HWRREN Reviewer by Eingel Joy Pangilinan

ROAD MATERIALS (CONTINUATION)

- A combination of mineral aggregate and binders. It is a mixture of rock material particles
with asphalt and has created so many names:
Bituminous
1. Asphalt macadam 4. National paving 7. Road mix
Pavement
2. Asphaltic concrete 5. Plant mix 8. Armor coat
3. Mastic 6. Asphalt sheet 9. Oil mat
1. The surface must be free from cracks or raveling due to shrinkage and fatigue failure.
2. It most withstand weather condition, including the effect of surface water, heat, cold and
QUALITIES OF
oxidation
ASPHALT ROAD
3. It must be resistant to internal moisture such as water vapor.
4. It must have a skid free surface.
1. Viscous asphalt binder is heated to a fluid condition and mixed with heated aggregates.
The mixture is then laid and compacted while still hot.
SATISFACTORY
2. Mixing liquid or emulsion asphalt with aggregates at normal temperature is either by plant
ASPHALT PAVEMENT
or road mixing. The mixture is laid and compacted at normal temperature before the
CONSTRUCTION
solvent evaporates or the emulsion breaks.
PROCEDURES
3. Spread and compact the clean crushed stones, sprayed with heated or emulsified
asphalt binder over it. Cover the sprayed pavement with fine aggregate.
- It is caused by excessive load.
Heavy load creates deflection on the
road surface, with insufficient
underlying strength.
Bituminous
- Deflection on the road surface may
Pavement Failure
be the effect of elastic deformation
from the consolidation of the base
and subsoil or from the combination
of elastic and plastic deformation
- Bituminous macadam road has large amount of voids in the lower part of the aggregate
layers. The road strength originates from the interlocking aggregates that hold the individual
Macadam Asphalt stone together. Under this condition, a strong well drain base that will not squeeze upward
Mat into the pavement voids is required.
- The Bituminous Macadam base or surface is composed of two or three layers of
progressively smaller, clean, sharp angular stones bonded by asphalt.
- Road surface treatment method is applied to upgrade untreated surface and to
Surface Treatment
rejuvenate an existing pavement.
1. Dust palliatives to control dust.
ON THE BASIS OF
2. Prime coat or tack coat treating the surface to provide new wearing coarse.
PURPOSE TO BE
3. Armor coats to provide protection for untreated surfaces.
ACCOMPLISHED,
4. Seal coats and retreads.
SURFACE TREATMENT
5. Sheet asphalts.
IS SUBDIVIDED AS
6. Slurry seals
FOLLOWS
7. Asphalt overlay
- Surface treatment or application of asphalt to control dust and fine sand along the
highway.

