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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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SCALES

1. What is a Scale?

Scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as

represented in a drawing to the actual dimensions of the same element of
the object itself.

a) Full size scale: In this type the actual dimensions of the object are
considered for drawing it.
b) Reducing scale: In this type the actual dimensions of the object are
reduced by some ratio.
c) Enlarging scale: In this type the actual dimensions of the object are
increased by some ratio.

2. What is representative fraction (R.F.)?

It is defined as the ratio of the measurement represented in the drawing to

the actual measurement of the object and is referred to as R.F.

Representative fraction
= Length of the drawing ∕ Actual length of the object

3. Classify the scales.

a) Plain scales b) Diagonal scales c) Vernier scales d) Comparative scales

e) Scale of chords

Plain Scale: A plain scale consists of a line divided into suitable number of
equal number of parts or units. The first of which is sub-divided into smaller
parts. Plain scales represent either two units or a unit and its sub-
division.

Diagonal Scale: It is a line divided in to number of equal parts with the first
part sub-divided in to smaller parts by diagonals. Diagonal scales are used
to represent three units of measurement such as millimeters, centimeters,
and decimeters. It consists of sub divisions of the secondary divisions into
required number of equal parts.

Comparative Scales: Scales having same representative fraction but

graduated to read different units are called comparative scales.
Comparative scales may be either plain scales or diagonal scales.

Vernier Scale: Vernier scale , like a diagonal scale is used to read very
small units with accuracy. Vernier scale is used when a diagonal scale is
inconvenient to use due to lack of space. Vernier scale consists of two
scales 1) main scale 2) vernier scale Types of verniers : 1) forward
vernier or direct vernier 2) backward vernier or retrograde vernier.
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4. What is least count in case of vernier?

Least count is the smallest distance that can be measured accurately by

the Vernier scale and is the difference between one main scale division
and one Vernier scale division.

5. Where will you find the application of scale of chords?

The scale of chords is used to set out or to measure angles when a

protractor is not available. It is based on the lengths of chords of different
angles measured on the same arc.

6. In a drawing, 2mm represents 8m.What is its RF?

2/8X103 =0.25X10-3=2.5X10-2
7. In a drawing, an area of 144cm2 represents 36m2.What is its RF?
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
√ 144/36x104=2x10-2
8. A volume 8 cm3 of a model represents 64m3. What is its RF?

)8/64x106)⅓ = 0.5x10-2
CURVES

1. What are the conic sections?

The sections obtained by the intersection of a right circular cone by a

sectional (cutting) plane in different positions relative to the axis of the cone
are called conics or conic sections.

2. What should be the position of section plane with respect to a right

circular cone to get the section as a) circle , b) ellipse c) parabola,
d) Hyperbola , e) Rectangular Hyperbola, f) Triangle.

a) When the section plane is parallel to the base and cuts all the
generators.

b) When the section plane is inclined to the axis and cuts all the
generators on one side of the apex.

c) When the section plane is parallel to one of the generators

d) When the section plane cuts both the parts of double cone on one
side of the axis.

e) When the section plane is parallel to axis (or perpendicular to base)

and cuts both the parts of double cone on one side of the axis.
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f) If the section plane passing through the apex cuts the cone then the
true shape of the section is a triangle.

3. Define a conic.Explain focus, directrix, eccentricity, axis and vertex?

The conic may be defined as the locus of a point moving in a plane in such
a way that the ratio of its distances from a fixed point and a fixed straight
line is always constant. The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed
line is called directrix. Eccentricity is defined as follows.

Distance of the point from the focus

Eccentricity = distance of the point from the directrix

The line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is
called axis. The point at which conic cuts its axis is called vertex.

4. What will be the eccentricity in case of a) ellipse, b) Parabola, c)

Hyperbola e) Rectangular Hyperbola

Eccentricity for ellipse is less tha

Eccentricity for parabola is equal to 1

Eccentricity for hyperbola is greater than 1

‗‗
Eccentricity for Rectangular Hyperbola is √ 2

5. What are the different methods to construct an ellipse?

1) Arcs of circles method.

