Polymer Journal / Volume 10 Number 5 (2001)
 Halm„ S . et d.

11 '=rlo( l + xlx2 w2 '1 +?,, w2 )

( (0<1z< ? l) 5)
now(
r l "= ~l 2
1+), I w 2) (14)
r1 '= % co —x 2 /1+ Era 2 ) ( 6)
where, X2, the retardation time and a is the mobility
Spriggs Model (3) factor . In general we require 0<a<112 for realistic
Spriggs [14] developed a flexible model containing properties.
six constants, by non-linear modification of generaliz-
ed Jeffrey's model. The material functions for this Thurston Model (6)
model are written as: Thurston [16] suggested a generalized Maxwell
model containing spring-dashpot elements in parallel
r lo ~y 1+A A .I~4.2 n -{al+aa),y o2
r1=Z(al)n (7) plus a terminating dashpot in parallel to unify all of
I+BA,,n -2a,y o-2 the rheological properties of blood . The spring (kn)
-(a,+az)w 2 represents the elasticity of red blood cell aggregates,
rlo tit
a , 1+ ,12 2n
(8) while the dashpot (r1n) is the energy losses in the fluid
l+x2n -2a, w2
11 —
Z(a l) n surrounding the aggregates . He obtained the model
parameters for human blood of 43% hematocrit at
,r n o ( n-a'x 1 —n-a2A.2)w
9 22 `C by regression of experimental viscosity and
Len-a, i[ ÷ kl n -2ct i 0.1 2
Z(as) n=l viscoelasticity data. The material functions for the
where, A, B, a l and a2 are adjustable parameters, and model are written as :

Z(al)Z 0 2 h
i-1 11 =rlW+E%n +( y 0] (15)
u=1

11 = 1 .,+Erlon/(1+ wZA ;,) (16)

Modified Spriggs Model (4) n-1
Spriggs model was modified by changing the power
11' = Ewtlo .n 7"n /(l+(o z xn) (17)
of 70 and to in the denominator of the expressions for a=l
r1, q' and 11" from 2 to }3, a variable power [14].
where, r!m is the viscosity of terminating dashpot, l)o , n
the ground state value of viscosity of the nth element,
Giesekus Model (5)
An(=q„Ikn) the relaxation time of the nth element and b
The above mentioned models are some extensions to
is a constant.
the Jeffrey's model [13] formulated upon combining
spring-dashpot elements to simulate the behaviour of
Bogue-White Model (7)
material . However, Giesekus model is originated from
Savarmand et al. [18] modified the Bogue-White
the kinetic theory and is written as a superposition of
model and applied it to predict the rheological
solvent and polymer contributions r, and r p to the
behaviour of solutions of polyacrylamide in a 50%
stress tensor [13, 15, 19] . The material functions for
mixture by weight of water and glycerine. The
this model are written as: material functions for the model are written as:
_ 2
A'2 (l
T1=Tlo[xI +(1 X (10)
=1 Gn 7,. n„ / 1 + bA. n ( yo ,fi)p
I ) 1+(I f2a)f ] (18)
-I
f=1—x/l+(l—2a)x (11)
( q' _ Gnk„+71m,(w/~) a 19)
-1 n-]
,x2 — (1+I6a(1x)(4170)2)112
(12)
11 " = G„A.2o„w'1+X (wt (20)
8a(l — a)(k1y4) z E
a=l
11 '=r1o( 1+x 1x2 w2 I 1+x2l w2 ) (13)
Gn is a parameter having dimension of stress, a

