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Handout - EE & EC - CSE 2023 Personality Test
Handout - EE & EC - CSE 2023 Personality Test
ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
CONCEPTS
CSE 2023
PERSONALITY TEST
www.nextias.com
Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
While tracing a burst of high-energy light detected on December 11, 2021, from the
outskirts of the Milky Way located approximately 1 billion light-years away, astronomers
have spotted the first astronomical event in which a long GRB has been accompanied
by the unexpected discovery of a kilonova emission. Generally, kilonova are visible and
infrared light associated with short-period gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) thought to be heat
produced by the radioactive decay of heavier elements.
New low cost ‘Powerless Heating System’ activated with water can
heat food in remote areas
A new low-cost heating system which can be activated by plain water anytime anywhere
and does not require any fuel or electricity to heat or power it, can act as a heating solution
in any location.
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Lack of heating sources at remote places with no access or uncertain access to power
sources is an inconvenience faced by many, especially in remote areas like the North
East. Dr. Sumer Singh, Associate Professor, Department of Design, IIT Delhi along with
his research team addressed this with a technology that works on chemical energy. It is
called ‘Powerless Heating Technology’. The active heating element consists of a mixture
of ecofriendly minerals and salts, which generates exothermic energy resulting in heat
on contact with water. This provides enough energy to raise the temperature of any food
or beverage by 60 to 70 degree Celsius. The weight of the heater is only 50 grams, and
after every heating, the by-product (natural mineral rock) inside the heating pad can be
disposed of. The rock helps in improving the fertility of the soil and is 100 % biodegradable.
5 Categories of e-waste.
E-waste is used as a generic term embracing all types of waste containing electrically
powered components. e-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
categories are
1. Large house hold appliances are (refrigerators / freezers, washing machines, dis-
washers).
2. Small household appliances (Toasters, coffee makers, irons, hairdryers).
3. Information technology (IT) and telecommunications equipment (personal computers,
telephones, mobile phones, laptops, printers, Scanners and Photo copiers).
4. Consumer equipment (TV, stereo equipment, electric tooth brushes).
5. Lighting equipment (fluorescent lamps).
6. Electrical & Electronic tools (handheld drills, saws, screwdrivers)
7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment.
8. Medical equipment systems (with the exception of all implanted and infected products).
9. Monitoring & control instrument.
10. Automatic dispensers.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
2. Water Pollution: The toxins can contaminate the water. e-waste contain toxic metals
such as lead, Cadmium and mercury which end up in the water supply through a
process called bioleaching.
3. Damage to Atmosphere.
4. Drain on Resources: When e-waste tossed away are not recycled, these valuable are
resources are completely wasted when they could have been reused.
5. Health issues in Humans. & Wildlife.
Use of GIS solid waste management supports in capturing, handling and transmitting the
required information in a prompt proper manner.
Geospatial infrastructure leverages the fundamental principles of web GIS. The internet
and cloud computing are transforming the way organizations manage, analyze, and share
data and collaborate through an interconnected network of systems and portals.
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Geospatial technologies can provide accurate & current location based data for use in
disaster management. Remotely sensed data can be used very efficiently to assess the
severity and impact of damage due to these disasters. Geospatial technologies allow us to
make informed decisions based on the importance and priority of resources, environmental
understanding strategic decision making, monitoring of climate change impact. Hence
are Geospatial technologies necessary for disaster resilient India.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
have developed organic solar cell devices consisting of a blend of organic polymer
PTB7 as a donor and PCBM as an acceptor. The devices were fabricated on opaque
steel substrates with a MoO3/Au/MoO3 top electrode. The research carried out at the
laboratory of Prof. Ashish Garg at IIT Kanpur demonstrated the integration of multi-layered
electrodes of configuration MoO3/Au/MoO3 with the organic solar cells. It was published
in the journal ‘Energy Technology’. These electrodes offer higher optical transmission as
compared to only metallic electrodes. The devices with multilayer electrodes showed a
clear improvement in the photovoltaic performance by 1.5 times, as compared with those
obtained with single-layer top metal electrodes of gold.
• Insufficient Fixed-Line Penetration: The Indian network does not have very much
fixed-line coverage, while most developed countries have a high penetration of fixed
lines (telephone lines connected to a nationwide telephone network via metal wires
or optical fibers).5G Networks require towers to be connected to very high-speed
systems. These high speeds cannot be achieved by the current radio systems.
• Lack of Efficient Disposal of E-waste: The telecom industry impacts the environment in
multiple ways, including by generating e-waste.
• Lack of Rural Connectivity: In India, adequate tele density has been achieved, but there
is large discrepancy between penetration in urban (55.42%) and rural (44.58%) areas.
Getting into semi-rural and rural areas is challenging for service providers due to the
huge initial fixed costs.
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• Sector Specific Data Management and Grievance Redressal: To ensure seamlessness and
security of digital communication across India, sector-specific data management and
grievance redressal standards (including OTT platforms) are needed while keeping
citizens' interests at the forefront while also ensuring their autonomy and choice.
Also, there is a need for new infrastructure on a shareable basis, just like telecom
service providers share tower costs.
• Enabling Environment for Exports: It is important that the government invests more
in R&D and creates an environment that makes India capable of manufacturing and
exporting hardware components such as mobile phones, CCTV cameras, touch screen
monitors, etc.
• Linking BharatNet with Bhashini: BharatNet aims to ensure highly scalable network
infrastructure accessible on a non-discriminatory basis. On demand, affordable
broadband connectivity can be ensured with Bharatnet alongside integrating e-citizens
from different parts of the nation curbing the language barrier through Bhashini Platform
which is an artificial intelligence (AI) led language translation platform.
• Capital Inadequacy: Lack of flow of cash and adequate capital with the suitable
telecom companies (like Bharti Airtel and Vodafone Idea) is delaying the 5G spectrum
allocation.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
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(N2) in the aqueous electrolyte environment as well as the competitive hydrogen evolution
reaction. The obstacle faced was that reduction of N2 has actually occurred in the aqueous
medium. In an attempt to solve these issues, the “ambient” conditions are mostly overseen.
Researchers mostly work on catalyst development, while electrolyte improvisation still
remains in infancy. According to a recent report, 90.7 % of the research works related to:
Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) have focused on the suitable catalyst development,
while only 4.7 % have been devoted to work on the electrolytes.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
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melting points, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion properties. This has made it
difficult to join copper and stainless-steel bimetallic structures without defects. To address
this challenge, researchers at the International Advanced Research Centre for Powder
Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), an autonomous R&D Centre of the Department of
Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India, have developed a novel bi-metallic joining
process using a technique called laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) or selective laser
melting (SLM) technique of metal 3D printing. This technique involves layer deposition
by metal powder melting, which creates a small melt pool of stainless-steel powder with
subsequent high cooling rates, limiting the intermixing of the stainless-steel melt on copper
surface. The laser beam interaction with metal during the L-PBF process creates an impact
on the degree of intermixing of both copper and steel. The researchers have successfully
demonstrated the formation of the interfacial microstructure and bonding mechanism and
investigated the reason for achieving a strong interfacial bond.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
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• Off-grid systems require a battery bank to store the energy your panels produce. They are
often paired with a generator to provide backup during long stretches without sunlight.
• A backup power system connects to the grid, but also includes batteries. Backup
power systems (also called “hybrid systems” or "energy storage systems") provide
backup power in case the grid goes down.
What are the Potential, Targets and Status of Solar Energy in India?
Potential
India is endowed with vast solar energy potential. India receives nearly 3000 hours of
sunshine every year. About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energy is incident over India’s land
area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per sq. m per day. Solar photovoltaics power can
effectively be harnessed providing huge scalability in India.
National Institute of Solar Energy has assessed India’s solar potential to be about 750 GW
assuming 3% of the waste land area to be covered by Solar PV modules.
Targets
In 2014, the Government had set an ambitious target of 175 GW of installed capacity of
renewable energy. The target for Solar Energy was set to be 100 GW by 2022.
At COP26 in Glasgow (2021) India updated its Nationally Determined Contributions
(NDCs). India set a target of 500 GW of non-fossil electricity capacity and half of energy
from renewables. Of this, ~300 GW is expected to be contributed by Solar Energy.
A 25-year vision document by the Government has targeted 85% of the power generation
from renewable and green sources of energy. This enables India to be one of the key
markets for solar energy and also a huge customer base for solar applications.
Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) estimates in its NEO 2018 report, that India will
generate 75% of its electricity from renewable energy sources by 2050.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Status
India’s current installed capacity stands at ~408 GW, of which renewable energy (Wind, Solar
and other renewable energy) is ~118GW. This is ~67% of the 175 GW target set in 2014. In
terms of Solar Energy, the installed capacity is ~60 GW which is ~60% of the 100 GW target
(2014). This has been a remarkable growth from just 2.6 GW of solar energy capacity in 2014.
Higher per-unit Production Costs: Solar power costs have come down considerably but the
costs of small solar power projects is higher than other sources. The Union Government is
facilitating establishment of large solar parks.
Basic Challenges: Large Solar Parks face hurdles in acquiring large tracts of land. Other
challenges include high transmission and distribution losses, grid integration etc. Grid
integration is a challenge due to intermittent nature of solar energy and the problem of
load balancing (e.g., high load during night but non-availability of solar power at night).
Environmental Issues: Establishment of large solar parks has led to conflict with the local
communities and issues in bio-diversity protection e.g., in Rajasthan and Gujarat, some
projects have been halted because the transmission lines encroach upon the habitat of
the critically endangered Great Indian Bustard.
Slow pace of growth: Despite significant growth in the installed solar capacity, the
contribution of solar energy to the country’s power generation has not grown at the same
pace. The capacity expansion of rooftop solar projects has particularly low (< 20% of
target by October 2022).
Financial Constraints: Residential consumers and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
who want to install solar rooftop projects face financial constraints as initial investments
are generally high. A critical issue is an absence of innovative financing options offering
higher sums at lower interest and longer durations.
Reliance on Imports for Solar Equipment: India at present lacks the capability to produce
solar wafers or polysilicon. During the fiscal year 2021-22, India imported solar cells and
modules worth about US$ 76.62 billion from China alone. This accounted for 78.6% of
India’s total imports (2021-22).
Waste Management: India’s solar waste is estimated to grow to 1.8 million tonnes by 2050.
However, India’s e-waste rules do not mandate solar cell manufacturers to recycle or
dispose of waste from this sector.
