PCRSONAL

PRUNOUNS

Sobject pronUuns object pronouns

Singuar Plural Singular PlUral

We me
You Yo YOU You
He They nim then
She her

RCCIPROCAL
PRONOUNS
" Ave words tha enpress a m0val actons
The veciroal pronouns are.
each other avd one arother
" if the words ef the Words refers
refers to to more thant o
two things' things?
exampe exampe
Rob and Tevry The entire famiy
love each other. oves One avGinei.
 RcFLEAwE
PRONOUNS
Subject pPronouns Reflexive Proncuns

I Myself
Yov Yourself
He Himself
She Herseif
itserf
We Urselves
Your selves
They Themselves

" We yse areflenve pronoun as a direct cbied

wign \We oojeci is {e same a fhe sub ect. of the verb

teaching myserf ch,ci

"we can use a ref\exIve oronovn as direct obecT
with most transitive verbs:

"We CONT Use reflexive pronovns qfter veibs wich

descnbe things
 INDEFINTE
PRONOUNS

Singula Plural Sinqular and

Plual
another both
anybody few all
any
anyone many
others more
anyihing
anywhere Several mOST

each fewer none

either Some
SUCh
everybody
everyGne
everyih1ng
everywhere
little
enough
less
Much * We Se de indefinite
neither Pronouns to refer to
nobody People or things withat
no one Vbeing especifi C.
nothing
nownere pIaces
Peuple thwg
One
Some body somebcdy some\hng SuneISt
Someone any body qny thing Ay whert
nobudy nothiny nowhere
Someihg
Somewhert evenybody ertry thong evcywheve
otney,
 we usvaly se Somcthná , srncbCdy,scmtrit ard
mewhcre n psilve sentences

We also Can use them in questir when they otters

Or reqest or wnen whÇ KMmk the answer is yes.
*are you looking fur Sumeihing?
( think yw art tooking fur sumcthing

We usaly use anyih , Mylly , Ohy cic and

Cy whcY In ne94tive sentenes and queSti GnS.
1didnt knuw anyunt qt the prty
Did yov vnderstand uny1hng sne sa d?

we use noth.nt ,hccdy and nwhert

before of after positive verbi ( we dont use
negativ verbs)
There's nuthng hert
Nobody was thert whCn l amved

we u s e l
efoe'of af ter positve vevoi
everyone likS muiic3
 POSSESIVE BRONOUNS
ANO PUSS(SIVE AOJCTIVeS

This s my book b posseS ve adjectives

The bok is mine t PoSSeSive prcrcuns

PosSESIWE ojeciineo UStSIVE prcruns

My My
Her Hers

Yours
Theiy Theirs

" POSSeSIve pronws duDt alwaYS

quat thet end ot a sentence
They Care alo CmMOn near the
beq1nnny of a senttnse,
espcially wnen yov rQ
answenvng a quesien

are ihese ycur shues ?

nu, mime art in my bag
 POSSESIVf PRONONS
AND POSSESIV F ADJFCTIV ES
nis is my pooK Posspsive adjectVe
Tne bO0k i5 mine t posses\VE Pronoun
Tiene que iv acmPangdo de rn sSi anlli)

PossesiN adjectiveS Possesive Pronouns

My Mine
YOUr YoUrs
His His
Her IHers
Its
OUrs
Yovr Yours
Their Theirs

"POSsesiNe PYoncs don always 90 at

the end Of Sentence. Tney aré aisG
COmmon near tne becnning Ot
a sentence es Peciglly when Yov are
answering a Ovestion.

Ave tnese yovY ShoeS?

NO mine are in my biq.
 IN TERRC EATIVE
PRCNGUNS
\nt®rrogative Pronouns are Words vsed to asK questions
Thêre dve jvst five main nterr09gt ve ProngunS
who
which what Whom whose

sulbject | Object
Person who whom
thing what
personI ning
Person whose

we use what t0 ask about we use who to ask

general informati0n and about peopie
things whooare you 90in9 to visit?
what is VOU name? . whO are al those peole?
" what ilm dic you SeR at
Cinema ?
G

We vsech tO asK qvestions whose (an g9est.

abovi Peoçie of objects person or anooeut
(when VOU have a limited always indicateS
Choice) POSSesiOn
whose are these books
*which iS mCre pvetty, Scaterred al cver tne place?
blue one or ink one? whose iS 1h15? (pronon)
wnych nume do yUU
Prtfer2 Stephen or
Tomas?