Iranian Polymer Journal / Volume 10 Number 5 (200!) 295

REealegkal Modelling of Caayi o Pony Blood
time constant, b a constant and 13 is an adjustable
parameter.
EXPERIMENTAL
All the experiments were conducted under the ICSH
guidelines on blood rheology [20] . The guidelines
include, standardization of the blood collection pro-
cedure, laboratory processing of blood samples and
measurement of hematological indices on rheological
samples.
Fresh blood was drawn from the jagular vein of
45 young male CPs . Shear damage to red blood cells
was avoided during blood collection by using a large-
bore needle syringe . NaEDTA was used as an anticoa-
ulant at a concentration of 1 .8 mg/mL. The blood
samples should have a hematocrit and erythroyte (red
blood cell) indices, particularly the mean cell hemo-
lobin concentration (MCHC) and the mean cell
volume (MCV) within the normal reference range.
Therefore, the following hematological and biochem-
cal measurements were done on the blood samples in
order to find the healthy CPs.
Hematocrit was obtained by centrifugation in a
Hawskley microhematocrit centrifuge at 12000 g for 5
min . Red blood cell count (RBC) and white blood cell
count (WBC) were measured by Coulter counter
method . Differential cell count (diff.) was measured
by manual method . Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured
by spectrophotometry after reaction with Drabkin.
Total protein (TP) was determined in plasma by
refractometry. Fibrinogen was determined by four
steps : (I) heating the plasma at 56 ' C for 3 min., (2)
centrifuging it to remove the fibrin clot, (3) reading
the refractive index of the remaining solution by
refractometer and (4) subtracting this value from the
refractive index of total protein in plasma . Albumin
was measured by Bromocresol green dye binding
method . MCHC and MCV were obtained from the
following relations:
MCHC - Hemoglobin x t 00
Hematocrit
MCV — Hematocrit x10
RBC
296
Among the studied CPs, 30 were chosen for
rheological experiments. To study the effect of
hematocrit on the blood rheology, just one CP was
considered . Then blood samples of various hematocrit
levels (14,37,52,78%) were prepared by centrifuge
separating the red blood cells from plasma and
recombining them at desired concentrations . All of
the above measurements were made at the Laboratory
of Clinical Pathology of Veterinary College, Tehran
University.
To perform steady shear experiments and small
amplitude oscillatory shear experiments, Haake couette
rheometer (RV l OO+CV I OO with diameter of inner
cylinder 13 .91 mm, diameter of beaker 15 mm, cap size
0 .545 mm and length of inner cylinder 32 .3 mm) at the
Laboratory of Rheology in the Faculty of Chemical
Engineering, Amir Kabir University of Technology
was used . The theological experiments were divided in
two parts : 1-Experiments were conducted on blood
samples of 30 CPs. 2-Experiments were conducted on
four samples of one CP with different hematocrit to
find its effect on the theological properties of CP
blood . The steady shear experiments were done over a
s
shear rate range of 0 .3—1000 -' [21] . The small
amplitude oscillatory shear experiments were done over
a frequency range of 0.24-20 Hz . The measurement
temperature was 29± 0 .1 ' C. The precision of measured
values was ±5%. All experiments were completed
within 4 h of collecting the blood sample.
DETERMINATION OF THE MODEL
PARAMETERS
The model parameters in the above mentioned
constitutive equations were determined by minimizing
the total sum of squares of errors:
E, Ei,( E i = yi —fi)
sal
in which y i and f, are the measured and calculated
values of a property, i.e., non-Newtonian viscosity, rl,
dynamic viscosity, rl' and imaginary part of complex
viscosity, rl" . Statistica and Table-curve softwares
were used to estimate the parameters.
Iranian Polymer Journal / Volume 10 Number 5 (2001)
 Hakim S . it al.

seven rheological models for one CP blood sample.

1 .6=10-3 Note that the exact value of sum of squares of errors
obtained from the imaginary part of complex viscosity
1 .20=10"3
function of Bogue-White model (9.55=10-2) is beyond
8x10-4 the scale of Figure 1 . The estimated values of
parameters of the seven theological models for the
4=10" 4 same CP blood sample are given in Table 1 . The
0x10-` range of the estimated values of parameters of the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 best theological models i .e ., Giesekus and Thurston
Figure 1 . Evaluation of various theological models for the CP together with the hematological and biochemical
blood behaviour with the following specification : H : 37 %, indices for 30 CPs is given in Tables 2 and 3.
RBC : 9.7 (.1061pL), WBC: 8.9 (.1031pL), HB: 11 .25 (gldL), Giesekus and Thurston models were applied to
MCV: 38 .1 (8), MCHC: 30.4 %, TP: 6.8 (gldL), Fibr. : 300 rheological data of four-different hematocrit blood
(mgldL), albumin : 3 (gldL), diff. (Segmented granule: 59, samples . The estimated values of parameters are
Lymphocyte: 38, Eosin granule : 1, Monocyte : 2, blood given in Tables 4 and 5.
density:1 .047(g1L)).