WTO Constraints: India’s Domestic Content Requirement (DCR) clause has faced legal
challenges at the World Trade Organisation (WTO). DCR mandates the use of both
solar cells and modules manufactured domestically as per specifications and testing
requirements fixed by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
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What steps have been taken to enhance Solar Energy generation in India?
The MNRE launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission in 2010 to achieve 20 GW
of grid connected solar power by 2022 in three phases through several steps including Solar
Park Scheme, Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) scheme for grid connected solar PV
power projects, and Viability Gap Funding (VGF). The target was revised to 100 GW in 2014-15.
5G will enable a sharp increase in the amount of data transmitted over wireless systems
due to more available bandwidth and advanced antenna technology.
Applications
1. High Speed mobile network.
2. Self driving vehicles
3. IOT- (Smart City, Smart Homes)
4. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
5. Artificial intelligence
2. High Speed technology: 5G will increase the downloading and uploading speeds over
the mobile network. 5G will also reduce the latency.
4. Boost to the economic: It will give a huge amount of economic boost to India by increased
connectivity between machines and various sectors which will in turn increase efficiency.
Production will also increase which would lead to huge revenue collection.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
5G mainly work in 3 bands namely low, mid and high frequency spectrum – all of which
have their own uses as well as limitation.
1. Low band spectrum: It show great promise in terms of coverage and speed of internet
and data exchange with a maximum speed limited to 100 Mbps (Megabits per second).
2. Mid-Band spectrum: It offers higher speeds compared to the low band but has limitations
in terms of coverage area and penetration of signals.
It may be used for industries and specialized factory units for buckling captive networks
that can be moulded into the needs of that particular industry.
3. High-Band spectrum: It offers the highest speed of all three bands, but has extremely
limited coverage and signal penetration strength. Internet speeds have been tested to
be as high as 20 Gbps.
Comparison 4G 5G
Latency 10 ms 1 ms
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• Phase1: Mitigation is about prevention to reduce the severe impact on humans, lives,
and properties. One of the significant functions of AI is the predictive analytic in
which AI could support forecasting hazard and risk assessment analysis. The output
of forecasting and risk assessment can support decision-makers or stakeholders to
make a proper decision before a disaster happens. Additionally, evaluating possible
impacts on the potential area of disaster would support authorities in better preparing
and managing disaster strikes.
• Phase2: Preparedness comes after mitigation in which authorities and people in the
community are ready for the response during a disaster. In this phase, AI could play
roles such as real-time monitoring and early warning systems, real-time prediction,
and hazard detection. For example, at certain places where humans cannot access
the observation, AI is capable of assisting.
• Phase3: Response is when the disaster strike. Immediate response and action are vital
to assist and rescue affected people or communities. AI application for the support
of search and rescue activities such as robots that can access the building to search
for humans. Additionally, understanding people’s emotions and reactions during
disasters would help public authorities and humanitarian assistance agencies to assist
accordingly.
• Phase4: Recovery is the final stage in which damages are fixed. However, AI can be
used to support impact assessment and the evaluation of losses.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
ChatGPT
ChatGPT is a search tool that provides information on any world matter. Today it is at the
peak of its success. Apart from BAIDU, other Chinese investors are also looking for ways
to develop an AI chatbot just like ChatGPT.
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and Artificial Intelligence work for India” – Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi’s vision “AI
FOR ALL”. Speaking on this achievement, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology
(MeitY) Secretary Shri Alkesh Sharma said, “Artificial Intelligence is the most promising
technology in the digital age. India has a strong ecosystem and competitive advantage for
AI due to its massive data availability, strong digital economy and skilled workforce. India
has been working in the Applied AI with focus on Natural Language Processing, Image
Procession, Pattern Recognition, Agriculture, Medical Imaging, Education, Health Care,
Audio assistance, Robotics and developing solutions for the strategic sectors.” India will
pursue AI technology to empower citizens and organisation to solve the most pressing
problems of society and economy to make the world a better place.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Support for International Patent Protection in E&IT (SIP-EIT) Scheme: The Government had
initiated a scheme titled “Support for International Patent Protection in E&IT (SIP-EIT)
that encourages international patent filing by Indian MSMEs and start-ups to encourage
innovation and recognise the value and capabilities of global IP. Reimbursement provided
under the scheme is up to a maximum of Rs15 lakhs per invention or 50 per cent of the total
expenses incurred in filing and processing of patent application up to grant whichever is
lesser.
GENESIS (Gen-Next Support for Innovative Startups): Ministry of Electronics and Information
Technology (MeitY) has launched an umbrella program Digital India- GENESIS to discover,
support, grow and make successful startups in Tier-II and Tier-III cities with emphasis
on collaborative engagement among startups, government and corporates for promoting
digitisation based on the principals of inclusivity, accessibility, affordability, leading to
growth in employment and economic outputs.
Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) has joined hands with Indian Institute
of Technology, Bombay (IIT-Bombay) to develop a robust touchless biometric capture
system for easier usage by people anytime, anywhere. As part of the memorandum
of understanding, UIDAI and IIT Bombay will carry out joint research to build a mobile
capture system for fingerprints along with liveness model integrated with the capture
system. The touchless biometric capture system, once developed and operational, will
allow fingerprint authentication from home alike face authentication. The new system is
expected to capture multiple fingerprints at one go and aid authentication success rate
further. The new system once in place will be an addition to the existing facilities available
in the Aadhaar ecosystem. Such a system will use an intelligent combination of signal/
image processing and machine learning/deep learning with a common mobile phone
available to most citizens with a good user experience. This will be a step forward in
making Universal authenticator a reality. The collaboration between UIDAI and IIT Bombay
through its National Centre of Excellence in Technology for Internal Security (NCETIS) will
lead to joint engagement in research and development (R&D) for development of a system
for UIDAI. The NCETIS is a joint initiative by IIT Bombay and the Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology (MeitY), under its flagship Digital India Programme. The NCETIS is
aimed at developing indigenous technology solutions for Internal Security forces in broad
areas of Electronic System Design and Manufacturing.
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Working of digilocker: Citizens can scan and store the documents digitally. Each citizen
will be given 1 GB (gigabyte) of cloud storage. You can also store signed copies of the
documents using the eSign facility. Signing up for DigiLocker is easy and straightforward.
Download the app on your mobile phone. Your mobile number or Aadhaar number will
be authenticated by an OTP that you will receive. You will be required to set your PIN for
security purpose. Once the sign up is completed, you can get the documents from the
issuers or simply store it in your digital locker.
Benefits of DigiLocker
The initiative is aimed at developing paperless governance. DigiLocker offers the following
benefits to the users:
• Users can access their documents anytime, anywhere and share it within seconds.
• This will save a lot of time and efforts.
• It also cuts down the administrative overhead of government departments by reducing
the use of paper.
• As the documents are directly issued by the registered issuers, the process of validating
the authenticity of the documents become easier.
• It is environment-friendly, as users do not have to print the copies for verification of
their documents.
• Due to the digitalization of documents, the probability of financial frauds will also be
low as the documents will be stored in a secure manner.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Benefits :
• Hiding all the information on the masked Aadhar card or hiding the Aadhar number
has become extremely necessary now. Significant improvement in user security and
privacy as a direct result of masking will be generated through the Aadhaar card.
Which is the most important advantage of technology.
• We warn the user that the use of photo state copies of the original document may result
in the disclosure of the Aadhaar number. Through which danger can also arise.
• Under the masked Aadhar card, his numbers are hidden, and the last four digits are
displayed. UIDAI Aadhar card should be used with caution. Because in today’s time
more harm is being done than Aadhar cards. To eliminate this the government has
decided to issue Aadhar cards.
• Virtual ID (Aadhar) VID is a temporary, revocable 16-digit random number mapped
with the Aadhaar number. VID can be used in lieu of Aadhaar number whenever
authentication or e-KYC services are performed. Authentication may be performed
using VID in a manner similar to using Aadhaar number. It is not possible to derive
Aadhaar number from VID.
1. Cost effective with the implementation of big data collection in the data warehouse,
we can see it reduces the cost of the companies. For example, the use of big data
can reduce invoicemaking errors and improves processing execution timings.
2. Saves time with the use of big data the real-time analysis reports can be saved which
ultimately helps the companies to collect the data from multiple sources at a point
in time. And the inbuilt tools in software helps to quickly analyze the lump sum data
and give the prices conclusion. Using the conclusion and information collected in a
precise manner, companies further strategize their future policies or actions for the
benefit of the company.
3. Better understanding of market conditions with the right approach and thorough analysis
of software, we can have a near-perfect image of the prevailing market conditions.
With the imaginary picturesque view of the existing market conditions, we can find the
right kind of opportunities and take benefits out of it.
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For e.g – by analyzing the consumer purchasing data, companies’ management teams
can come to a conclusion setting discounts and improving the overall sales of the
company. This ultimately helps to target and grow the profit margin of the companies
in a huge way.
4. Social media filter: The big based companies are very sharp and keen on using the
data collected through social media platforms. This raw data is the biggest source of
income. Platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Youtube, Twitter, etc have inbuilt
tools that can read the user’s behavior on these platforms. They get to know the data
about the liking and disliking patterns of the user.
With partnering brands, they target the user with the preferred line of products on their
social media timeline. This overall increases the engagement and penetration of the
user from using social media to a loyal consumer of brands available online. Thus the
raw data collected by the social media companies act as the most resourceful tools to
earn the money in a long-term way.
5. Beat big competitors the potential of big data is a boon for small companies or companies
who have just started their journey in the market. With the use of sophisticated tools
based on business intelligence, we can get the right pattern of customer engagement
strategies. By doing this a small or new company can compete with the existing players
of the market very well and ultimately lands up with a greater scale of engagement of
customers with better retention.
6. Loyal customers: It is an evident fact that loyal customers are the golden goose for
any company or enterprise. The longevity of the customers and the retaining capacity
increase with the right approach by using big data. The services that are backed by
data analysis result in a loyal customer and everyone knows that loyalty is anytime a
better deal. Therefore with the right approach of data analysis, a company can earn
loyal customers and expect a sale from the consumer in the long term.
Business Intelligence
Businesses are moving at neck-breaking speeds and so is their competition. For these
businesses to have an edge in the market, every decision they make must be informed.