2) Concentric circles method
3) Oblong method
4) Loop of thread method
5) Trammel method.

6. What are the different methods to construct a parabola?

1) Rectangle method
2) Tangent method.

7. Define Ellipse.

Ellipse is defined as a curve traced out by a point, moving in the same

plane as and in such a way that the sum of its distances from two fixed
points is always the same.
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8. Define Involute
Involute is a curve traced by an end of a piece of thread when unwound
from a circle or a regular polygon.

9. State the applications of different curves:

Name of the curve Application

In arches, bridges, dams, monuments, man holes,
Ellipse
glands and stuffing boxes.
Parabola Arches, bridges, sound reflectors, light reflectors.
Hyperbola Design of water channels.
Teeth of profile of gear wheels and in some of the
Involute
came.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

1. Explain the use of the following types of lines in Engineering Drawing

(a) Dashed line, (b) hatching line, (c) Chain line (d) Staggered Line.

a) Dashed line: Hidden features of the object are shown by lines made
up of short dashes at approximately equal lengths at about 3mm
spaced at equal distance of 1mm.
b) Hatching line: This is a continuous thin line. It is used for shading
areas.
c) Chain lines: This is a continuous thin line. It is used for shading
areas.
d) Staggered Line: When two hidden lines are very close then the
alternate dash and space should be alternated. This arrangement is
called staggered line.

2. State the assumptions made in orthographic projection.

The assumptions are :
i) The observer views the object from a theoretically infinite distance.
ii) The rays of sight meet the principal planes orthogonally.

3. What is a Projection?

The figure or view formed by joining in correct sequence the points at

which these lines meet the plane, is called the projection of the object.

4. What is meant by an orthographic projection?

ORTHO means right angle and ORTHOGRAPHIC means right-angled

drawing. When the projectors are perpendicular to the plane on which the
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projection is obtained is known orthographic projection. In orthographic

projection the observer is imagined to look the object at infinite distance.

5. What are reference planes or principal planes?

The two planes employed for the purpose of orthographic projections are
called reference planes or principal planes. Vertical plane (V.P.) and
horizontal plane (H.P.) are the reference or principal planes.

6. What is a profile plane?

The plane which is perpendicular to both the principle planes, is called

profile plane

7. What is reference line

The line at which the principal planes (HP and VP) intersect is termed as
Reference line and is represented by the letters XY.

8. What is meant by projectors?

The lines drawn from the points on the contour of an object to the plane,
which are perpendicular to it, are called the projectors.

9. Differentiate between the first and third angle of projection.

No. 1st angle projection 3rd angle projection

1. The object is kept in the first
quadrant
2. The object lies between the
observer and the plane of
projection
3. The plane of projection is
assumed to be non-
transparent.
4. In this method, when the
views are drawn in their
relative positions, the plan
(Top view) comes below the
elevation (Front view), the
view of the object as
observed from the left side is
drawn to the right of elecation
(front view).
5. This method of projection is
now recommended by the
“Bureau of Indian Standards”
from 1991.
The object is assumed to be kept in
the third quadrant.
The plane of projection lies between
the observer and the object.
The plane of projection is assumed
to be transparent.
In this method, when the views are
drawn in their relative positions, the
plan (top view), comes above the
elevation (Front view), left hand side
view is drawn to the left hand side of
the elevation (Front view).
This method of projection is used in
U.S.A. and also in other countries.
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10. What are different Types of projections?

i) Pictorial Projection
a) Perspective projection
b) Isometric projection
c) Oblique projection.
ii) Orthographic projection

11. Describe about first-Angle projection method?

When the object is assumed to be placed in the first quadrant i.e. in front
of VP and above HP, and projected on the principal planes, the method is
called first angle projection.In this method,the object lies between the
observer and the plane of projection, and the top view is below XY line and
the front view is above the XY line.

12. Describe about Third-Angle projection method?

When the object is assumed to be placed in the third quadrant i.e.behind

VP and below HP, and projected on the principal planes, the method is
called third angle projection.In this method, the plane of projection lies
between the observer and the object. and the top view is above XY line
and the front view is belowe the XY line.