Figure 1 shows the sum of squares of errors RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

obtained by using viscosity, dynamic viscosity and
imaginary part of complex viscosity functions of the It is seen from Figure 1 that the sum of squares of

Table 1 . Estimated values of the parameters of the seven viscoelastic models applied to a CP blood sample with the following
specifications: H :37%, RBC :9.7 ( .1081pL), WBC :8 .9 (.103I1L), HB:11 .25 (gldL), MCV:38 .1 (8), MCHC :30 .4 (%), TP:6 .8 (gldL),
Fibr.300 (mgldL), Albumin :3 (gldL), Diff(. : (Segmented granule : 59, Lymphocyte:38, Eosin granule . :1, Monocyte:2)

Parameter Oldroyd Williams Spriggs Modified Giesekus Thurston Bogue-

& Bird n=2 Spriggs n=1 White
n=2 n=2
no (Pa.$) 0.081 0.082 0 .0835 0.0885 0 .093 0 .1016 0.74
(s) 0.7825 0.417 0 .493 0.515 0 .632 0 .83
(s) 0.09 0.0345 0 .016 0.0159 0 .0291
l3 (s) 0.172
(s) 0.0014
7,Z (s) 9.9
a 0.489
a, 3 .355 3.269
az 13 .106 46.84
A 1 .765 1 .759
B 0 .686 0.718
G, 3.5
G2 0.075
b 0 .494 1 .3257
15 1 .97 1.
no,1(Pa.$) 0 .097
nW (Pas) 0 .0046

Iranian Polymer Journal / Volume 10 Number 5 (2001) 297

Rhcntogi at Modelling of Caspian Pony Blood

Table 2. The range of Thurston and Giesekus model parameters for 30 CPs.
Thurston model Giesekus model
Parameter Range Meant SD Parameter Range Meant SD
11- (Pa .$) 0 .0048-0.0084 0 .00617±0 .00110 no(Pa .$) 0.05900-0 .23 0.1094±0 .0415
rto .t (Pas) 0 .0570-0.27 0 .10720t 0 .0469 )i (s) 0 .45100-1 .8 0.802010 .3101
T1o =T +rld,1
1s 0.0625-02753 0 .113401-0 .04701 7, .2 (s) 0 .00980-0 .0899 0.0467±0 .0259
1-t (s) 0.5200-1 .72 0.83100±0.2579 of 0 .17600- .49990 0.4449±0.0865
B 0.4200-0 .799 0.5240010.1545
SD : Standard deviation

Table 3 . The range of blood density, hematological and biochemical indices for 30 Cps.

Parameter Range Meant SD Parameter Range Meant SD

H (%) 32-54 40 .70t 6 .24 Fibr. (mgldL) 200-400 275176.6
RBC ( .1081µL) 4-15 9.7212 .87 Albumin (gldL) 2 .3-4 .14 3 .308±0.44
WBC ( .1031µL) 4 .6-13 .95 8.5212 .72 Differential cell count:
Hb (gIdL) 11 .25-18.5 14 .53±2 .28 Segmented granule 22-64 44-9±12.29
MCV (8) 25 .40-64.5 41 .91±9 .37 Lymphocyte 34-74 51 .8112.2
MCHC (%) 30 .40-42 .5 35 .79±3 .48 Eosin granule 1-8 2 .7±1 .95
TP (gldl) 4-8 .3 6.9711 .11 Monocyte 1-4 1 .751-0 .94
Blood density (gIL) 1 .0101-1 .063 1 .021610 .0264
SD : Standard deviation