Irrespective of the industry, every business has access to a lot of data that they can
leverage to their advantage. But unfortunately, very few do. Business Intelligence (BI)
helps these businesses to use their data to their advantage by presenting the otherwise
unusable pile of data into an understandable and interpretable form. BI enables us to
combine the power of technology and business expertise to make fully informed decisions
and stay ahead of the competition.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
1. Ability to gain customer insights: With effective business intelligence, businesses can
better understand their customers by analyzing their buying patterns and creating user
profiles. This helps them to create better products and product experiences for their
customers. One example where a business can leverage the power of BI to understand
their customers is customer segmentation. Based on the types of products a customer
buys, when they buy, and how often they buy, customers could be classified into
different segments. These segments are used to give the customer an overall better
experience through customtailored product offers or custom reminders and many
more. This creates a win-win situation for both parties, as both the customer and the
business are benefitted from it.
2. Improved business operations visibility: Organizations that leverage business
intelligence will have better control over their business processes. They have better
visibility of what’s going on in the organization. Having an active vigilance over the
processes and standard procedures helps to rectify any error rather quickly. This also
helps the business to become prepared and not reactive. For example, for a logistics
company struggling with delayed deliveries, knowing where and why the delays
are happening, could prove quite valuable. This kind of insight into their business
operations could help the business to largely improve their services.
3. Get Actionable Insights: The most important thing while taking any business decision
is to have enough data to back the decision. With traditional reporting, it’s not as easy
and convenient to get actionable insights as it is with business intelligence. Actionable
insights are those metrics that actually enable you to take any action, rather than
just a ‘feels good to hear’ number. One example of an actionable metric is the % of
customers who abandon their carts rather than the number of transactions metric.
This metric gives us an idea of where the customers are dropping off and enables the
business to take the necessary action to try and reduce the cart abandonment rate.
4. Improved efficiency across the organization: Having a proper business intelligence
system in place considerably improves the efficiency of the overall organization. This
in turn positively impacts the overall revenue of the organization. By making meaningful
data accessible across various teams in the organization reduces the waiting time on
the report requests and increases the productivity of all teams in the company. Data
should be accessible by everyone and not be limited to a few privileged teams. This
helps everyone in the company to stay informed and make knowledgeable decisions.
5. Real-time data availability: A business intelligence system provides real-time data at
all times. This in turn reduces the risk of any possible human error while preparing
any critical data reports. Having access to real-time data enables the business to stay
informed about the health of the company at all times. This helps the organization to
take data-backed decisions every time they need to make one. No more waiting till the
report from the analytics team arrives!
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6. Better marketing efforts: A business intelligence system enables the marketing team of
the organization to create better marketing campaigns that provide better Return on
investment (ROI) by providing them a convenient way to access data regarding the
current and past campaigns. It also provides key metrics such as customer acquisition
cost (CAC), cost per lead (CPL), click-through rates of the campaigns (CTR), and
many other crucial metrics required for a successful marketing campaign.
7. Gives the business a competitive advantage: Apart from all the benefits of using
business intelligence, another great benefit of using BI is a competitive advantage.
Business Intelligence enables businesses to have insight into what their competitors
are doing and enables them to make informed and educated decisions for plans.
Also, a company that keeps an eye on its internal systems at all times, stays ahead of
a company that doesn’t. Encoding :In the Encoding method, data is transformed from
one form to another. The main aim of encoding is to transform data into a form that is
readable by most of the systems or that can be used by any external process. It can’t
be used for securing data, various publicly available algorithms are used for encoding.
How does online transaction through bank use SSL? Where does
AES256 use?
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology protects transactions between your Web site and
visitors. The protocol uses a third party, a Certificate Authority (CA), to identify one end or
both end of the transactions. This is in short how it works.
• A browser requests a secure page (usually https://).
• Once secure transaction is initiated. The web server sends its public key with its certificate.
• The browser checks that the certificate was issued by a trusted party (usually a trusted
CA such as COMODO), that the certificate is still valid and that the certificate is related
to the site contacted.
• The browser then uses the public key, to encrypt a random symmetric encryption key
and sends it to the server with the encrypted URL required as well as other encrypted
http data.
• The web server decrypts the symmetric encryption key using its private key and uses
the symmetric key to decrypt the URL and http data.
• The web server sends back the requested html document and http data encrypted
with the symmetric key.
• The browser decrypts the http data and html document using the symmetric key and
displays the information.
In addition to encryption security, SSL certificates gives important visual cues to website
visitor that they are in secure environment.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
AES256 Application::
Advanced Encryption Standard is one of the ways of encrypting information. AES is one of
the most trusted systems in the world. It's been widely adopted in multiple industries that
need extremely high levels of security.
AES-256, which has a key length of 256 bits, supports the largest bit size and is practically
unbreakable by brute force based on current computing power, making it the strongest
encryption standard.
India is emerging as one of the world's major electronic waste generators, posing
grave concerns to public health and environment alike. E-Waste is likely to increase
by nearly three times, from the existing 18 lakh metric tons to 55 lakh MT per annum by
2020 at a compound annual growth rate of about 30% in our country. Unlike any other
solid waste, e-Waste is hazardous in nature and needs to be disposedoff scientifically.
Informal processing of e-Waste can lead to adverse human health effects and
environmental pollution. Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics through
Pollution Control Board authorized Recyclers is the most effective solution to the
growing e-Waste problem.
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India is the "Third largest electronic waste producer in the world"; approximately 2 million
tons of e-waste are generated annually and an undisclosed amount of e-waste is imported
from other countries around the world.
Electronic scrap materials like CPUs consist of possibly harmful substances like lead,
beryllium, cadmium, or brominated flame retardants. The recycling and disposal of such
electronic waste involve great risk to the workers and communities. A lot of care must be
taken to prevent hazardous exposure in recycling operations. Care must also be taken to
prevent the leaking of harmful materials such as heavy metals from incinerator ashes and
landfills.
The Environment, Forest, and Climate Change Ministry (MoEF&CC) have announced
the E-Waste Management Rules 2016. These new rules replaced the earlier E-Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules of 2011.
The new Rules make for stricter norms and are a part of the government’s increased
commitment towards environmental governance.
Highlights of the new E-waste Management Rules 2016:
1. It includes CFLs or Compact Fluorescent Lamps as well as other lamps with mercury,
and similar equipment.
2. The Rules for the first time, bring producers under the ambit of the Extended Producer
Responsibility or EPR, together with the targets.
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3. Producers have been made accountable for e-waste collection and e-waste exchange
as well.
4. Additional stakeholders included are:
Manufacturers
Dealers
Refurbishers and Producer Responsibility Organizations.
5. Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other mercury-containing lamps have been
brought under the purview of the rules.
India’s Environment Ministry has notified rules targeting the wide range of groups like
hotels, residential colonies, bulk producers of consumer goods, ports, railway stations,
airports, and pilgrimage spots. This is to ensure that the solid waste generated in their
facilities is treated and recycled.
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Many believe that physical destruction is the best way to sanitise a storage media.
But physically destroying a device may make recyclable material retrieval difficult.
That’s why sanitising your device with data erasure software is the safest. But this
can’t be any data erasure software. You need a data erasure software that support
all major data sanitisation standards like NIST 800-88. BitRaser complies with NIST
800-88, and all other standards.
2. Collecting and transport:
In India, 95% of e-waste is processed by the informal sector, aka kabadiwalas.
Because of this, it is difficult to have a systematic collection process. The remaining
5% is what ends up in legal e-waste recycling facilities.
Ideally, you’re contributing to the 5% that gets recycled. You can find e-waste
collection centres in all major Indian cities. Once the recyclers collect the waste, it
gets transported to a recycling facility.
3. Shredding and Sorting:
We know that e-waste has multiple useful materials that can be harvested from it.
That’s why the third e-waste recycling step is to shred the waste.
Shredding breaks down the device into its separate components. Different materials
require different processes to retrieve and recycle. So then, the components are
sorted based on the core material.
4. Extraction and Separation:
After this beings the process where the core materials are separated from the larger
components. Widely, there are three processes the components go through.
Dust Extraction: Dust is separated from the component by a shaking process.
This process also breaks down the component further. So the next step becomes
easier.
Magnetic Separation: A strong magnet separates iron from the component. These
metals are then taken to a different place to recycle.
After magnetic separation, materials like plastic, aluminium, and copper are left
behind. These materials are what move on to the next step.
Water Separation: This E-waste recycling step helps separate glass from plastic.
The glass is then transported to smelting units where it’s used to produce other
goods. Any remaining fragments are handpicked.
5. Material Recovery:
The separated fragments are sorted according to the material type. The core
material then goes on to be treated and recovered from the fragment.
The components that can be recovered: E-waste contains many precious metals
and other elements that can be recycled. Here’s a list of the materials that can be
recovered from e-waste.
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Glass - from Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT). CRTs are present in computer monitors
and TVs.
Mercury - this element is present in flat-screen monitors, fluorescent tubes, and tilt
switches.
Precious metals - Metals like gold, copper, tin, and silver are found in circuit boards.
Only accredited processing centres are allowed to recover these metals.
Aluminium - Hard disks contain aluminium ingots. These can be used in automobile
manufacturing.
Metals - A host of metals can be recovered from e-waste. Cadmium, nickel, and
cobalt are present in batteries. They can be reused to make batteries. Other metals
like steel and iron are also recovered from e-waste.
Plastic - Toners, ink cartridges and many other e-waste contain plastic in them. The
recovered plastic can be used to make trays, fence posts, and insulators amongst
many other things.
6. Preparing recycled material for sale:
The raw materials recovered at stage 5 of the recycling process get prepared for sale.
It usually goes out at raw materials. And specific plants treat them the way they need.
Most of the raw materials get converted back into electronics. But materials like plastic
or mercury often get used in other items as well.
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1. Multiple media such as TV/ Radio (including FM radio)/ Social Media/local media/SMS
and IVR message may be used for publicizing the early warning and IEC material.
2. Special Radio talks and TV shows may be organised by state and IMD Officials during
the season. IEC material should be publicized to eradicate the myth through Folk/
music programme at public places like market playground religious places, fishing
harbours etc.
3. WhatsApp has emerged as a very effective and fast medium o communication. State
Health and Disaster Management Departments may form WhatsApp groups of specific
states/districts/blocks/cluster of villages for dissemination of messages with following
broad flow scheme.
(a) State level groups may have the minister/s. Chief Secretary. Secretaries &other
officers of concerned departments. DMS & District Health Officers of all the districts
and Red Cross and state functionaries of Indian Medical Association (IMA).