13. What is ground line?

In third angle projection, the line for the ground is called the ground line
(G.L.), which is drawn parallel to XY and below the front view.

14. What is an oblique line?

At straight line inclined to both HP and VP is called as Oblique line.

15. What is an apparent angle with reference to projection of straight

lines?

The angles of inclination of the top and front views of a straight line inclined
to both VP and HP are called apparent angles of inclination. Apparent
angles of inclination are greater than the true angles of inclination.

16. In the projection of straight line, when the top view will have true
length?

If the line is parallel to HP its top view will have its true length.

17 In the projection of straight line, when the front view will have true
length?

If the line is parallel to VP its front view will have its true length.
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18. What is a trace of a line?

The point of intersection of a line or extended part of line with a plane is

called its trace on that plane.

19. When a straight line will not have traces?

When it is parallel to both HP and VP.

20. When a straight line will not have HT?

When a line is parallel to HP and inclined to VP,it will not have HT.
It has only VT.

21. When a straight line will not haveVT?

When a line is parallel to VP and inclined to HP,it will not have VT.
It has only HT.

22. Define top view and front view.

Top view (plan) is the projection obtained on the horizontal plane. It is

obtained by looking at the object from directly above.
Front view (Elevation) is the projection obtained on the vertical plane. It is
obtained by looking at the object from a position directly in front.

23. Define side or profile view.

Side( or profile) view is the projection obtained on the profile plane.

24. How to project a straight line:

The projections of a straight line can be drawn if the projections of the two
points forming the two ends of the straight line are shown. The line joining
the top views of the two points will give the top view of the straight line
joining them. The front view of the line is the line joining the front views of
the two end points.

PLANES

1. Define an oblique plane

The planes, which are inclined to both reference planes, are called oblique
plane.

2. What are regular and Irregular Planes?

A plane figure having equal sides is called a regular plane. A plane figure
having unequal sides is known as irregular plane.
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3. What is a trace of a plane?

The line along which a plane meets the reference plane is called the trace
of the plane surface on that reference plane.

4. Define vertical trace of plane?

The line of meeting of a plane with the VP is called the vertical trace of the
plane.

5. Define horizontal trace of a plane.

The line of meeting of a plane with the HP is called the horizontal trace of
the plane.

6. When a plane has no HT?

When a plane is parallel to HP, it has no HT.

7. When a plane has no VT?

When a plane is parallel to VP, it has no VT.

8. Define AVP and AIP.

AVP: An auxiliary plane perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the VP is

called auxiliary vertical plane.

AIP: An auxiliary plane perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP is

called auxiliary inclined plane.

9. What is meant by Auxiliary projection?

Projections of solids obtained on auxiliary vertical plane and auxiliary

inclined plane are called as auxiliary projections of solids.

10. What is an auxiliary front view and auxiliary top view?

The projection obtained on an AVP is called auxiliary front view.

The projection obtained on an AIP is called auxiliary top view.

11. Advantage of change of reference line (auxiliary plane) method over

change of position method:

In change of position method re-production of a view accurately is likely to

take considerable time, especially when the solid has curved surfaces or
too many edges and corners. In such cases change of reference line
(auxiliary plane) method is adopted as it is easiest and more convenient
method, which will take less time.
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SOLIDS

1. What is a solid?

An object having three dimensions i.e. length, breadth and height is called
a solid.

2. What is the minimum no. of views required to represent solid in

orthographic projection?

Two

3. What are different types of solids?

i)Polyhedra ii) solids of revolution

Polyhedra are further classified into the following three types
a) regular poly hedra b) prism c) pyramid.

4. Define polyhedra, regular polyhedra, and prism

POLYHEDRA: The solid which is bounded by plane surfaces (faces) is

called a polyhedra. Two types of poly hedra are I) regular II) irregular or
oblique polyhedra.