errors is the highest for Bogue-White (n=2) model of blood, leaves little space for any motion or deform-
and is the lowest for Giesekus and Thurston (n=l) ation without direct interactions with neighbouring
models. Figure 2 shows the observed values of vis- cells [26] . Therefore, there is a tendency for interact-
cosity vs . shear rate for the blood sample mentioned ing macromolecular cells to aggregate and undergo
in Figure I and the predicted values by the models . It elastic deformation . When a volume of normal blood
is seen that at low shear rates viscosity approaches a
Newtonian region with a high value . At sufficiently
high shear rates blood behaviour is similar to a
Newtonian fluid with a constant low viscosity.
Between these two regions, there is a region with
pronounced non-Newtonian behaviour . This type of
behaviour has been observed for suspensions of
butadiene-styrene copolymer latex [22, 23] and for
solutions of macromolecules [24, 25) . It is seen from
this figure that Giesekus and Thurston models (n= 1)
can predict the observed values well, while Bogue-
White model (n=2) is the most unsuitable one, 1 1000
showing a large deviation from the experimental data
at high and low shear rates. n Four-cont. Oldroyd, o Williams-Bird, q Giesekus, x Thurston . • Spriggs,

The above-observed behaviour is interpreted — Mod Spriggs, x Bougue-Wlnle, — Observed data

more fully in microscopic level as follows : the high Figure 2. Viscosity vs . shear rate for the CP blood (the
concentration of red blood cells at normal condition blood specification is given in Figure 1).

298 Iranian Polymer Journal / Volume 10 Number 5 (2001)

Table 4. The estimated values of parameters for Giesekus
1
model at different hematocrit.

Parameter Hematocrit (%)

14 37 52 78
no (Pa.$) 0 .0601 0 .093 0 .151 0.37
),(s) 0.527 0 .632 0 .758 t6
).2(s) 0.0187 0 .0291 0 .0393 0.1053
a _ 0.4999 0 .489 0 .3931 0 .091

is at stasis, the cells tend to aggregate with random 0 .001

orientations [6, 27] . A large portion of blood plasma
volume is trapped within the cell aggregates . As a
result there is very little free plasma space or "rattling
room" for free motion of the aggregates of red blood
cells . This kind of cellular microstructure can . be
sheared by a small amount, slightly deforming the
elastic structures and repositioning them within the
"rattling room" . The stress-shear rate relation is linear
and the viscosity is therefore constant . As the shear
rate is increased, the red blood cells are progressively
deformed, the larger aggregates will be disrupted, the
trapped plasma will be released and as a result the
viscosity decreases . At high shear rates disaggregation
is complete and the red blood cells are aligned . The
cells may be elongated and compacted into layers . At
very high shear rates the cell stretching and compac-
tion may be complete and the plasma dominates the
rheological behaviour of blood.
Figures 3 and 4 show the observed values of
low amplitude oscillatory shear tests (dynamic vis-
cosity and imaginary part of complex viscosity vs.
frequency) and the predicted values by the models for
the same blood sample mentioned in Figure 1 . It is
also seen from these figures that Giesekus and
0.1 1 10 100
Frequency (Ha)
n Four-coast. Oldroyd, o Williams-Bird, 0 Giesekus, x Thurston, *Spriggs.
— Mod. Spriggs, x Bougue-White, — Observed data
Figure 3 . Dynamic viscosity vs. frequency for the CP blood
(the blood specification is given in Figure 1).
Thurston models (n=1) can again predict the observed
values well, while Bogue-White model (n = 2) fails
completely by predicting a very high unrealistic
imaginary part of complex viscosity . It is noteworthy
that the zero shear rate viscosity predicted by this
model is also very different from the predicted values
by the other models . Greater values of n, did not give
rise to better prediction of r), r1' and TI " by Bogue-
White model.
Because of the similarities found between the

Table 5. The estimated values of parameters for Thurston

model at different hematocrit.