1. The road surface is treated with the application of about 0.2 gallon per square meter of
light slow curing oil. The material commonly used is the MC-70 but occasionally the MC-30
or the MC-70. This oil penetrates the surface to about 1/2 inch and provides film that
surrounds the particles and bind together.
1. Dust Palliative
2. Slow curing oil is usually selected because it remains soft and last for quit longer period of
time. Satisfactory result was also noticed when slow setting emulsions diluted in a mixture of
4 to 9 parts of water was used.
3. Cut-back or Emulsion asphalt is unsatisfactory material for surface treatment as dust
palliative. It becomes harder asphalts producing brittle surface that easily cracks in a short
time followed by fast disintegration.
4. Used crank case motor oil is also considered as an effective dust palliative.
- The lighter medium curing cutback oil is generally used for prime coats. It is fluid enough to
2. Prime Coat penetrate into the base course but retain viscous asphalt in the purses of the treated
surface.
- Is a surface treatment using a thin bituminous binder covered by mineral aggregate
3. Armor Coat
applied to an earth, gravel or water bound macadam surface or to stabilize the base
4. Seal Coat and
- Is the application of asphalt binder to a pavement surface covered with aggregate.
Retread
1. Provide an abrasion and water resistant surface.
2. To improve the skid resistance of bleeding bituminous surface which had been polished
SEAL COAT IS ALSO
under traffic.
INTENDED TO
3. To improve light reflection and no glare characteristics of pavement surface.
4. To provide lane shoulder or other demarcations.
 - Is a mixture of sand fillers and asphalt cement. It is about 1 1/2" thick cover asphalt
concrete or slab of Portland cement concrete having a characteristics of noiseless. easily
5. Sheet Asphalt cleaned surface extensively used as surface course on urban streets.
- The high binder content of 9% to 12% by weight makes the sheet asphalt very expensive as
compared with other serviceable types.
- A combination of sand, crushed stone, emulsified asphalt and water.
6. Slurry Seal - The purpose is to fill all cracks to produce coating of about 1/8 inch thick over the entire
surface area of the road.
- Is a layer of asphalt bound aggregate laid to an existing pavement. The purpose is to level
out distorted surface or to cover cracks and joints of the pavement.
7. Asphalt Overlay
- A thin asphalt overlay is normally specified to bridge deck and other structures that require
lighter load. Overlay thickness could be from 50 mm to 150 mm (2" to 6")
1. Bituminous material is either Rapid Curing (RC) or medium Curing (MC) Cutback asphalt,
whichever specified.
DPWH STANDARDS
2. Prime coat is applied only to dry or slightly moist surface. No prime coat will be applied
during foggy or rainy days.
- They were introduced and experimented in Europe in the year 1970. They were used to
Geoplastic Fabrics reinforce soil of pavement and to provide drainage and erosion control for highways and
railroads.
GEOPLASTIC 1. Filter 3. Separator 5. Armor
FABRICS FUNCTION 2. Drainage 4. Reinforcement
GEOPLASTIC FABRICS
1. Specific Gravity 3. Modulus of elasticity 5. Resistance to ultra-violet light
DIFFERENCE IN
PROPERTIES 2. Strength 4. Creep resistance and biological effect
CONSTRUCTING THE ROADBED
- It is the process of loosening and removing earth of rock from its original position in a cut
Excavation
and transporting it to a fill or waste deposit
CLASSIFICATIONS OF 1. Stripping 4. Drainage excavation
EXCAVATION 2. Dredge excavation 5. Roadway excavation
(BY PURPOSE) 3. Bridge excavation 6. Footing excavation
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROADWAY EXCAVATION
1. Unclassified
- It is the excavation and disposal of materials regardless of its nature, or not classified and
Excavation
included in the Bill of Quantities.
- It consists of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that cannot be excavated
2. Rock Excavation
without blasting.
3. Common - Materials that can be excavated, transported and unloaded using heavy equipment or
Excavation loaded onto hauling equipment.
- It is the removal and disposal of saturated and unsaturated mixtures of soils and organic
4. Muck Excavation
matter not suitable for foundation materials.
- Excavation of approved materials for the construction of embankment or for other
5. Borrow Excavation
portions of the work.
THE USE OF 1. Embankment 4. Sub grade
EXCAVATED 2. Shoulders 5. Slope
MATERIALS 3. Bedding 6. Backfill for structures
- Areas to be excavated shall be moistened so that the excavation materials will contain
Pre- Watering
the acceptable moisture content at the time of compaction
- Drilling and blasting procedure that may be employed to control over break and to give a
Pre-Splitting
uniform face to the back slope or rock cuts.
Free Haul - Specified distance wherein an excavated material will be hauled without additional cost.
600 meters - Free haul distance, unless otherwise stated in the contract
Overhaul - Authorized hauling in excess of the free distance
- It is attained by spreading the materials into a thin layer then compacted at a moisture
Stable Embankment
content closer to optimum
Layered Process of
Compaction
- Uniformity
Materials - Dumped in thick layers – varying
1. To specify the expected value to the minimum acceptable amount of relative
compaction and to ascertain from the fill density tests that the specified value is obtained.
EMBANKMENT
2. To specify the manner and methods of constructing the embankment particularly the
CONTROL
layer thickness, moisture content and number of passes by a roller of specified type and
weight.
1. Difficulties in maintaining uniform moisture content
a. Variable wetness of the soil
b. Problems in evenly distributing and mixing in water
PROBLEMS IN
c. Evaporation of rainfall during compaction
EMBANKMENT
2. Some soil may not easily assimilate water unless wetting agent is employed. Sometimes
CONTROL
soil type cannot be segregated during construction.
3. Materials re-hauled from different sources and segregation of the same type is difficult in
the actual work.
CONSTRUCTION 1. Density test requirements
REQUIREMENTS & 2. Moisture control
EQUIPMENT 3. Compaction equipment
 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
1. Tamping Roller - Self-propelled or towed drum-like roller with projecting studs that penetrate
the surface of the ground

2. Grid Roller - Effective in breaking down clods and soft rock

3. Pneumatic Tire - Rubber tires, weighing 8 tons or more

Roller

4. Smooth Tired - Two or three-wheeled type used to compact bases

Roller

5. Vibratory - Effective in compacting stones of Macadam road

Compactor

6. Hauling and
Spreading
Equipment
- Construction of roadway through swampy area requires either of the following methods:

1. Removal and replacement of unsuitable materials

2. Displacement under the following methods:
A. Subcharging method
EMBANKMENT ON B. Vertical sand drain
SWAMPY C. Fabric Reinforcement
AREAS D. Weight reduction
3. Full-scale compaction trials on areas not less than 10 meters wide and 50 meters long
4. Compaction trials with main types of fill materials to be used in the work should be
completed before work is allowed to start
5. Throughout the compaction period- contractor should adhere to the compaction
procedures
1. Categorized under item 105 of the DPW standard specifications
SUBGRADE 2. Sub-grade is prepared for the support of overlying structural layers extended to the full
PREPARATION width of the roadway
3. Material requirements
1. Adequate strength
2. Relatively incompressible to avoid insignificant future settlement
COMPACTION AND
3. Stable against volume change as water content or other factors vary
STABILIZATION
4. Durable and safe against deterioration
5. Possess proper permeability
1. Pneumatic or Rubber Tired Rollers 2. Sheep’s Foot Roller 3. Vibratory Compactors