REGULAR POLY HEDRA: Is a solid bounded by planes, surfaces which

are equal and regular Ex: i) tetrahedron ii) hexahedron iii) octahedron iv)
Dodecahedron

PRISM: The polyhedron having two equal and similar end bases, parallel to
each other and are joined by other faces which may be rectangles or
parallelograms is called a prism. The imaginary line joining the center of
the bases is called the axis.

PYRAMID: It is a polyhedron having a plane figure as a base and a number

of triangular faces meeting a point called the vertex or apex. The
imaginary lines joining the apex with the center of the base is its axis.

5. What is solid of revolution?

The solids formed by the revolution of plane figures are known as solids of
revolution. ex. Cylinder, cone sphere.

6. Define Cylinder, Cone, and Sphere

CYLINDER: the solid, which is generated by the revolution of a rectangle

about one of its sides, which remains fixed, is called a cylinder.
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SPHERE: the solid, which is generated by the revolution of semicircle

about its diameter, which remains fixed, is called a sphere.

CONE: The solid, which is generated by the revolution of a right-angled

triangle, about one of its perpendicular sides, which remain fixed, is called
a cone.

7 Differentiate square prism and hexahedron (cube)?

Square prism is having two bases as squares and bases are joined by four
rectangles.
Hexahedron (cube) is having all its six faces are squares only.

8. Differentiate triangular pyramid and tetrahedron

Triangular pyramid is having one equilateral triangle and three isosceles
triangles Tetrahedron has four equilateral triangles as its faces.

9. Define frustum, truncated solid

FRUSTUM: when a pyramid or a cone is cut by a plane parallel to its base,

thus removing the top portion, the remaining portion is called its frustum.

TRUNCATED SOLID: when a solid is cut by a plane inclined to the base it

is said to be truncated solid.

10. Differentiate frustum and truncated solid?

Section plane is parallel to the base in case of frustums and inclined in use
of truncation. Frustums are applicable to pyramids and cones only. Where
as truncation can be applicable to general solids.

11. Differentiate right solid and oblique solid?

In right solid, axis is perpendicular to the base. In oblique solid, axis is

inclined to the base.

59. When we will get the true shape of base in side view.

If the axis is parallel to both H.P. and V.P.

12. State the rules of visibility in projection of solids

The base which is far away from reference line xy (when compared to other
base) in one view will be fully visible in the other view and called visible
base in the other view.
Lines passing through the visible base are invisible.
When two lines cross each other, one of them must be hidden.
Faraway edges from xy in one view are visible in other view.
If a solid rests on an edge of its base on V.P then the orientation of edge
with respect to H.P Perpendicular to H.P.
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13. What initial position has to be chosen if a solid has to rest on an edge
of base?

One of the base edges is kept perpendicular to the VP in the initial position.

14. What is the difference between the polyhedrons, prisms and

pyramids?

Prisms and pyramids are also polyhedrons. But they are not regular
polyhedrons like cube and octahedron. In other words in the case of
regular polyhedron all the faces are equal in shape and size. Where as for
the prisms and pyramids the base shape is different from the
side/lateral/slant faces.

16. What is meant by platonic solids?

The regular polyhedra such as Tetrahedron, cube, Octahedron,

Dodecahedron, icosahedron are called the platonic solids.

SECTIONS OF SOLIDS.

1. Explain the important of the section of solids.

In the orthographic projection, the invisible and interior details of an object

are usually represented by dotted lines. When these dotted lines are
numerous, it is difficult to interpret the drawing and it becomes almost
impossible to read to it clearly. To overcome his difficulty, it is imagined
that the object is being cut through completely or partially by a plane called
cutting or section plane. This is the importance of the chapter section of
solids.

2. What is meant by sections of solids?

Solids, which are cut by the section planes to visualize the internal
constructional details of the invisible features, are known as sections of the
solids.

3. What is a section (cutting) plane?

It is imaginary plane, which is assumed to cut the object as required is

called cutting plane or sectional plane. Sectional plane is perpendicular to
one of the reference planes.

4. Define a section and sectional view?

SECTION: The surface produced when a section plane cuts a solid is

termed as section. SECTIONAL VIEW: The drawing showing that part of
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the object, which is in between, the plane of projection and section plane is
called sectional view. Ex: sectional top view, sectional front view etc.