Parameter Hematocrit (%)

14 37 52 78
no., (Pa .$) 0 .06 0 .097 0 .162 0 .355
rl . (Pa .$) n Four-Const Oldroyd . o Williams-Bird, o Giesekus, x Thurston, 4 Spriggs.
0 .0026 0 .0046 0 .0086 0 .0211
— Mod . Spriggs, x Bougue.White, — Observed data
rlo (Pa .$) 0 .0626 0 .1016 0 .1706 0 .3761
Figure 4. imaginary part of complex viscosity vs. frequency
h t (s) 0 .616 0 .83 0 .93 1 .5
for the CP blood (the blood specification is given in Figure 1).
b 0 .529 0 .494 0 .49 0 .387

Iranian Polymer Journal / Volume 10 Number 5 (2001) 299

Rheological Modelling of Caspar Pony Blood
rheological behaviour of blood and those of some
polymeric solutions [22-25, 28, 29], the above non-
linear viscoelastic models of value for polymeric
solutions were examined in order to explain large
deformations in flow of blood, together with a special
model developed for human blood by Thurston [16].
Oldroyd [13], Williams and Bird [14], Spriggs [14]
and modified Spriggs [14] constitutive equations are
linear in terms of stress but non-linear in terms of rate
of strain tensor . They are unable to describe the
material functions especially at high shear rates or
high frequencies . There is not a theoretical back-
ground for adding second order terms in the rate of
strain tensor in Jeffrey's model or generalized
Jeffrey 's model in order to establish the above non-
linear viscoelastic models . In the case of Bogue and
White model [14, 18], which was formulated upon the
second order integral theory of Coleman and Noll, the
memory function was empirically modified to be
dependent on the strain rate invariants to include the
non-linearity . One serious defect of such models that
include the strain rate in the memory function is that
they are not simplified properly to a linear
viscoelastic model in the limit of small displacement
gradients.
Giesekus constitutive equation [13, 15] was
originated from a clear systematic procedure taken
from the kinetic theory and has attracted considerable
attention in the recent years . It is non-linear in terms
of stress and rate of strain tensors and the inclusion of
{ter} term gives material functions that are more
realistic than those obtained by Oldroyd or other
constitutive equations . Large decreases in viscosity
and normal stress coefficients with increasing shear
rate are plausible by applying this model . It is seen
that at both high and low shear rates and frequencies
this model fits very well the experimental blood
viscosity and viscoelasticity data . Thurston model
[16] is a generalization of Maxwell model in which a
shear rate degradation function serves to adjust the
model elements to the flow conditions of blood . This
model fitted the CP blood rheological data well and
can be used to explain small displacement gradients in
flow of blood.
To characterize the CP blood from rheological
300
1 10 100 1000
Shear rate (11s)
♦ 14% (Obsd.), n 37% (Oba4 .), ♦ 52% (Obsd .), s 78% (Mad), — Pied
)Giesekus), . . - Pied (Thurston)
Figure 5. Viscosity vs . shear rate at four hematocrit levels
of a CP blood sample with the following specification: RBC:
9 .7 ( .1061µL), WBC : 8 .9 ( .1034L), Hb: 11 .25 (gldL), MCV:
38 .1 (Ii), MCHC : 30 .4 %, TP: 6.8 (gidL), Fibr. : 300 (mgldL),
albumin : 3 (gldL), diff . (Segmented granule : 59, Lympho-
cyte : 38, Eosin granule: 1, Monocyte : 2).
point of view, we repeated the experiments for 30 CPs
and obtained the range of Giesekus and Thurston
model parameters (Table 2) . The hematological and
biochemical indices were also measured (Table 3) and
found to be in the range reported by Atyabi [30].
The plot of viscosity vs . shear rate for different
hematocrit is shown in Figure 5 along with the
predicted values by the best models, i .e., Thurston and
Giesekus. As the hematocrit increases from 14 to 78%
the viscosity also increases at a constant shear rate . The
trend of the curves also indicates an increase in the zero
shear rate viscosity (in) and the very high shear rate
viscosity (th) with an increase in the hematocrit . The
plots of dynamic viscosity (I') and imaginary part of
complex viscosity (71") vs . frequency at four different
hematocrits are shown in Figures 6 and 7 . The plots of
these three figures indicate strong dependency oft], n'
and 11" on the hematocrit. The estimated values of
parameters given in Tables 4 and 5 for Giesekus and
Thurston models show that as the hematocrit increases,
the relaxation time (X i ) and the retardation time (k)
increase and the mobility factor (a) decreases.
Iranian Polymer Journal / Volume 10 Number 5 (2001)