Tne word whom is cunsicdered very foral Engiish Notive

SpegkeY ThËs word iS rarely see these dAVS, bt
wnen it shów UP, it IS used to askUeStiOns
about peopie (whéw is always an cojéC+)
"whc did you tell abOut nis?
e whom will make my partner tor this Project?
whom did y0U talk to?
 DiMOSTRA IIVE
PRUNOUNS
idnhfy
Demostative pronouns are vsed t0 Shovw or
may e tOY or
e or a numoer of vouns that
near in distan(e

Plural
Singuiar
These (near)
This (near)
Those (far)
That (far)
nounS
We use this, that, these those wih
tor example Those apples aYe deli(10US
noun

Se thiS, that, these, those

wthout a nUn
"We
when the meOmng is chear
example: A Stuclent has juSt Finishecl his homework
for friend:
and he say to his
That was eaSy ! (That= the homework)

Thirg wich ave finished

Things
now arewich
nearanetohappening
Vse in are not near to US,
time (Ne use this and SO We Use that or
4hose
these)

Jonn (at a contert) John lafter ltaving

the concert
Some of these songs
art beautitu Somewere
of those
beaiJ
 (defin1te ad ndifinete)
onsonams
e se before wods wnicn begin wtn
(b, C, d,f9, h, ), k, D)...
SOunds ike the
We also Use o beforeu e n if
Word YOU (and beYore
UNiversity (SOUnd like youniversity) Pean
YoUO
turoPean city (sOund i Ke
witn vowels
WE Use un before words which begin
(a,e, 1,O, v)
"We aSO USe an before words that begin with
a Siient h
hour (sOund ovr)
 We
with,usUaly
a nounvSe
tO talk
a /ar " we use the nen we
tQlk abOut the person
abouta
thing perSOn or
fOr the or thing aga1n.
time first we yse the when
e we vSe tnere iS only one
alan with of `omnefhing.
SDekYequency árd "we USe the w the
musical instrUmentS
-lt cost S2
-\ drink abotdcollars USed wyih singUIar
or plurai nouns
Cups of coffeethree
a we, can use the
day. with Uncautrcaoie
we se alan for nouns (mysicwattr,
talking abovt fooc, ecivcati on)
jobs. The woater is in
"Used for
hat are tS the fridgt
specific or one of With Suerlative
SeVeral things of adjectives.
a Simi\CY type
-USecd as Syronyms
for thne number one
. USed to we dort use a or the
descibe before mes Of
4hings or Peopt. languages, mtal ncAmes,
{he ncines of cities,
most Counti es ard
most St\eets Cnd
the nomes of iportS,
StationS singie
mountoains or \at-es.
-She speaks Spoish
 VERB To BE

Positive Neqoti ve

Long Short
Short Long

'm Iamnot
You are not You aren t
Youre
She is not She isnt
She is She's
He is He's He is ot He isnt
It is not It isnt
It is IH'S
We are not We arent
We are We're They avent
They are They'Te They are not

Question

Am l...?
AYe yOU
Is she...?
Is He
ls 14...?
Ave we
Ave they
 PROGRESSIVi
Present Progressive . We vse the Prese
Affirmative Negative Conti nuoUS to talKabout
an working 'rn not worting
He/She/it is working He/She/it isnt working actions and situations
We/ tou/ are working We/ You/ aren't working
They
n prcqress ncW
Questions " Also to ta1K ab0Ut
Arn
working?
he/shei: 1Crnc? actions and SituationS
we// HGrking?
In pro9ress around ow
Present Progressive for actions
oDpenirg at the rmornent of but not exactly at the
d fo tercorary situations.
S vwareri the qarder
moment we speak

l'm eating
be + ing form DCSITIvE
am listen -? listening NEGATNE lm not eating
iS piay 7 laying
are read -7 veading GutSTICN Are yoU eating?
WorK -7 working

7 if tne base verb ends in Vowel + onsonCint t e

normoally Ieave out e whe we add ing
Comé -7 comng mistake -> mistaking
live - \iving
> it tne base verb ends in i change the t to y
die -7 dying

z for Verbs ending in a doubit e

see7 Seeing agree - agreeing
 Ixertions
itt e. base vexb ends ln cunsonant + stressed
VoNel t cOnsonant, dovble the last etter.
Stop -7 Stopping run -7 running
begin beginn1ng
This xeption does not apply when the \ast
Synable of the base vevb iS not stressed
open 7 opening

win- winn\ncy get -> etting

Shop -7 shopping sit -7 Sitting
SwimSwimming
dance 7 dancing
tYavel -7 traveling
write -7 writing
Shine7 Shining
we dont usually use these
VerbS in present COntinvouS
iKe- love - mean - know underStand
remembtr- forget - hate - bealive
want - prefer- need

we connot use think we connot usehave!

