Spinal nerves leave

at each vertebrae.

outside
->
organized too
E spinal cord :
Each spinal nerve
innervates one
dermatome.
Brain stem

Consists of:
1) Medulla oblongata
2) Pons
3) Reticular formation
4) Midbrain
5) Cerebellum
6) Diencephalon
0
 Medulla Oblongata

Cardiac control (heart rate)

Vasomotor control
(constriction/dilation of blood
vessels

Respiratory control (rate,

depth).

Most Eeascending tracts switch sides in medulla (input

to left hand side go to right hand side of brain).

Sensor
-

-
⑪
Pons

I
Contains nuclei, where many
L
signals synapse.
-
- Links medulla to cerebrum
- Links cerebellum to
cerebrum
cerebre arebellen
o
& pous
-

If media
Reticular Formation

- Found throughout medulla, pons and midbrain.

- When sensory information reaches reticular
formation, it causes a state of wakefulness.
- Decreased activity
results in sleep.
- Acts as filter,
deciding what you
are aware of.
- Damage to
reticular formation
results in coma.
Midbrain

Contains nuclei of the ascending and descending

tracts.

Controls reflexes of eye, head, and neck.

Also reflexes of head/trunk in response to auditory

stimulus.

Controls involuntary eye movement.

 Cerebellum

Center for controlling

coordination of skeletal
muscles, maintaining
posture.

Compares- motor commands

-
with proprioceptive
information. ↓
awarenes
My cerebellum
Self
 motor

su
Senso
↓
Cerebrum

Two hemispheres each

with 4 lobes. 15
-
I
1) Frontal
2) Temporal I

:
3) Parietal
4) Occipital 95
Best
Lobes are separated by fissures.
-
Top layer of cerebrum is the cortex (grey matter).
Functional Organization of Brain

Primary sensory cortex

- Laid out as a
homunculus (little man).
- Processes temperature,
touch, pressure, pain.
- Right hemisphere interprets
signal from left and vice
versa.
Motor Cortex

- Laid out as a
homunculus (little man).
- Mirrors sensory cortex on
other side of fissure.
 SensoreI>
Visual Cortex
visualtan
- Located in occipital lobe (back of brain).
de
ou C
- Some signals cross over, some do not.
primary
gewe
- Processing is parallel
information about
colour is kept
separate from shape.
- Movement is inferred
-
by higher processing
centres.
-

1 repetee
↑moe
in
Auditory Cortex

- Located in temporal lobe.

- Signals go through thalamus first.

- Maps tonotopically
(by sound frequency).
Olfactory Cortex

- Does not go through thalamus.

- Olfactory bulb also projects to:
- Hippocampus (memory)

E
- Amygdala
(limbic system,
emotion)

· 0
&
Higher Association Areas

Analyze, interpret sensory signals.

Involved in reasoning, verbalizing, planning
Basal Nuclei

Grey matter located deep within

cerebrum.

Neurons in basal nuclei mainly

inhibitor.

Fine tune movement. -

Damage results in tremors

(Parkinson’s, Huntington's). ~ imbic si
ee
turgg
 somatic
>
- nervous
system
0
a
↓

It
control
you ↑

-> Skeleten
musch
-> somatic .

autonomatic neuous
system
- >

us
bueel
-> hent wate
-
etc
-

->
controlling organ functi
Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic nervous system

innervates all organs except
skeletal muscle.
Parasympathetic: ee
- Rest and Digest.
-

- Sends blood to stomach

- Slows breathing/heart
-

#
rate ~

- Mostly signals through

vagus nerve -

Sympathetic:
- Fight or flight. O

6
- Dilates pupils
- Increase breathing/heart
rate
- Leaves CNS through
spinal nerves. ↓
neuve
one
does all
these aus
ors
for
parasympathet
 Spathetis
Anatomy of Autonomic Nervous System
-

&nervous system, efferent nerves synapse-

In somatic inside
spinal cord.
-

In autonomic,
- always synapse outside spinal cord, allows
signals to travel more widely.
>

fi
-

-on

I
-

--

I
voe
o
!
Vertical column of ganglia, called sympathetic chain, run either
side of spinal cord.