♦ 14%H (Obsd .), n 37%H (Obsd.), ♦ 52%H (Obsd.), tt 781411 (Obsd.),
— Pred. (Giesekus) . - - - - Pred. (Thurston)
Figure 6. Dynamic viscosity vs . frequency at four
hematocrit levels of a CP blood sample (the blood
specification is given in Figure 5).
These results may be explained more fully as
followed . The relationship between the relative motion
and generating force may be quite generally described
by a tensorial drag coefficient. The tensorial drag
coefficient depends on the entanglement density, itself
0 .1
0 .o1
0.0001
0 .1 1 10 100
Frequency (Hz)
♦ 14% H (Obsd .(, n 37%11 (Obsd), ♦ 52%11 ( Obad), x 781611 (Obsd) . —
Pred (Giesekus), - - - - Pred . (Thurston)
Figure 7 . Imaginary part of complex viscosity vs. frequency
at four hematocrit levels of a CP blood sample (the blood
specification is given in Figure 5).
Iranian Polymer Journal / Volume 10 Number 5 (2001)
Hakim S. st al,
being a function of the configuration tensor. Giesekus
[19] introduced a nonisotropic tensorial drag coeffici-
ent or the reciprocal of it (tensorial mobility) which
governs the motions of the structural elements of the
molecules relative to their surroundings under the
influence of elastic tractions. Giesekus stated that when
entanglement density increases, the hydrodynamic drag
coefficient increases and therefore the mobility factor
decreases . The relaxation time has a reciprocal relation
to the mobility factor, a It is known that as the
hematocrit of blood increases the interaction of red
blood cells and therefore the entanglement density
increases [27] . In view of occurrence of orientation and
alignment of compacted cells under shear, the idea of
non-isotropic tensorial drag coefficient may be justified
and applicable.
Because of the similarity existing between the
hematological and biochemical indices of horse and
human [31], one might use the proposed rheological
models to simulate their blood flow behaviour as
well.
CONCLUSION
From the steady shear viscosity and small amplitude
oscillatory shear data it is clear that CP blood which
is a suspension of macromolecules in an aqueous
medium, behaves as a viscoelastic fluid . Among the
seven viscoelastic models studied in this work,
Giesekus and Thurston models can predict the
rheological behaviour of CP blood satisfactorily . The
viscosity, dynamic viscosity and imaginary part of
complex viscosity show strong dependence on the
hematocrit . Furthermore, as the hematocrit is
increased, the zero shear rate viscosity, the relaxation
time, the retardation time and the very high shear rate
viscosity are all increased, while the mobility factor is
decreased.
The two successful rheological models along
with Navier-Stokes equation can simulate the blood
flow in vivo and in vitro, and predict the pressure
gradient-flow rate relationship, the shear stress
distribution and the velocity profile inside the
arteries.
301
Rheological Modelling of Caspian Pony Blood

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS X3 : Time constant (s)

Solvent contribution to the stress tensor (Pa)
A: Parameter defined in Spriggs model zp : Polymer contribution to the stress tensor (Pa)
B: Parameter defined in Spriggs model in: Angular velocity (1/s)
CP : Caspian pony x: Function defined in eqn (12)
Diff: Differential cell count
Fibr: Fibrinogen (mg/dL)
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