In Present continuous in P.c to taiK abovt
to express opinions. possesions:
1think he's nie | have a ticket
he's ntte
but we can uSe it to
but we can usfit to +alk qbout aciOns:
talk abOut an otion:
T'm havng eakfost
She is 1hiniking aaut He's havn9 fun
the film
 PKISTNT
SIMPLt
1S USed to talk abovt routines or haoits
Clso tO talk about future eventS on a timeaoit
Or proqramme of events

AFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
| wor k | dont work
Helshe It doesht work
HeISheIit worES
welYoul They worK Wel yOU/They dont WoYh

for He.She and lt LFull form) 1short form

we neecl to odd do not doDt
letter to the verbs dues not doen
MOSt Verbs adc-s
The veo doesnt
speak te speaks chage
|ike -7 She like
verbs erding in QUES TIÓNS
-SS, -sh, -ch,-S,
-0, ->X addl-es boes te IShelit work?
| watoh - He watchts Do weINOUThey worK?
| 90-7 She qoes.
verbs ending n X DOes she workS?
DoeS she work
Change the ty t0
i andl add es The vero doesnt
Tfly -7 He fies change
" Ve ending
VOwel t y qdds
Iplay She plays
|olbey - It obeys
 *\We use the Present SimDle to
talk about facts
-| dont speak Chinese
" We use the Presert
and opinions Simole to talk gbot Feelings
-|like pop mvsic She loveS footall.

TIME CXPRESSIONS
Sualy, qlways, ften, etc
ever
in the moming ispring,etc.
On Mondoys, on the weeKend, etc.
 TC BE IN PAST
wERT)
AFFIRM HTVE NEGATIVE GUESTIONS
Iwas | wasnt
He was He wasnt Was
She was She wos nt Was she..
It wasnt Was t ..?
We weYe We werent Were we..
You were You werent You..2
Were you
They were \hey werent \Were they. ?

am is (present) ~ was (Past)

are ( present)-> were \past)

How we vse the Past Simple of be ?

Was | were t facts about the past
- John kennedy was an Amen an president

7 Was | were t place and time.

- We were,in Spain nJun?
picaLe time

7 Was Iwere t adjectve

- It was cold yesterday - They were tired after the jurne
 YAST SIMIL
A fnished action in the past
The Past Simpie is used to talk abuvt 1hin95
happened in the Past, are finished and hoave that
no
(Onnection wih the present. We usVally kOw
when the action
happened
we form the Rast Simple of reqular vexbs by
to the verb add1ng u
waik walked watcn - watched open- opened

xcepicIS
>verbs ending with t we vevbs ending wth q
add d Consonant and
live - lived We changt the y to 1
\ike- liked and add e
apply - qpplied
7most verbs ending with one vowel and one
uole consonnt
we
consoncant tec
stop- stopped plan- Planned

NC I we dont doublt the consonanf when it's

y. n o and when the final sylable
iS not stressed

Some verbs are irregulaY

fur ex ample

begin be gan fall - fell Speak -spoke

 AFFIRMATIVE
+
verb in past
NEGATIVE
Cid n¡t t verb n the bose
form Iinfinitive

QUESTION
Did t ( ) + verb
verb in the base
foYml infnitive

We can use the Past SimplR with for to talk

abovt something that continued for a peYIOd of
time oand ended in the past
-| ived in Rome for two yearS
Then I went fO work in Japn
 PAST CONTINUOVS
an action in progress at a pas+ point in time
Iwas watching Tv at &o'cuck
NOW

8 o'clocK

The Past ContinuoNS iS used to talk aout an aclion

hat wcS in progress at a past pojnt in time
We furm 1he Past ContinvOuS Jie this?