(b) The DMs & District Health Officers may have district specific groups with officials
of all concerned departments of the districts. Municipal corporations/Committees.
IMD. Red Cross. IMS. NGOS & hospitals at the district level and officials of all
concerned departments of the tehsils/talukas/blocks in the district.
(c) Tehsils/talukas/block level groups may have officials of all concerned departments
of the tehsils/talukas/blocks. Gram Pradhans/Panchayat Secretaries, doctors of
primary, secondary & private hospitals and NGOs. Red Cross. IMA and other
active/progressive individuals in the block, Village level self- help groups, village
level women societies such as Anganwadis etc.
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Doppler radar : It is a specialized radar that uses the Doppler effect to produce velocity
data about objects at a distance
Doppler effect: When the source and the signal are in relative motion to each other there is
a change in the frequency observed by the observer. If they are moving closer frequency
increases and vice versa.
• It does this by bouncing a microwave signal off a desired target and analyzing how the
object’s motion has altered the frequency of the returned signal.
• This variation gives direct and highly accurate measurements of the radial component
of a target’s velocity relative to the radar.
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SpaceX is the third company to seek GMPCS permit in the country. The other two companies
that have been granted GMPCS licences are Bharti Group backed Oneweb and Reliance
Jio Infocomm's satellite arm.Jio Satellite Communications. The licence is offered to the
companies by the government allowing them to offer satellite communication services in
licensed service areas.
Benefit of starlink:
This would supplement terrestrial connectivity and besides become the primary means of
accessing the Internet in large parts of India that are difficult to reach via terrestrial cables
or microwave links hopping across towers.
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It will help in better disaster management as real-time data on location and movement
of people and vehicles can be used for effective rescue and relief operations. NavIC
satellites are placed at a higher orbit than the GPS of United States. NavIC satellites are
placed in geostationary orbit (GEO) & geosynchronous orbit (GSO) with an altitude of
about 36,000 km: GPS satellites are placed in medium earth orbit (MEO) with an altitude
of about 20,000 km.
Undefined Missions – which include missions which are still in planning stage namely
Mangalyaan-2 (or Mars Orbiter Mission-2 in 2022), Lunar Polar Exploration (or Chandrayaan-3
in 2024), Venus mission (in 2023), Exoworlds (exploration outside the solar system in 2028).
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About Xposat: The X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (or Xposat), is ISRO’s dedicated mission to
study polarization. It will launch in 2020. It will be a five-year mission and will study cosmic
radiation. It will be carrying a payload named ‘polarimeter instrument in X-rays’ (POLIX)
made by Raman Research Institute. POLIX will study the degree and angle of polarisation
of bright X-ray sources in the energy range 5-30 keV. The spacecraft will be placed in a
circular 500-700km orbit.
Objectives: It will study the sun’s outermost layers, the corona and the chromospheres and
collect data about coronal mass ejection, which will also yield information for space weather
prediction. Significance of the mission: The data from Aditya mission will be immensely
helpful in discriminating between different models for the origin of solar storms and also
for constraining how the storms evolve and what path they take through the interplanetary
space from the Sun to the Earth. Position of the satellite: In order to get the best science
from the sun, continuous viewing of the sun is preferred without any occultation/ eclipses
and hence, Aditya- L1 satellite will be placed in the halo orbit around the Lagrangian point
1 (L1) of the sunearth system.
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Benefits:
• This system allows all NFSA beneficiaries, particularly migrant beneficiaries, to claim
either full or part foodgrains from any Fair Price Shop (FPS) in the country through
existing ration card with biometric/Aadhaar authentication in a seamless manner.
• The system also allows their family members back home. If any to claim the balance
foodgrains on same the ration card.
Implementation plan:
Under this plan, the distribution of highly subsidized food grains is enabled through
nation-wide portability of ration cards through the implementation of IT-driven system by
installation of ePoS devices at FPSS, seeding of Aadhaar number of beneficiaries with
their ration cards and operationalisation of biometrically authenticated ePoS transactions
in the State/UTS. Beneficiaries can quote either their ration card number or the Aadhaar
number to any Fair Price Shop's dealer across the country.
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Anyone in the family, who have seeded Aadhaar in the ration card can undergo authentication
and lift the ration. There is no need to share or carry the ration card or Aadhaar card with
ration dealer to avail the benefit. Beneficiaries can undergo Aadhaar authentication by
using their finger prints or iris based identification.
The One Nation One Ration Card facility was started as inter- State portability of ration cards
in 4 States w.e.f. August 2019. As on February 2022. 35 states/UTs have implemented the
scheme.
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with TeXMIN, ISM, Dhanbad under the ‘National programme on Electronics and ICT
applications in Agriculture and Environment (AgriEnIcs)’ has developed a outdoor air
quality monitoring station to monitor environmental pollutants which includes parameters
like PM 1.0, PM 2.5, PM 10.0, SO2, NO2, CO, O2, ambient temperature, relative humidity
etc., for continuous air quality analysis of the environment.
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To attract and incentivise large investments in the electronics value chain and promote
exports, following three Schemes have been notified under the aegis of NPE 2019:
• Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI) for Large scale Electronics Manufacturing
was notified on April 01, 2020 to provide an incentive of 4 per cent to 6 per cent to
eligible companies on incremental sales (over base year) involved in mobile phone
manufacturing and manufacturing of specified electronic components, including
Assembly, Testing, Marking and Packaging (ATMP) units.
• Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI) for IT Hardware was notified on March
03, 2021 to provide an incentive of 4 per cent to 2 per cent/1 per cent on net
incremental sales (over base year) of goods manufactured in India and covered
under the target segment, to eligible companies, for a period of four years. The
Target Segment under PLI Scheme includes (i) Laptops (ii) Tablets (iii) All-in-One
PCs and (iv) Servers.
• Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and
Semiconductors (SPECS) was notified on April 01, 2020 to provide financial incentive
of 25 per cent on capital expenditure for the identified list of electronic goods
that comprise downstream value chain of electronic products, i.e., electronic
components, semiconductor/display fabrication units, ATMP units, specialised
subassemblies and capital goods for manufacture of aforesaid goods.
• Modified Electronics Manufacturing Clusters (EMC 2.0) Scheme was notified on April
01, 2020 to provide support for creation of world class infrastructure along with
common facilities and amenities, including Ready Built Factory (RBF) sheds/Plug
and Play facilities for attracting major global electronics manufacturers along with
their supply chain to set up units in the country. The Scheme provides financial
assistance for setting up of both EMC projects and Common Facility Centres
(CFCs) across the country.
• Program for Development of Semiconductors and Display Manufacturing Ecosystem:
To widen and deepen electronics manufacturing, the Union Cabinet on December
15, 2021, approved a comprehensive program with an outlay of Rs 76,000 crore
for the development of Semiconductors and Display manufacturing ecosystem.
With the approval of Cabinet, this Programme has been recently modified on
September 21, 2022. The modified programme offers Fiscal Support of 50 per
cent of project cost uniformly for semiconductor fabs across the technology nodes
as well
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2. Dhruva (BARC): The reactor operated at very high availability factors and about 4000
samples are irradiated in last eight years, apart from studies in nuclear and allied
sciences by national institutes and Universities.
3. IGCAR / FBTR (Fast Breeder Test Reactor): Using the indigenously designed and
developed fuel of Uranium Carbide and Plutonium Carbide FBTR attained its rated
capacity of 40MWt and is connected to the grid, producing 10 MWe. The cumulative
Effective Full Power Days (EFPD) of operation is 128 days and the electrical energy
produced is 23.5 million units this year (2022) and in the period 2014-2022 a total of
75.8 million units of electrical energy has been produced.
4. IGCAR / Metal Fuel Pin Fabrication Facility: Sodium bonded metal fuel pin fabrication facility
with high purity inert atmosphere glove box train has been established. Metal fuel pins
of U-Pu-Zr were fabricated and the test fuel pins are undergoing irradiation at FBTR. The
facility was dedicated to the nation in May’2018 by the Honourable President of India.
5. Power Generation:
(i) NPCIL/ Completion of 53 years of operation of TAPS 1&2, oldest reactors In
operation In the world.
(ii) NPCIL/ Operation of about 582 reactor years so far.
(iii) NPCIL/Setting of World Record of 962 days of continuous operation by KGS-1;
Continuous Operation of RAPS-5 for 765 days (more than 2 years); Continuous
Operation of 777 days by RAPS-3; Continuous operation of 852 days of NAPS- 2;
Continuous operation of Indian nuclear power reactors for more than a year 42
times so far;
(iv) NPCIL/ CAPEX of Rs. 14235 crore in 2021-22.
(v) NPCIL/ CAPEX of Rs. 14235 crore in 2021-22.
(vi) NPCIL/ CSR expenditure of Rs. 101.96 crore.
6. Radio-isotope Production:
(i) BARC/ Significant contributions towards indigenous development and clinical
translation of a number of radiopharmaceutical agents for cancer treatment at
an affordable cost. These include 177Lu-DOTA-TATE, 177Lu-PSMA-617, 177Lu-
EDTMP, 177Lu-DOTMP, 90Y-hydroxyapatite micro-particles and so on. Three
different formulations of Yttrium-90 were developed and deployed.
(ii) BARC/ Working on the philosophy of wealth from waste, about 1 lakh Ci of Cs was
recovered and about 6 kg of this has been converted to pencils for irradiation.
(iii) BARC/ BRIT Technology for recovery of 106Ru from nuclear waste and fabrication
of 106Ru containing silver plaque (circular configuration) has been successfully
developed for eye cancer treatment. These plaques were supplied to hospitals
including AIIMS, Delhi.
(iv) BRIT/ Cs-137 based Blood Irradiator, as an alternate to Co-60 based Blood
Irradiator, was developed and introduced. The same has much longer useful life
compared to Co-60 blood irradiator.
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7. Cancer Care
(i) TMC/ Registering close to 80,000 new patients and over 650,000 follow ups
annually at Mumbai alone, it provides high quality cancer care to patients from
across the country regardless of socio economic status and their ability to pay;
more than 60% of patients are treated almost free of cost.
(ii) TMC/ At National Level
(a) The National Cancer Grid - Created in 2012 with the broad vision of creating
uniform standards of cancer care across India. Eight years later, it has grown
into the world’s largest cancer network with 287 members, comprising cancer
centres, research institutes, patient advocacy groups, charitable organizations
and professional societies. Between the member organizations of the NCG, the
network treats over 750,000 new patients with cancer annually, which is over 60%
of all of India’s cancer burden.