Figure 68
Gaitgang - -
Icon

↓
o
L-
10
-
all bodies
dendrites E

synapses -
.
Review Question
1) What are the parts of the brain stem? Name one thing
(notn
all things) that each part does.
ride
cannot over
->
2) What is a reflex? them I-react before
it to brain
goes

3) What is the difference between a sensory cortex and a

higher association area? What does each part do?

4) What is the autonomic nervous system? Draw how

each of them looks in the peripheral nervous system.
maan
O
·
~sne
mrit
-
ragus
ar

E
C
Not going to cover touch.
- Found in reading for this week.
Hearing

Three parts to your ear

1. External ear
• Auricle/pinna
• Auditory canal

⑳ 2. Middle ear
• Three bones called
auditory ossicles
(malleu, incus, stapes)
• Eustachian
canal/auditory tube
3. Inner ear
• Cochlea

W
• Semicircular canals
• Cochlear nerve
Outer ear

Both pinna and auditory canal add in

sound amplification.

Direct waves to the tympanic

membrane

Also have a role in localization of

sound
You localize sound based on
time differences (interaural
time).

There is also a decrease in the

amplitude of the sounds that is
depend on the location.
- Your head create a “sound
shadow”.

These are the two main

differences that allow you to
localize in the radial direction.
 Interaural time
differences are
maximum 0.65 msec

Brain uses time delays in

neural transmission to detect
interaural time difference.

Q – are these myelinated or

unmyelinated??
Sound localization along
the vertical plane depends on
shape of pinna.

Most sound enters the auditory

canal directly

Some sound reflects off the

curves and folds of pinna takes
slightly longer to reach the
cochlea.

Because of the arcing shape of

the pinna, the reflected path of
sounds coming from above is
shorter than that of sounds
from below.
 Otoscope is used to look at ear canal/tymphanic
membrane

The malleus is visible

using a otoscope
 amid
membral
~Hamp
The malleus attaches to the eardrum

When the eardrum vibrates, the

malleus vibrates in unison.

- 0
The malleus causes the incus to
vibrate

The incus passes the movement on

to the⑧
stapes

Ligaments hold the stapes to an

opening in the wall of the tympanic
cavity called the -
oval window, which
leads into the inner ear.

impedand -

Matchang
Cochlea is a fluid filled organ.

5
Impedance in the liquid is much bigger than
that of air.

Imagine – underwater in a pool, you cannot

here voices above the water.

That is because the impedance of liquid is so

high, most of sound is reflected when the
sound hits the water. And 99.9%, most of
sound is lost.

Middle ear bones overcome the loss of sound/

Called impedance matching.

Three mechanisms for impedance matching -andificer
&
2. Lever action of the ossicles (1.3:1)
3
1. Area ratio of the ear drum to the stapes footplate (20:1)
zo

3. Buckling of ear drum E

- 1 3x .

• Each part of ear drum response to different frequency in a

-
different way. So ear drum itself can increase force when
ear drum moves.-

Amplifying sound to overcome impedance mismatch

 E
o
->

=
-

I D
-
-

⑩
Ge
Cochlea is a tapered
-

tube with the

membrane splitting it
in two.
 Wave travels through
upper fluid an d then
lower half of fluid.
·
Leaves through round
window.

⑧
>h

-I
 -I
500 He

Agen
-

-A
2000H
 I
I
The amplitude gradually rises before reaching a
maximum at -its point of resonance (characteristic
frequency) beyond which it collapses abruptly
q4 ↑
1

Basilar membrane is narrow and⑳

- -
stiff at its base and
becomes broader and more flexible towards the
-
-
0 apex

Each frequency has its resonance frequency at a

- -

different point
-
-
cation
10 -
 ⑧

O
-
-
-

illl
Wil l
I