Topic: Smoke Detection and Alarm

System

Submitted By:

Md. Mazharul Islam Khan - 2212389042

Minhazur Rahman - 2211255042
Mubasshir Sadat - 2212468642
Momtahina Quyyum- 2211889 042

Course: EEE141
Section: 17
Summer 2023
Supervisor: Dr. Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan
Associate Professor
Department of
Electrical & Computer Engineering
North South University
Introduction:
Fire incidents pose a significant threat to lives and property, underscoring the critical
need for reliable smoke detection systems. This project focuses on the development of
an advanced Smoke Detection and Alarm System. Utilizing a sophisticated circuit
design, the system incorporates a range of components, including a Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR), resistors, a 7432 IC for the buzzer, a potentiometer for resistance
adjustment, a buzzer, a voltage meter, an LED, a 220-ohm resistor, a 9V battery, and a
9 to 5V converter. This comprehensive system not only employs a bridge network
with a potentiometer for stability but also features an OR gate to amplify current,
ensuring consistent activation of the alarm and LED under varying conditions.

The pressing need for effective smoke detection mechanisms in diverse environments
motivates the exploration of innovative solutions. This project aims to address the
challenges associated with traditional smoke detection systems by implementing a
circuit that adapts to changes in ambient conditions. The incorporation of an extra
LED strategically placed within the project case further enhances the circuit's stability,
contributing to its overall robustness.

As we delve into the intricacies of the circuit design, working principle, and
experimental outcomes, the goal is to provide a detailed understanding of the system's
functionality. By combining cutting-edge technology with a practical approach, this
Smoke Detection and Alarm System strives to offer a reliable and efficient solution
for early smoke detection, contributing to enhanced safety and security.

Components Used:
1. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR): Varied resistance based on ambient light and
smoke presence.
2. Resistors (10k ohm, 220 ohm): Integral to the bridge network and current limiting.
3. 7432 IC (OR gate): Amplifies current to activate the buzzer and LED.
4. PotentiometerAn adjustable resistor for fine-tuning the bridge network's stability.
5. Buzzer: Audible alarm indicator.
6. Voltage Meter: Monitors voltage levels in the circuit.
7. LED (including an extra LED for stability): Visual indicator of smoke detection and
circuit stability.
8. 9V Battery: Power source.
9. 9 to 5V Converter: Regulates voltage for consistent operation.
Circuit Design:
The circuit is designed as a bridge network with a potentiometer for resistance
adjustment, providing stability under normal conditions. However, when the LDR
detects changes, the circuit may become unstable, allowing a low current to flow. To
address this, an OR gate (7432 IC) is introduced, boosting the current to 5V. An extra
LED strategically placed within the project case enhances circuit stability. Smoke
introduction disrupts the balance between the light source and LDR, triggering the
system.

Working Principle:
Bridge Network and Potentiometer:
The bridge network, consisting of the LDR and a fixed resistor, is initially balanced
for stability. The potentiometer allows for fine-tuning the resistance in the bridge
network, enabling adjustments based on environmental conditions.

LDR and Light Source:

The LDR is sensitive to changes in ambient light. When smoke disrupts the balance
between the LDR and the light source, the resistance of the LDR changes, leading to
an imbalance in the bridge network.

OR Gate (7432 IC):

In the presence of smoke, the low current generated by the bridge network is
insufficient to activate the buzzer and the primary LED. The OR gate acts as an
amplifier, boosting the current to 5V, and activating the buzzer and primary LED for
an immediate alert.

Extra LED for Stability:

The strategically placed extra LED serves a dual purpose: it acts as a secondary visual
indicator for smoke detection and contributes to circuit stability by providing an
additional load.

Experiments and Results:

Experiments Conducted:
Resistance Tuning: Varied the potentiometer settings to observe the impact on the
stability of the bridge network.

Smoke Simulation: Introduced smoke to evaluate the disruption in the LDR's balance
and trigger the alarm system.
Current Amplification: Tested the OR gate's effectiveness in amplifying low
currents to ensure consistent activation of the buzzer and primary LED.

Results:
Resistance Tuning: The potentiometer adjustments effectively fine-tuned the bridge
network, providing stability under varying light conditions.

Smoke Simulation: Smoke introduction consistently disrupted the balance in the

bridge network, triggering the alarm system.

Current Amplification: The OR gate successfully amplified low currents, ensuring

reliable activation of the alarm and primary LED.

Conclusion:
This project blends a bridge network, potentiometer, LDR, OR gate, and visual
indicators, forming a reliable smoke detection mechanism. Balancing the bridge
network amidst ambient light changes and smoke presence posed challenges. Precise
potentiometer tuning and the introduction of an OR gate addressed stability and low
current issues during smoke detection. Strategically placing an extra LED emerged as
a dual-purpose solution, serving as a secondary visual indicator for smoke detection
and contributing to circuit stability. In conclusion, this project not only signifies a
technological achievement but also showcases the team's resilience in overcoming
challenges to create a solution enhancing safety in potential fire incidents.