(b) The NCG also partners with the Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya
Yojana (AB-PMJAY) in ensuring evidence-based cancer care and rationalizing
tariff packages under the scheme. The NCG’s work on Patient Health Records
(PHR) was extensively used in the National Health Authority’s National Digital
Health Mission (NDHM) recently launched by the Prime Minister.
(c) TMC has embarked on a major expansion plan that will quadruple its patient care
capabilities as well as broaden its geographic presence in the country. TMC has
now expanded to six other hospitals located in Varanasi (2), Guwahati, Sangrur,
Vishakapatnam, Chandigarh and Muzaffarpur.
(d) The centre is offering technical assistance to various state government for
strengthening their cancer care such as – Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West
Bengal, Jammu & Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
(e) ACTREC, which had 100 beds till last year, has expanded to 500 beds this year
(will expand to 900 beds by mid 2023), and will offer cutting-edge treatment
with dedicated facilities for solid tumor chemotherapy, hematolymphoid cancers
management, treatment with radionuclide isotopes, and the first Proton Beam
therapy unit with three gantries in India and the first in the government sector.
(f) Starting from 740 beds in 2017, TMC has grown to 2450 beds (in 2022) and will
further increase its capacity to 2700 beds by mid 2023. Currently, TMC treats
about 125,000 new patients with cancer annually (approximately 10% of all of
India’s cancer burden).
(j) The hub and spoke model of cancer care has been successfully implemented
in Punjab and in Uttar Pradesh. This has been endorsed by the parliamentary
committee on science and technology in 325th report, and the Parliamentary
Standing Committee Health and Family Welfare in its 139th report.
8. TMC/ At International Level
• With the creation of NCG “Vishwam” the international component of the NCG, the
network is rapidly being acknowledged as one of the most influential organizations
in global cancer care.
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• The Low cost implementable research outputs at TMC has changed cancer care
globally especially in Africa and developing world where it has become part of
implementable guidelines. Three new studies in breast cancer were presented
this year alone which have used low cost and indigenous interventions to improve
survival significantly and has the potential to save over 100,000 lives when
implemented globally.
9. Nuclear Agriculture and Application of Radiation technology for food processing/
preservation
• BARC/ Till date BARC has developed & released 55 crop varieties for cultivation
including the varieties of groundnut, mung dal, pigeon pea, Urid dal, mustard,
soybean, cowpea, rice, jute and sunflower. 13 new seed varieties were released.
• BARC/ Eco-friendly and biodegradable BARC-hydrogel has been further improved
to achieve water absorption up to 550 times of its own weight.
• BARC/ 13 Food irradiation plants have been set up. Litchi Treatment plant based
upon BARC-DAE technology was commissioned at National Research Centre on
Litchi, ICAR located at Mushahari, Muzaffarpur, Bihar on 29th May 2017. Food
preservation technologies developed for Jamun product, Sprouts & Sweet Corn
Kernels, Stuffed Baked Food, Intermediate moisture shrimp, Fish soup powder
have recently been transferred to different firms for commercial deployment.
Gamma radiation technology was used to extend shelf life of 28 tons of potatoes
from typical 100 days to eight months while retaining all quality attributes.
10. Technology Transfer
(i) BARC/ Handheld low cost 12-Channel Tele-ECG Instrument, suitable for rural
health care was developed. The instrument can be operated using Mobile phones
via Bluetooth.
(ii) BARC/ Radiation Hygienisation Technology for Converting Sewage Sludge into
Organic Manure - First facility of capacity 100 tons/day has been constructed at
Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) plant was inaugurated in
2019; 2nd plant coming-up at Indore MoU signed with Pune Municipal Corporation
for 3rd unit.
(iii) BARC/ Bhabha Kavach - A series of specially designed Bullet Proof Jackets
(BPJs) that utilize indigenously developed Hot-Pressed Boron Carbide (HPBC)
and Carbon Nanotube (CNT) technologies. The technology for manufacture of
Bhabha Kavach was transferred to M/s MIDHANI in April 2017 and 3 more reputed
companies. Level III+ Bhabha Kavach successfully qualified tests for the Central
Armed Police team and the BSF team and successfully tested boron carbide-CNT
impregnated polymer composite ballistic armour for Level IV threat.
(iv) BARC/ Nisargruna - Technology for Hygienic Processing & Disposal of Solid
Biodegradable Waste: Nisargruna was implemented in many cities including
Matheran Municipal council as a part of Swacchha Bharat Abhiyan. Kannur village
in Kerala has installed 1000 kg of waste per day Nisargruna plant. Nisarguna plant
produced biogas is used as a fuel in kitchen.
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(v) BARC/ Water Treatment technologies – Deployed in many villages in the state of
Maharashtra, West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
(vi) BARC/ Thermal seawater desalination technology based on Multi Effect Distillation-
Thermal Vapour Compression - technology transferred to two entrepreneurs.
11. Civil Nuclear Cooperation:
Civil Nuclear cooperation agreement for peaceful application of nuclear energy were
signed with Japan, Great Britain, Vietnam, Bangladesh.
Tripartite MoU signed between Russia, Bangladesh and India for establishing Nuclear
Power Plant in Bangladesh.
Nuclear Research & Development cooperation agreement signed with Canada.
In the final stage, a mix of thorium and uranium fuels the reactors. The thorium transmutes
to U-233 as in the second stage, which powers the reactor. Fresh thorium can replace the
depleted thorium in the reactor core, making it essentially a thoriumfuelled reactor even
though it is the U-233 that is undergoing fission to produce electricity.
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BharatNet Project:
• National Optical Fibre Network (NoFN) which is now renamed as BharatNet project
was launched in 2012.
• The project aims to provide affordable broadband services to citizens and institutions
in rural and remote areas, in partnership with States and the private sector.
• It involves connecting all the 2,50,000 Gram Panchayats in the country to the block
headquarters for provision of both bandwidth and dark fibre on a universal and non-
discriminatory basis.
• The network is capable of providing scalable bandwidth of up to 1 GBPS.
• The entire project is being funded by Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF), which
was set up for improving telecom services in rural and remote areas of the country.
• Bharat Broadband Nigam Ltd(BBNL) was created as the special purpose vehicle
created to execute the project.
• BharatNet will now extend up to all inhabited villages beyond the gram panchayats
(GPs) in the said states.
• Over 3.6 lakh villages over 16 states of the country will be covered under the expanded
BharatNet programme.
• The revised strategy includes creation, upgradation, operation, maintenance and
utilisation of BharatNet by the concessionaire who will be selected by a competitive
international bidding process.
• The states to be covered under the revised plan are Kerala, Karnataka, Rajasthan,
Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal,
Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.
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The Mission will have wide ranging benefits- creation of export opportunities for Green
Hydrogen and its derivatives; Decarbonisation of industrial, mobility and energy sectors;
reduction in dependence on imported fossil fuels and feedstock; development of indigenous
manufacturing capabilities; creation of employment opportunities; and development of
cutting-edge technologies. India’s Green Hydrogen production capacity is likely to reach
at least 5 MMT per annum, with an associated renewable energy capacity addition of
about 125 GW. The targets by 2030 are likely to bring in over Rs. 8 lakh crore investments
and create over 6 lakh jobs. Nearly 50 MMT per annum of CO2 emissions are expected to
be averted by 2030.
The Mission will facilitate demand creation, production, utilization and export of Green
Hydrogen. Under the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition Programme
(SIGHT), two distinct financial incentive mechanisms – targeting domestic manufacturing
of electrolysers and production of Green Hydrogen – will be provided under the Mission.
The Mission will also support pilot projects in emerging end-use sectors and production
pathways. Regions capable of supporting large scale production and/or utilization of
Hydrogen will be identified and developed as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
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PARAKH is to function under NCERT. NCERT is the National Council of Education Research
and Training. In fact, PARAKH was launched by NCERT.
Functions of PARAKH
• PARAKH is to function in three major areas namely examination reforms, schoolbased
assessments, and large scale assessments
• It will work with international organizations and education boards PARAKH will conduct
National Achievement Survey
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LLaMA is a large language model developed by META that is similar to ChatGPT. The main
objective of the model is to assist researchers in the field of AI. LLaMA is the third large
language model developed by META. The first was Glactica, and the second was Blender.
However, unlike its predecessors, LLaMA requires fewer resources and computing power.
LLaMA is yet to be released in the market, and only the research paper has been published.
However, the announcement of the launch was made in a grand Mark Zuckerberg style,
creating a buzz in the industry.
Objective of LLaMA
While LLaMA works almost like ChatGPT, its main objective is to assist researchers in their
work. LLaMA can fetch information from the research field, making it a valuable tool for
researchers. META aims to establish its top position in the world of chats by creating its
own chatbot.
Working Principle
The micro LED uses Indium Gallium Nitride semiconductors. In micro LEDs, each pixel
can be turned ON or turned OFF. This cannot be done with conventional LEDs. Therefore,
you get perfect colour control and contrast with micro-LED displays. The life of micro LEDs
is longer. They can emit light continuously for more than 100,000 hours. That is, non-stop
use for 11 years!
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The LCD displays in the market today use LED as backing light and a liquid crystal layer
to create the image. The image is created by blocking the light on the crystal wherever
required. There are no such complications with micro LEDs. Each and every LED on the
screen can be controlled. Therefore, the image resolution is high, response time is less
and power consumption is less.
In Simple Terms
X and Y are conversing. X sends “Hi”. Y receives and replies “Hello”. Now before receiving
Y’s Hello, X sends another message “How are you”. Now “Hello” from Y and “How are
you” from X have a clash. Either one has to wait. This waiting is not there in two-way
communication. Conversations occur just because you speak on phone.
The two-way messaging system is supported by the Iridium satellite constellation. The
Iridium constellation was launched by the Iridium communication-based in the US. The
main purpose of the satellites is to provide L-band data, mostly voice data. And is being
widely used in satellite phones.
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The objective of the conclave was to provide an excellent opportunity to learn about the
latest advancements in quantum communication technologies. Experts from industries,
academia, R&D centers, and government deliberated possible applications of Quantum
Technologies in building a secure communication infrastructure.
