AC Fundamentals

Eng. (Ms.) H.C. Ganege

 Summary

• Voltage induced in a rotating wire loop

• Alternative current and voltage
• General Formula for Sine wave
• Period , Frequency
• Peak value, Peak to peak value, Average value,
RMS value
Phase Difference of a Sinusoidal Waveform

𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin( ω𝑡)
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 − ∅)
The current, 𝐼 is lagging the voltage, 𝑉 by angle ∅. The
difference between the two phasors representing the two
sinusoidal quantities is angle ∅ and the resulting phasor diagram
will be.
Phasor Diagram of a Sinusoidal Waveform

𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin( ω𝑡)
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 − ∅)
Phasor Diagram of a Sinusoidal Waveform
Lead

Reference phasor

Lag
Phasor addition

𝑉1 𝑡 = 𝑉1 sin( ω𝑡)
𝑉2 𝑡 = 𝑉2 sin (𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
Phasor subtraction

𝑉1 𝑡 = 𝑉1 sin( ω𝑡)
𝑉2 𝑡 = 𝑉2 sin (𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
Resistance with Sinusoidal supply
I(t) R

V(t)

𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡)

𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑡 .𝑅
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑅
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚𝑅 sin(𝜔𝑡)

𝐼𝑚/ 2 𝑉𝑚/ 2
Impedance :
Resistance
𝑍 =𝑅∡0
Resistance with Sinusoidal supply
I(t) R

V(t)

𝐼 𝑡 =𝐼∡0 𝐼 𝑉
V 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑅∡ 0

Impedance :Resistance
𝑉𝑅∡ 0
𝑍=
𝐼∡0
𝑍 =𝑅∡0
Inductance with Sinusoidal supply
L
I(t)
V(t)
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡)

𝑑
𝑉 𝑡 =𝐿. 𝐼 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
𝑉 𝑡 =𝐿. 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝑚/ 2
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐿𝜔. 𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝜋
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐿𝜔. 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + )
2
𝐼𝑚/ 2
Impedance:
Inductive Reactance
𝜋
𝑍 = 𝑋𝐿 = 𝐿𝜔 ∡ Current lags voltage by 𝜋 /2
2
Inductance with Sinusoidal supply
L
I(t)
V(t)

𝑉
𝜋
𝐼 𝑡 =𝐼∡−
2
V 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐿∡ 0
𝐼
Impedance:
Inductive Reactance Current lags voltage by 𝜋 /2

𝑉𝐿∡ 0
𝑍=
𝐼∡−𝜋
2
𝜋
𝑍 = 𝑋𝐿 = 𝐿𝜔 ∡
2
R-L Circuit 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑅 𝑡 + 𝑉𝐿 (𝑡)

𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑅 + 𝐿 .
𝑑
𝐼 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
R L 𝑑
I(t) 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐿 . 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
VL(t) 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐿𝜔. 𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡
VR(t)
𝜋
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐿𝜔. 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + )
2

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐿

𝑉𝐿
𝑉= 𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝐿2

𝑉= (𝐼𝑅)2+(𝐼𝑋𝐿)2
𝐼
∅
𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅 2 + 𝑋 𝐿2
𝑉𝑅

−1
𝐼𝑋𝐿 𝑍= 𝑅 2 + 𝑋 𝐿2
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝐼𝑅
𝑋𝐿
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅
Example
• Example:
• A coil has a resistance of 30Ω and an inductance
of 0.5H. If the current flowing through the coil is
4amps. What will be the value of the supply
voltage if its frequency is 50Hz. Draw phasor
diagram for this.
Capacitance with Sinusoidal supply
C
I(t)

V(t)
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡)

1
𝑉 𝑡 = . 𝐼 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐶
1
𝑉𝑡 = . 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 𝐼𝑚 / 2
𝐼𝑚
𝑉𝑡 = . − cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐶𝜔
𝐼𝑚 𝜋
𝑉𝑡 = . sin(𝜔𝑡 −
𝐶𝜔 2
Impedance :
Capacitive Reactance 𝑉𝑚/ 2
1 𝜋
𝑍 = 𝑋𝑐 = ∡ − Current leads voltage by 𝜋 /2
𝐶𝜔 2
Capacitance with Sinusoidal supply
I(t) C
𝐼
V(t)

𝑉
𝜋
𝐼 𝑡 =𝐼∡
2
V 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐶 ∡ 0 Current leads voltage by 𝜋 /2

Impedance:
Inductive Reactance

𝑉𝐶 ∡ 0
𝑍=
𝐼 ∡𝜋2
1 𝜋
𝑍 = 𝑋𝐶 = ∡−
𝐶𝜔 2
 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑅 𝑡 + 𝑉𝐿 (𝑡)

R-C Circuit 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 .𝑅 +

1
𝐶
. 𝐼 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1
R C 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡 + . 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
I(t) 𝐶

VR(t) VC(t) 𝐼𝑚
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡 + . − cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐶𝜔
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡) 𝐼𝑚 𝜋
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡 + . sin(𝜔𝑡 −
𝐶𝜔 2

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝑐
𝐼 𝑉𝑅

∅
𝑉= 𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝑐2

𝑉= (𝐼𝑅)2+(𝐼𝑋𝑐)2
𝑉𝐶
𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝑐 2
𝐼𝑋𝐶
∅= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑍= 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝑐 2
𝐼𝑅
𝑋𝐶
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
Example:
A capacitor which has an internal resistance of
10Ω and a capacitance value of 100uF is
connected to a supply voltage given as V(t) =
100 sin (314t). Calculate the current flowing into
the capacitor. Also construct a voltage triangle
showing the individual voltage drops.
Series R-L-C Circuit

𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝑐
𝑉= 𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝑐)2 ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑉𝑅
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐
𝑉= 𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐)2 ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅
Series RLC Circuit at Resonance

In a series RLC circuit there becomes a frequency point were the inductive
reactance of the inductor becomes equal in value to the capacitive reactance of the
capacitor. In other words, XL = XC
Series RLC Circuit at Resonance

𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶
1 1
𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓 =
𝜔𝐶 𝐿𝐶
1
𝜔2 = 1 1
𝐿𝐶 𝑓=
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
1
𝜔=
𝐿𝐶