EQUIPMENT FOR
COMPACTION
4. Drum Type Roller 5. Smooth Drum Rollers

TRAFFIC SIGNS
- Set to guide the drivers and to pinpoint a particular danger
Guide post
- Indicates the alignment of the road ahead
1. Curve guide post
2. Intersection guide post
3. Hazard Marker
TYPES OF 4. Delineator
GUIDEPOSTS OR
5. Wind Cone
BEACONS

- Delineators are light reflecting device mounted on posts at the side of the roadway in
Delineators series to guide the driver along proper alignment
 - Sometimes called “Jiggle Bars” used as channel device to keep vehicles out of certain
paved areas. They are lower than the curb made of concrete or asphalt painted or
Raised bars
reflectorized sometimes set diagonally to the vehicle way oriented to direct it back on to
the right course.
- Rumble strips are installed across the roadways to alert the motorist as they approach a
Rumble Strips dangerous situation like stop signs or abrupt changes in the oncoming alignment, grade or
profile. Rumble strips are specially designed to create roar in the running vehicles.
- At the side of the roadway, kilometric markers are installed at every 1000 meters distance.
Distance Marker - These markers are usually made of reinforced concrete indicating the number of
kilometers distance from and to a specific place.
1. Travel Progress
PURPOSE OF 2. Pinpointing accident locations
DISTANCE MARKER 3. Distinguishing the position of structures such as bridge and culverts.
NOWADAYS 4. To identify road sections for cost accounting purposes
5. To designate where maintenance is to be done.
- Designed to prevent a car from leaving the highway or from colliding against an obstacle
by deflecting it so that it continues to move at reduced velocity along the guardrail and in
Guard Rail the normal direction.
- In the Philippines, guardrails are not properly set and they may constitute additional road
hazards than safety devices.
- The concrete barrier was introduced in the USA. It was tested in France in 1972 under the
following conditions:
Concrete Barrier 1. For light vehicles the impact angle of 30 degrees at a speed of 80 km/hr.
2. For 10 tons truck with impact angle of 20 degrees at a speed of 70 km/hr.
- Record shows that no car or truck has ever crossed this kind of separator or barrier.
HIGHWAY AND URBAN STREET OPERATIONS
- Prior to the existence of Freeways and Expressways, arterial streets were the main way of
traffic.
- Arterial and local street operations make use of street marking signs and signals controlled
in several ways by either fixed setting or computerized system.
HIGHWAY AND - Despite the existence of freeways and highways, arterial roads serves the major traffic flow
URBAN STREET to the nearest access points because arterial roads offer the most advantageous route for
OPERATIONS longer trips.
- In fact, these arterial roads are existing highway of considerable length wherein cross
traffic is regulated by signals and stop signs. These arterials provide access to adjacent
property with restricted entry and exit locations, street parking, cross center left turn and
other difficult traffic activities.
- One-way streets are those where traffic moves in one direction only. Making one-way
traffic is based on the number of important advantages over the two way operation such
as:
1. Bigger Capacity
One Way Street
2. Fewer Stops and Increasing Speed
3. Improvised Pedestrian Movement
4. Reduced Accidents
5. Elimination of Headlight Glare
- According to AASHTO, Maintenance is the preservation and keeping of each
type of roadway, roadside, structures, and facilities as
nearly as possible in its original condition as constructed
Maintenance
or as subsequently improved the operation of highway
facilities and services to provide satisfactory and safe
transportation
- Amount of expenditures for construction of new facilities and reconstruction of existing
structure with the aim of improvement, and keeping up with the
OBJECTIVES OF traffic demand
MAINTENANCE - Giving priority to local, rural and urban facilities particularly the paving and rehabilitation
after the construction has been completed
- Focused on doing better projects.
- Poor preparation of the base, insufficient slab thickness and poor design will only result to
the expensive road repair.
Design,
- Poor drainage design will only cause deposition of materials or erosion.
Construction, and
- Narrow road lanes usually forced large and heavy vehicles to travel with one set of wheels
Maintenance
near the edge or off the pavement.
- High maintenance cost is the result of poor design or construction methods.
MAINTENANCE CAN BE CATEGORIZED AS
- For gravel roads, blading and periodic reshaping or
re-surfacing.
- Surface treatment of low type paving, patching, seal
1. Road Surface
coating, remixing and relaying.
Maintenance
- Slick Asphalt surface, roughening burning or non-skid
seal is require.
- Concrete road, maintenance could be removal and
replacement or filling of damaged areas.
 - Cleaning of ditches, and culvert to accommodate free of flow of water.
- Removal of sediments, branches and other debris gathered at trash racks, culvert and
2. Drainage structure entrances.
maintenance - Repair of eroded channels and dikes.
- Riprap and bank protection to prevent recurrence.

- Repair of road signs.

- Maintenance of street and highway light and signals.
3. Traffic Service
- Coping up with emergencies.