During the event, the standards on the ‘Test Guide of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) System’
and ‘Quantum-Safe and Classical Cryptography System’ were released. These standards
seek to provide a framework for the development of secure communication systems.
Copilot
Microsoft unveiled its latest artificial intelligence (AI) integration with Microsoft 365 Copilot.
Designed to boost workplace productivity, the Copilot combines the “power of large
language models with business data and the Microsoft 365 apps to unleash creativity,
unlock productivity and uplevel skills,” according to a press statement.
Copilot works like an assistant and has been integrated with popular everyday apps
such as Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, and Teams, so users can easily access it.
Additionally, Microsoft has launched Business Chat to work alongside your Microsoft 365
apps and data such as calendar emails, chats, documents, meetings, and contacts to
enhance the experience and make it easier and faster.
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With Copilot, users can use prompts such as “tell your team how you updated a product
strategy,” and it will generate an update based on the morning’s meetings, emails, and
chat threads. According to Microsoft, this will “fundamentally transform the way we work”
and will turn your words into the “most powerful productivity tool on the planet.”
Copilot has been built to free up space and help people focus better on the tasks at hand.
In Microsoft Word, it writes, summarises, and creates along with the user. It can give you a
draft to edit or use as a starting point. Although Microsoft acknowledges Copilot might not
always be right, it will help you save sourcing, writing, and editing time.
In PowerPoint, users can create vivid presentations with a single prompt and then add
relevant content. In Excel, Copilot will help create data visualizations in a matter of seconds
and identify trends. Additionally, clearing your inbox won’t leave you drained, as Copilot
can do that for you in minutes and help you manage it so that you can focus on the
communication part. With the Copilot in Power Platform, you can automate repetitive tasks,
create chatbots, and turn an idea into a working app in minutes.
Copilot is currently being tested with select commercial customers. While it is still in its
testing phase, the potential for the integration is enormous, with the ability to fundamentally
transform the way we work and boost productivity in the workplace. It has the potential to
save users countless hours, allowing them to focus on what’s important while still getting
the job done quickly and efficiently. With Copilot, Microsoft is taking a significant step
towards revolutionizing the way we work with technology.
What is GPT-4?
OpenAI has made a major announcement that has generated a lot of buzz in the artificial
intelligence (AI) community. The company has unveiled its latest creation, GPT- 4, a large
multimodal model that can process both text and image inputs. This new language model is
an upgrade from its predecessor, GPT-3, which was already groundbreaking in its own right.
GPT-4 has been designed to solve difficult problems with greater accuracy and demonstrate
human-level performance on various professional and academic benchmarks. The
language model is so powerful that it can pass a simulated bar exam with a score that
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places it around the top 10% of test-takers. Additionally, GPT-4 can answer complex tax-
related questions, schedule a meeting among three busy people, or even learn a user’s
creative writing style.
GPT-4 has an impressive capacity to handle over 25,000 words of text. This is a significant
improvement from GPT-3, which could only handle up to 2,048 words of text. This capacity
makes it ideal for processing long-form content such as research papers, books, and
even legal documents.
One of the most exciting features of GPT-4 is its ability to understand languages that are
not English. This makes it an ideal language model for processing texts in languages such
as Chinese, Arabic, and French, among others. This feature is a significant improvement
from GPT-3, which was mainly designed to handle English texts.
The potential applications of GPT-4 are numerous, and the technology has the potential
to transform various industries. For instance, GPT-4 can be used in the legal industry to
process legal documents and contracts, which can save time and increase efficiency.
Additionally, the language model can be used in the medical field to process medical
records and help doctors diagnose diseases accurately.
Rather than letting it become space debris for over 100 years, ISRO is using its remaining
on board fuel to precisely maneuver the satellite for a controlled atmospheric re-entry,
predicted to splash down in the Pacific Ocean. ISRO involved experts across multiple
domains to plan and ensure safe execution of the re-entry, given the satellite’s age and
the risks of accidental break-up in space. This is in line with ISRO’s commitments to the
UN Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee. The UN requires the de-orbiting
of end-of-life satellites.
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What is Megha-Tropiques-1?
The Megha Tropiques was launched in 2011. The main objective of the satellite mission
was to study the water cycle. The satellite was developed by ISRO and CNES. During its
operation, the satellite studied the water cycle in the tropical atmosphere and how climate
change will affect the water cycle.
GEWEX. Global Energy and Water Exchanges project. The Megha-Tropiques was
designed based on the GEWEX. It was a research project of the World Climate Research
Programme. GEWEX did a wide analysis of aerosols in the atmosphere. It brought results
on surface radiation, global precipitation, and how water cycle has changed in the last
decade, etc. It also studied the boundary layers in the atmosphere.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has launched a new mission called “Har Payment Digital”
as part of its efforts to make every Indian a user of digital payments. The initiative was
launched during Digital Payments Awareness Week and aims to reinforce the ease and
convenience of digital payments, while also onboarding new users. Also, the central bank
has started an initiative to adopt 75 villages and transform them into digital payment-
enabled villages. These villages are to be adopted by payment system operators.
Banks and payment system operators will promote the Har Payment Digital campaign
and highlight the various payment channels available. The RBI’s Regional Offices will also
promote the acceptance and use of digital payments through the Jan Bhagidari activities
as part of this initiative.
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What is ITEP?
The ITEP aims to provide cutting-edge pedagogy, foundational literacy and numeracy,
early childhood care and education, inclusive education, and an understanding of India’s
values, ethos, art, and traditions, among other things. Prospective teachers passing out
of this course will be equipped with 21st-century global standards to shape the future of
New India. The course will save students one year by completing it in 4 years instead of 5.
Benefits of ITEP
It will provide cutting-edge pedagogy. This means it will provide the latest technologies
used in teaching methods and teaching practices. Also, it will establish foundational
literacy and aid in Early Childhood Care and Education. (ECCE)
PSLV-C55/TeLEOS-2 Mission
ISRO successfully launched the PSLV-C55/TeLEOS-2 mission to send two Singaporemade
satellite into space. An Orbital Experimental module was also launched as part of this
mission to carry out tests in the space vacuum.
TeLEOS-2 and Lumelite-4 are the two Singapore-made satellites that were launched
aboard the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre
in Sriharikota. TeLEOS-2, weighing 741 kg, is a commercial Earth Observation satellite
developed by the Government of Singapore and Singapore Technologies Engineering
Limited. Lumelite-4, on the other hand, is a small, 16 kg satellite developed by the
Singapore-based ST Engineering Geo-Insights Pte Ltd, with the purpose of augmenting
the maritime safety of the city-state.
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PSLV-C55 Mission
The PSLV-C55 mission, under which the two satellites were launched, is significant in more
ways than one. It marks ISRO’s first commercial mission of the year 2022, and also its first
mission to use the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM) – a spent fourth stage of the
launch vehicle that has been repurposed as an experimental platform for scientific experiments.
The POEM is carrying seven non-separable payloads, including the Navigation Guidance
and Control (NGC) system, which will be used for attitude stabilization, and the Starberry
Sense Payload developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, which is a low-cost device
to accurately identify and measure star positions in space. Other payloads carried by the
POEM include PiLOT (PSLV In orbitaL OBC and Thermals), an OBC package from IIST; ARIS-
2 (Advanced Retarding Potential analyser for Ionospheric Studies) experiment from IIST; HET-
based ARKA200 Electric Propulsion System from Bellatrix; DSOD-3U and DSOD-6U deployer
units along with the DSOL-Transceiver in S- & X- bands from Dhruva Space.
What is XPoSat?
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Raman Research Institute (RRI),
Bengaluru, have joined hands to embark on an exciting mission known as the X-Ray
Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat). This collaborative effort aims to delve into the dynamics of
bright astronomical X-ray sources, shedding light on their behavior and characteristics.
A World of Exploration
While XPoSat marks India’s first venture into polarimetry missions, it is worth mentioning
that NASA launched the world’s second polarimetry mission called the Imaging X-ray
Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) in 2021. IXPE, equipped with advanced telescopes, allows
scientists to observe polarized X-rays emitted by neutron stars and supermassive black
holes. Similarly, XPoSat seeks to unlock the secrets of X-ray sources by studying their
polarization and understanding the geometry and inner workings of these luminous objects.
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Under the new policy, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will focus on research
and development of advanced space technologies. The private players’ participation in
the space sector is crucial to increase India’s current share of less than two per cent in the
global space economy to 10 per cent in the future.
Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (In-Space) serves as a liaison
between ISRO and private sector enterprises. In-Space will enable private players to
participate in the space sector by offering a simplified regulatory environment for private
entities’ operations. The policy’s approval is expected to pave the way for the Indian space
sector’s privatization and contribute to the country’s economic growth.
Raccoon Stealer
In a recent cyberattack, eight Central government entities, including central paramilitary forces
and the Income Tax department, were targeted by the Raccoon Stealer malware. The attack
was brought to the attention of the affected agencies by the National Technical Research
Organisation (NTRO), a specialized intelligence agency under the National Security Advisor.
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The primary objective of Akira ransomware is to steal vital personal information from its
victims. This sensitive data can include financial records, personal identification details,
and confidential documents. The attackers then leverage this information to extort money
from the victims.
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The ransomware group behind Akira is known to access victim environments through
Virtual Private Network (VPN) services. This is particularly effective in cases where users
have not enabled multi-factor authentication, making them vulnerable to attacks.
The primary purpose of Akira ransomware is financial gain. By encrypting data and holding
it hostage, the attackers aim to extort money from their victims in exchange for restoring
access to their systems and sensitive information.
Daam is a malicious software that possesses the capability to infiltrate Android devices
and gain unauthorized access to various sensitive components, including call records,
contacts, history, and even the device’s camera.
The Daam malware primarily spreads through third-party websites or applications obtained
from untrusted or unknown sources. By luring users into downloading and installing infected
files, the malware manages to bypass security checks implemented on Android devices.
Once the Daam malware successfully bypasses the security check, it starts its nefarious
activities. Its primary objective is to compromise sensitive data stored on the targeted
device, such as call records and history. Additionally, Daam can modify device passwords,
leaving users vulnerable to unauthorized access and control.
Daam utilizes the AES (advanced encryption standard) encryption algorithm to encode
files present on the victim’s device. This encryption process results in the deletion of non-
encrypted files, leaving only the encrypted ones with the “.enc” extension. Victims also
receive a ransom note, typically named “readme_now.txt,” which serves as a demand for
payment in exchange for restoring access to the compromised files.