5. What is an apparent section?

The projection of the cut section on the plane to which the cutting plane is
inclined to be the apparent section.

6. How can you get true shape of a section?

We can get the true shape of a section by projecting the section on a

(Auxiliary) plane, which is parallel to the section plane.

7. Why solids are sectioned?

To visualize the internal constructional details of invisible features.

DEVELOPMENT OF SOLIDS

1. What is meant by the development of a solid?

When all the surfaces of a sold are stretched out on a single surface, the
resulting figure is known as the development of the solid. The
development shows the true shape of all the surfaces of the sold.

2. What are the methods of development?

a) Parallel line method

b) Radial line method
c) Triangulation method
d) Approximate method

3. Write the applications of Development of surfaces.

i) Development of surfaces finds applications in the sheet metal work for

making hoppers, boilers, funnels, various ducts, chimneys, ventilating pipes
etc., major industries like ship building, automobile and air craft.

4. What types of solid can be accurately developed?

Solids like prisms, pyramids cylinders and cones can be accurately

developed in a single plane.

5. In development, we have to take all the dimensions are true lengths,

Why?

Developments are used to make objects of required size and shape.

Hence, true lengths are employed in drawing the development.
In a development all the lines are of true length
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.
6. Describe the (a) parallel lines method and (b) radial lines method used
in development of a solid.

(a) Parallel lines method: This method is used for cubes, prisms and
cylinders. In this method, two parallel lines, separated by a distance
equal to height of the object are drawn just by the side of the elevation.
These two lines are called stretch out lines and they have their true
shape and size, and length equal to the perimeter of the sold. The
lateral surfaces of the solid are shown in their true shape and size
between these stretch out lines.

(b) Radial line method: Radial line method is adopted for pyramids and
cones. An arc is drawn with the true length of the slant edge of the
pyramid or the length of the extreme generator of the cone is radius and
the apex as center. The development is completed on this arc.

7. Development of the lateral surface of a cylinder is a rectangle.

8. What will be the development of lateral surface of a cone?

The development of lateral surface of a cone will be a sector.

9. How is the sphere developed?

Since the surface of sphere cannot be developed in a single plane,

approximate method is employed for developing the same. In this method,
a sphere is divided into a number of zones or lunes and accordingly the
method is termed as Zone method or Lune method
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ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

1. What is an isometric projection?

It is one type of pictorial projection in which the three dimensions of a solid

are shown in one view only and also the actual sizes can be measured
directly from this view.

2. Define Isometric scale.

It is necessary to convert true lengths into isometric lengths before drawing

the isometric projection. Such a scale wherein isometric lengths
corresponding to true lengths are available is called isometric scale.

3. State the ratio of isometric length of surfaces.

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Isometric Length Ratio = = =

0.815

4. State the different methods of drawing the isometric projection.

(a) Box method (b) offset or co-ordinate method.

5. What is the isometric projection of a sphere?

The isometric projection of a sphere is a circle of true radius.

6. Distinguish between isometric view and isometric projection.

The picture drawn with true length is called isometric view or isometric
drawing. Picture drawn with isometric lengths (reduced length) is called
isometric projection.

7. What are non-isometric planes?

Non-isometric plane is any plane that is not parallel to nay of the three
isometric planes.

8. List the uses of Isometric projections.

Isometric drawings are extensively used in preparing advertisement

hoarding, catalogues of products like instruments, furniture and meters.
Piping networks and diagrams are shown pictorially by using isometric
projection.
Day to day technical discussions in industries, workshops etc.

9. Define isometric axes.

The three principal lines making 1200 with each other, one of them being a
vertical line are called isometric axes.

10. What is a pictorial drawing?

Pictorial drawing is a single view of an object that shows all the three
dimensions of the object.

11. What Are The Uses Of Pictorial Drawings?

These are used to convey specific information to persons who cannot

visualize an object from orthographic views and they are used to
complicated structures such as aircraft, rocket cell etc.