POSitive | afiy matve

Wasl were tt ing verb

Negative
Wasnt werent t ing ve

Guestion
WaslweYe + ing veh + ?
 hst Sompk
Past Cettruoo
and

whe l walke into the rom, Ann as

wring postcards and keith was
reoding
we use he Past Simpe
a complete action
(walked) for
we use the Past Continvous (wos writing)
for an action in
proqress in the
past

Past Simple + wnenlwhile + Past

ContioUS
Past Continvovs t whent Past Simple
 we often use the Post Simole to talk
about one event that followed another
erent.
when Ann James left uhiversity, sne went
ko work for a oank. Sne lefk the boqnk
after Fve yearS, and wrote a book which.

ln a story we often vse the Past

Continuous to soay what was in
progress
when something happenel .
The sun was shinning Peope were sitina under
Ane trees or walking around ine
he park. Suàdenly
a car drove into the ark.
"The past progressi ve reters to a
longey back ground' action or
Situation.
ºAS Iwas walkina down the road
I Saw JaneS.

Tne phone rang while Iwas having

dinner.

The Simple Past refers to a shorter

action or event that happened in the
midale ot bhe longer action, or that
interrupted it.
Last Satuvday morning, Poul piayeo\ foot ball
in the park

was playing foothal

Last Sawrday,Paul Jane
¡n t.e Park when he saw

inter upted action

 PRISCNT PERFECT
" The esent Pefet Simple
things th) ve happenec
in an vnf inished penod of
tme thot nludes thc Present
We use the Present Perfect
to talk qbout recent act1ons
Cust} Calveady] Cyet]
to talk about expenenccS
that we have or havent
had in oUr iveS, theie
IS not q defin1e tme
- Have yO, eveY been 1u 6ukon?
Cevei] Cnc
have t poSst
parhupie
io talk qbavt au lhves
-Ive seen qormlus in hfrics
to talk about sumcthing
that happened in ihe
past at an nde fin1e
time (we dont Say
when)

for things tnat happened for an action 1hat

in the past and t hat begun in he past and
hav a vesuit nuw iS velated tu ncw.
Pte hy brcktn hs ley | have taught at ths
(He cuntt walk uw) schul fof three yeaYs.
POSITIVE
t haue ('ve) has('5) Vevb in past
Pariapre
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
huvent I hasnt t+ vero in Vevb in
ust Have /Hus t (+ pst
purliie
 EVER NEVER JUST
Ose. ntero atie Use: Affivrratiie
to tik about thas a negate we use it to talk about
SOmeth1na rat was
experiences 4rat meoning)
have Ihavent compietedappened
happened
to say something
has rt happened word order:
word order: Between at ahy time verb
hovel nas and the Word rder: have t Jst t
Between have Ihas nas
Past participie.
veib and past paitiiple
verb. ALREADY
USe: Af iymative
FOR SINCE Shows that an action
Use. Affirrnctive USe: Affrmatie Was ompletd
befoe the time of
and neaatie
Sente and neqatie Specaino9,sometines
Sentenes betore it was ex pected
It referS
refers to the tü the stutg to huppen.
duration of the point of the word order:
action.
peicd nove verb
word order as alreodyt PP
word order. Before the
Before the pencd action Or time
la specifict point
in time)
ET
USe'. ln nEmKti ves and
interottNES
In neutive senenes
shows hn a action
has hot hapoened but
that we hink it w|
happen,
Word order. At ne end
ot the Sthtthce.
 Life
Finshed jeneeS
Actiohs
Have you ever
Lpost event eattn sUsh1 before?
Presert OUit
she ha st ha waet
PRESENT Acccmplshments
Nan has walked
Recent PERFECT on the MUOn
Compieted TENSE
Ihave juSt hnghd CnangeS
my prcyECt Mitie ticn Time
at moe inte estt
Unfinsed D.flevent Tumes
Actiens in medical
Duraticn fiom Ihak seen Dmd
Pasr uhtil now) seeal times
Ihave ived in
Raris for ie years.

Past Present
Simple
to talk abeut
Perfect
something that to talk about the
happened at a Past, ut not
Par ticUIar tivne in
about when
the past. thimg happened
unfinshec
actionS

I
amples
met ohn at
Enshed
CtIGns mth
four o'clock
Present
" (ve met Johnns
girlfrierd. she's
nce