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Characteristics of a Supercapacitor
Supercapacitors are known for their fast charging/discharging cycle, high power density,
and longer lifecycle. These electrochemical charge storage devices provide efficient and
reliable energy storage solutions.
The EMF radiation emitted from mobile tower antennas and mobile handsets is in the form
of RF or Electromagnetic energy. It is important to note that this type of energy is non-
ionizing and has very low levels of energy.
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The responsibility of maintaining safe limits for EMF radiation lies with the Department
of Telecommunication (DoT) and Telecom Service Providers (TSPs). These entities have
adopted stricter norms for safety, which are 10 times more stringent than the norms
prescribed by ICNIRP as recommended by WHO. Regular testing of radiation from working
mobile towers is carried out by the field units of DoT Delhi on a sample basis, covering up
to 5 percent of the total working mobile towers (BTS) annually.
Access to Information
Electronic interlocking is a crucial safety measure in the railway system. Its primary
purpose is to prevent conflicting movements between trains by ensuring that signals are
not changed in an improper sequence. This system aims to ensure that trains receive a
signal to proceed only when the route is proven safe.
The tragic train accident in Balasore was caused by a change in electronic interlocking.
The accident had occurred due to a change that took place during the electronic
interlocking process. An investigation is underway to determine the details and identify
those responsible.
The Commissioner of Railway Safety has been assigned the responsibility of investigating
the train accident. This body will conduct a thorough examination of the incident, gather
evidence, and determine the factors that contributed to the accident.
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Tragically, the train accident resulted in the loss of 288 lives, with over 1000 people
injured. The incident involved three different trains: Bengaluru-Howrah Superfast Express,
Coromandel Express, and a goods train. Seventeen coaches of the passenger trains were
derailed and suffered severe damage.
The rescue operations were carried out with the assistance of multiple units. Seven
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) teams, five Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force
(ODRAF) units, and 24 Fire Services and Emergency units actively participated in the
rescue and relief efforts.
The primary purpose of the APT meeting in Brisbane is to deliberate and finalize the
deployment of the 6 GHz spectrum band for 5G services in India. This decision holds
significant importance as the 6 GHz spectrum band offers internet speeds up to 10
Gbps, enabling faster and more efficient communication networks. The meeting aims to
build momentum and collective support from all Region 3 nations to embrace the 6 GHz
spectrum for a cost-effective rollout of 5G services.
The APT meeting will witness participation from crucial Region 3 member nations, which
include India, China, South Korea, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, and
New Zealand. This diverse group of countries in the Asia-Pacific region plays a vital role in
driving ICT policy and regulatory coordination, making the meeting a significant platform
for crucial discussions regarding 5G deployment.
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Bharat 6G Alliance
The Telecom sector is a dynamic and rapidly evolving industry with continuous technological
advancements. To spearhead the development of indigenous technology and take the lead
in 6G technology, the Bharat 6G Alliance (B6GA) has emerged as a crucial collaborative
platform.
The primary objective of the Bharat 6G Alliance is to foster the development of indigenous
technology and secure a prominent position in the realm of 6G technology. By bringing
together public and private companies, academia, research institutions, and standards
development organizations, the alliance aims to drive innovation and propel India’s growth
in this futuristic field.
Under the Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF), a significant grant of 240.51
crores has been provided to advance research and development in the telecom sector.
This funding plays a pivotal role in promoting innovation and indigenous technological
solutions.
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Samudrayaan Project
Deep Ocean Mission has been launched w.e.f. 07.09.2021, as a Central Sector Scheme
of Ministry of Earth Sciences with the approval of the Cabinet. Samudrayaan is a project
under the Deep Ocean Mission. Under the Samudrayaan project of Deep Ocean
Mission, MATSYA 6000 mannedsubmersible design has been completed so far. Under
the Mission, Deep water Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) namely Ocean Mineral
Explorer (OMe 6000) has been deployed for exploration. Deep sea mineral exploration
was performed using OMe 6000 AUV during December2022 using research ship Sagar
Nidhi at Polymetallic Manganese Nodule (PMN) site ata depth of 5271 m in the allocated
area of International Seabed Authority at CentralIndian Ocean Basin (CIOB). About 14 sq
km area has been surveyed with all scientificpayloads to generate high resolution seabed
features to understand and validate there source potential at exploration site. About 1 km x
0.5 km area has been mapped using high resolution cameras for quantitative polymetallic
manganese nodule resource abundance, distribution and deep-sea biodiversity.
Deep Ocean Mission was approved by the Cabinet with the overall estimated cost of
Rs.4077 Crores for two phases of the Mission period during 2021-2026. The allocated
budget so far is Rs.1400 crore, out of which Rs.405.92 crores has already been disbursed
and an expenditure of Rs.225.35 crores have been incurred.
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Further, following steps have been taken by the Government for adoption of hybrid and
electric vehicles in the country:
1. The Government on 12th May, 2021 approved a Production Linked Incentive (PLI)
scheme for manufacturing of Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) in the country in order
to bring down prices of battery in the country.
2. Electric Vehicles are covered under Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for
Automobile and Auto Components, which was approved on 15th September, 2021
with a budgetary outlay of Rs. 25,938 crore for a period of five years.
3. GST on electric vehicles has been reduced from 12% to 5%; GST on chargers/ charging
stations for electric vehicles has been reduced from 18% to 5%.
4. Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) announced that battery-operated
vehicles will be given green license plates and be exempted from permit requirements.
5. MoRTH issued a notification advising states to waive road tax on EVs, which in turn will
help reduce the initial cost of EVs.
Lithium-Ion Batteries
The energy storage based on lithium-ion batteries will help India to achieve its greenhouse
mitigation targets since the basic raw material for production of electric vehicles is lithium
and other critical materials. At present, investments in manufacturing and overall value
addition for Advanced Chemistry Cells (ACCs) are negligible in India and almost entire
domestic demand of ACCs is still being met through imports. In order to reduce dependency
of imported ACC battery for electric vehicles, the Government on 12thMay, 2021 approved
a Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for manufacturing of Advance Chemistry Cell
(ACC) in the country. The total outlay of the scheme is Rs. 18,100 Crore for a period of
5 years. The scheme envisages to establish a competitive ACC battery manufacturing
set up in the country (50 GWh). Additionally, 5GWh of niche ACC technologies is also
covered under the Scheme. The scheme proposes a production linked subsidy based on
applicable subsidy per KWh and percentage of value addition achieved on actual sales
made by the manufacturers who set up production units.
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Further, the Ministry of Heavy Industries has taken following steps to boost the production
of e-vehicle in the country including public transport buses:
1. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India):
The Government notified Phase-II of FAME India Scheme initially for a period of three
years commencing from 1stApril, 2019 with a total budgetary support of Rs. 10,000
crore. The Scheme was extended for a further period of 2 years up to 31st March,
2024. Under FAME-India Scheme phase-II, incentives are provided to buyers of electric
vehicles in the form of an upfront reduction in the purchase price of electric vehicles.
2. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Automotive Sector: The Government on 15th
September, 2021 approved the PLI Scheme for Automotive Sector with a budgetary
outlay of Rs. 25,938 crores. Electric vehicles are covered under this PLI scheme.
As per the information received from Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change, Government of India published the Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022
on 24thAugust, 2022 for environmentally sound management of waste batteries,
including EV batteries.
The rules provide Extended Producer Responsibility framework for producers of
batteries to recycle/ refurbish the waste batteries as per the prescribed timelines. The
rules mandate the recyclers to recover the minimum percentage of materials from
waste batteries.
3. Gaganyaan: Gaganyaan project envisages demonstration of human spaceflight
capability by launching crew of 3 members to an orbit of 400 km for a 3 days mission
and bring them back safely to earth, by landing in Indian sea waters. The project is
accomplished through an optimal strategy by considering inhouse expertise, experience
of Indian industry, intellectual capabilities of Indian academia & research institutions
along with cutting edge technologies available with international agencies. The pre-
requisites for Gaganyaan mission include development of many critical technologies
including human rated launch vehicle for carrying crew safely to space, Life Support
System to provide an earth like environment to crew in space, crew emergency
escape provision and evolving crew management aspects for training, recovery and
rehabilitation of crew. Various precursor missions are planned for demonstrating the
Technology Preparedness Levels before carrying out the actual Human Space Flight
mission. These demonstrator missions include Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT), Pad
Abort Test (PAT) and Test Vehicle (TV) flights. Safety and reliability of all systems will
be proven in unmanned missions preceding manned mission.
4. NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) is a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) observatory being jointly developed
by NASA and ISRO. NISAR will map the entire globe in 12 days and provide spatially
and temporally consistent data for understanding changes in Earth’s ecosystems, ice
mass, vegetation biomass, sea level rise, ground water and natural hazards including
earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and landslides. NISAR. It carries L and S dual band
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Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), which operates with Sweep SAR technique to achieve
large swath with high resolution data. The SAR payloads mounted on Integrated Radar
Instrument Structure (IRIS) and the spacecraft bus are together called an observatory.
Jet Propulsion Laboratories and ISRO are realizing the observatory which shall not
only meet the respective national needs but also will feed the science community
with data encouraging studies related to surface deformation measurements through
repeat-pass InSAR technique NISAR Utilization Programme.
This flagship partnership would have major contributions from both agencies. NASA is
responsible for providing the L-Band SAR payload system in which the ISRO supplied S-Band
SAR payload and both these SAR systems will make use of a large size (about 12m diameter)
common unfurl able reflector antenna . In addition, NASA would provide engineering
payloads for the mission, including a Payload Data Subsystem, High-rate Science Downlink
System, GPS receivers and a Solid State Recorder.
This would be the first dual frequency radar imaging mission in L-Band & S-Band using
an advanced Sweep SAR technique to provide L & S band space-borne SAR data with
high repeat cycle, high resolution, and larger swath, with capability of full-polar metric and
interferometric modes of operation. It will provide a means of disentangling and clarifying
spatially and temporally complex phenomena, ranging from ecosystem disturbances,
to ice sheet collapse and natural hazards including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes,
and landslide This is expected to provide impetus to the fast maturing microwave remote
sensing applications in geosciences. The precision interferometric orbits of the mission
will enable in mapping few millimetres of deformations in the land surface. The selection
of lower frequency bands will cater to the need for better characterization of vegetation,
which is vital for global carbon stock estimation and monitoring of carbon fluxes from
vegetation. Similarly, the selection of L- and S-band frequencies will enable characterizing
targets beneath tree canopy and sub-surface features due to differential penetration of the
signals in two frequency NISAR studying concepts for a Synthetic Aperture Radar mission
is to determine Earth change in three disciplines: ecosystems (vegetation and the carbon
cycle), deformation (solid Earth studies), and cryosphere sciences (primarily as related to
climatic drivers and effects on sea level NISAR will acquire data over the Indian Coasts
and monitor annual changes in the bathymetry along the deltaic regions. The shoreline
and the erosion accretion also will be monitored. The NISAR mission will observe sea ice
characteristics over the seas surrounding India’s Antarctic polar stations, can be used to
detect the marine oil spill and disseminate the spill location during accidental oil seepage
for preventive measures.
CHANDRAYAAN-3
Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end
capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. It consists of Lander and Rover
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configuration. It will be launched by LVM3 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. The propulsion
module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit. The propulsion
module has Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload to study the
spectral and Polari metric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit.
Rover payloads: Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Laser Induced Breakdown
Spectroscope (LIBS) for deriving the elemental composition in the vicinity of landing site.
To achieve the mission objectives, several advanced technologies are present in Lander
such as,
1. Altimeters: Laser & RF based Altimeters
2. Velocimeters: Laser Doppler Velocimeter & Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera
3. Inertial Measurement: Laser Gyro based Inertial referencing and Accelerometer
package
4. Propulsion System: 800N Throttleable Liquid Engines, 58N attitude thrusters &
Throttleable Engine Control Electronics
5. Navigation, Guidance & Control (NGC): Powered Descent Trajectory design and
associate software elements
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6. Hazard Detection and Avoidance: Lander Hazard Detection & Avoidance Camera and
Processing Algorithm
7. Landing Leg Mechanism.
To demonstrate the above said advanced technologies in earth condition, several Lander
special tests have been planned and carried out successfully viz.
1. Integrated Cold Test - For the demonstration of Integrated Sensors & Navigation
performance test using helicopter as test platform
2. Integrated Hot test – For the demonstration of closed loop performance test with
sensors, actuators and NGC using Tower crane as test platform
3. Lander Leg mechanism performance test on a lunar simulant test bed simulating
different touch down conditions
The Chandrayaan-3 mission achieved a crucial milestone with the successful completion
of the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI). The insertion was carried out by retro-burning at the
Perilune for 1835 seconds, starting at 19:12 Hrs IST. The maneuver resulted in an orbit of
164 km x 18074 km, as intended.
This is the third time in succession that ISRO has successfully inserted its spacecraft into
the lunar orbit, apart from doing so into the Martian orbit.
As the mission progresses, a series of maneuvers have been planned to gradually reduce
Chandrayaan-3's orbit and position it over the lunar poles. After some maneuvers, the
propulsion module will separate from the lander while in orbit. Following that, a series of
complex braking maneuvers will be executed to facilitate a soft landing in the South Polar
region of the Moon on August 23, 2023.
The health of Chandrayaan-3 is normal. Throughout the mission, the health of the spacecraft is
being continuously monitored from the Mission Operations Complex (MOX) at ISRO Telemetry,
Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC), the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) antenna
at Byalalu, near Bengaluru, with the support from ESA and JPL Deep space antenna.
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Artillery gun systems are primarily used for indirect fire and can be mounted on different
platforms. Each type of platform is applicable specific to terrains and employment areas
and gives an optimum performance in terms of mobility, fire power, and protection along
with logistics requirements. Artillery guns are the backbone of any army which function
to fulfil the military doctrine of country including defence, offence, destruction, and
neutralisation.
Indian artillery initiated a major drive somewhere in the year 2000 towards modernisation
and rationalisation of various artillery equipment under employment and fleet reorganisation
around 155 mm x 52 Calibre gun systems. In connection with this, an ambitious Field Artillery
Rationalisation Plan (FARP) was formulated by Indian Army. Under FARP, procurement
of total 1580 nos. of 155 mm x 52 Calibre Towed Artillery Gun Systems was envisaged
along with additional numbers of self-propelled (Tracked/ Wheeled) Guns, Mounted Gun
Systems and Ultra Light Howitzers. The Indian artillery witnessed no induction of new
gun systems subsequent to induction of 155 mm x 39 Calibre Bofors FH-77B howitzers in
1986-87.
Indian artillery initiated a major drive somewhere in the year 2000 towards modernisation
and rationalisation of various artillery equipment under employment and fleet reorganisation
around 155 mm x 52 Calibre gun systems. In connection with this, an ambitious Field Artillery
Rationalisation Plan (FARP) was formulated by Indian Army. Under FARP, procurement
of total 1580 nos. of 155 mm x 52 Calibre Towed Artillery Gun Systems was envisaged
along with additional numbers of self-propelled (Tracked/ Wheeled) Guns, Mounted Gun
Systems and Ultra Light Howitzers. The Indian artillery witnessed no induction of new
gun systems subsequent to induction of 155 mm x 39 Calibre Bofors FH-77B howitzers in
1986-87.
The Major Highlights of the Policy are as under: i. A wind-solar plant will be recognized
as hybrid plant if the rated power capacity of one resource is at least 25% of the rated
power capacity of other resource. ii. Both AC and DC integration of wind-solar hybrid
project are allowed. iii. The power procured from the hybrid project may be used for
fulfilment of solar RPO and non-solar RPO in the proportion of rated capacity of solar and
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wind power in the hybrid plant respectively. iv. Existing wind or solar power projects,
willing to install solar PV plant or Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) respectively, to avail
benefit of hybrid project, may be allowed. v. All fiscal and financial incentives available
to wind and solar power projects will also be made available to hybrid projects. vi. The
Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
shall formulate necessary standards and regulations including metering methodology and
standards, forecasting and scheduling regulations, REC mechanism, grant of connectivity
and sharing of transmission lines, etc., for wind-solar hybrid systems. vii. Storage may be
added to the hybrid project to ensure availability of firm power for a particular period.
The following are the Projects under the Wind-Solar Hybrid Programme: i. In order to
implement the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, a scheme for setting up of 2500 MW Inter
State Transmission System (ISTS) connected Wind-Solar Hybrid projects was sanctioned
on 25.05.2018. The Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) was the nodal agency for
implementation of the scheme through tariff based transparent competitive bidding process.
ii. Guidelines for Tariff Based Competitive Bidding Process for procurement of power from
Grid Connected Wind Solar Hybrid Projects were issued on 14.10.2020 and amended
on 23.07.2021, 09.03.2022 and 02.11.2022. The objective is to provide a framework for
procurement of electricity from ISTS Grid Connected Wind- Solar Hybrid Power Projects
through a transparent process of bidding. Individual minimum size of project allowed is
50 MW at one site and a single bidder cannot bid for less than 50 MW. The rated power
capacity of one resource (wind or solar) shall be at least 33% of the total contracted
capacity. It has provisions for payment security mechanism, commission schedule, power
offtake constraints, power purchase agreement, etc. iii. Wind-solar hybrid projects of 5420
MW capacity have been awarded through e- reverse auction of which 1440 MW has been
commissioned till December, 2022.
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Disha Satellite
The Disturbed and quiet time Ionosphere-thermosphere System at High Altitudes (DISHA)
is a proposed twin satellite aeronomy mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation.
It will study the effects of space weather events on the uppermost layers of Earth's
atmosphere. The mission will consist of two small satellites namely DISHA-H and DISHA-L
in high and low inclinations for simultaneous observation in polar and equatorial regions.
DISHA satellites will have expected mission life of 5 years with at least 3 years of combined
operations[5] and are expecting readiness by 2024–25.
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Handout | Electrical & Electronics Engineering
lander,[2] but in an interview to The Times Of India in February 2021 the ISRO chairman
clarified that the mission will consist solely of an orbiter.[6] The orbiter will use aerobraking
to lower its initial apoapsis and enter into an orbit more suitable for observations.[7][8][9]
The Indian Space Research Organization plans to launch this mission by 2024.[citation
needed] The mission will include a hyperspectral camera, a high resolution panchromatic
camera and a radar to understand early Martian crust, recent basalts and boulder falls.
The test was conducted at 11.03 am from Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Launch Complex at
Wheeler Island, off the coast of Odisha.
The HSTDV tests the indigenously developed hypersonic air-breathing scramjet technology.
The scramjets are a variant of air breathing jet engines and have the ability to handle
airflows of speeds much higher than the speed of sound. Hypersonic speeds are five
times (or more) higher than the speed of sound.
The DRDO, in a series of tweets, stated, “In a historic mission today, India successfully
flight tested the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV), (which is) a giant
leap in indigenous defence technologies and a significant milestone towards a Sashakt
Bharat and Atmanirbhar Bharat. DRDO, with this mission, has demonstrated capabilities for
highly complex technology that will serve as the building blocks for NextGen Hypersonic
vehicles in partnership with the industry.”
Gram Ujala Scheme Distributes One Crore Led Bulbs in Rural Areas
Convergence Energy Services Limited (CESL) has implemented the Gram Ujala Programme
under which energy efficient LED bulbs of 7W and 12W were distributed in exchange of
60W and 100W incandescent bulb respectively, at Rs.10 per LED bulb in rural areas.
Under Gram UJALA, 1 Crore LED bulbs have been distributed in rural areas of Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Telangana (5 States) as a Pilot Project. The
distribution under the pilot project of Gram Ujala has been completed and currently, no
further distribution activity is underway.
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CSE 2023 | Personality Test
• The Indian Power system for planning and operational purposes is divided into five
regional grids.
• One Nation, One Gas Grid refers to the integration of these regional grids thus
establishing a National Grid for providing energy produced by natural gas to various
stakeholders like the central government, the state governments, the public and the
private sectors.
India’s Targets
• To increase the share of natural gas, the government has announced the expansion
of the natural gas grid from the previous 17,500 kilometers to 34,500 kilometers. To
which, 450 kms have already been added making it approx 18000.
• The next 16000 kms is expected to be achieved in the next 4-6 years.
• Primarily, as a grid, the north and west part of India were already connected via LNG terminal.
• In the last 4 years, efforts have also been made to connect eastern India with North
via the Jagdishpur-Haldia-Bokaro-Dhamra Pipeline which is a PM Urja Ganga Project
which is in its final stages and will also add around 3000 kms to the grid.
• The southern part of India is also being looked upon and is expected to add about
1500 kms to the grid.
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