Lecture 2 - Sections 12-2-12-3 - Hibbeler 15th Ed - (Blank)

EN PH 131 (EB02) – Lecture 2 – Jan.
9th, 2023
Chapter 12.2-12.3 (Kinematics of a Particle)
Prof. Charlebois (Dr. C)

Section 12.2
Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Introduction & Rectilinear Kinematics:
Continuous Motion
Objectives:
• Find the kinematic

quantities (displacement,
position, velocity, and
acceleration) of a particle
traveling along a straight
path.
Introduction & Rectilinear Kinematics:
Continuous Motion
• Relations between s(t), v(t), and a(t) for general
rectilinear motion, when acceleration is constant
• Rectilinear motion: 1D motion along a straight line
• Rectilinear kinematics: Kinematics of particle is

characterized by position, velocity, acceleration
Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous
Motion
A particle travels along a straight-line
path defined by the coordinate axis s.
The position of the particle at any instant,
relative to the origin, O, is defined by the
position vector r, or the scalar s. Typical units
for r and s are meters (m) or feet (ft).
The displacement (vector) of the particle is defined as its change in

position and can be positive, zero, or negative.
Vector form: Dr = r’ - r Scalar form: Δs = s’ - s
The total distance (scalar) traveled by the particle is a positive
quantity that represents the total length of the path over which the
particle travels.
Velocity
Velocity is a measure of the rate of change in the position of a particle.
It is a vector quantity (it has both magnitude and direction). The
magnitude of the velocity is called speed, with units of m/s or ft/s.
The average velocity of a particle during a time
interval Δt is
v avg = Dr / Dt
The instantaneous velocity is the time-derivative of position.
v = dr / dt
Speed is the magnitude of velocity: v = ds / dt
Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by elapsed time:
( v sp )avg = sT / Dt
Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change in the velocity of a particle. It is a
2 2
vector quantity. Typical units are m/s or ft/s .
The instantaneous acceleration is the
time derivative of velocity.
Vector form: a= dv/dt

Scalar form a = dv /dt= d2s / dt 2
Acceleration can be positive (speed
increasing) or negative (speed decreasing).
As the text shows, the derivative equations for velocity and acceleration
can be manipulated to get a ds = v dv
Concept Quiz 1 (Your Turn!)
1. In dynamics, a particle is assumed to have Fill in the blank.
A) both translation and rotational motions

B) only a mass
C) a mass but the size and shape cannot be neglected
D) no mass or size or shape, it is just a point
2. The average speed is defined as Fill in the blank.
A) Δr Δt C) Δs Δt
B) sT Δt D) None of the above.
Summary of Kinematic Relations:
Rectilinear Motion
• Differentiate position to get velocity and acceleration.
v = ds/dt; a = dv/dt or a = v dv/ds
• Integrate acceleration for velocity and position.
Velocity: Position:
v t v s s t
ò dv=ò a dt or ò vdv= ò ds
vo o vo so
ò ds=ò vdt
so o
• Note that so and v o represent the initial position and

velocity of the particle at t = 0.
10
Constant Acceleration
The three kinematic equations can be integrated for the
special case when acceleration is constant (a = ac ) to
obtain very useful equations. A common example of constant
acceleration is gravity; i.e., a body freely falling
toward earth. In this case, ac = g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s 2
downward. These equations are:
v t
ò dv=ò a dt
vo o
c yields v=v o +ac t
s t
ò ds=ò v dt
so 0
yields s=so +v o t+( 1 2 )a t 2
ò v dv=ò a ds yields v 2 =(v o )2 +2a(s-so )

11
Example #1 - Question
Given : A particle travels along a straight line to the right
with a velocity of v = ( 4 t – 3 t 2 ) m/s
s0 = 0 when t0 = 0.
Find : The position and acceleration of the particle when
t = 4s.
Plan : Establish the positive coordinate, s, in the direction

the particle is traveling. Since the velocity is given as a
function of time, take a derivative of it to calculate the
acceleration. Conversely, integrate the velocity function to
calculate the position.
Example #1 - Solution
Solution:
1) Take a derivative of the velocity to determine the acceleration.
2) Calculate the position after 4s integrating the

velocity using so =0:
13
Example #2 – Question
Given : A sandbag is dropped from a balloon ascending
vertically at a constant speed of 6 m/s. The bag is
released with the same upward velocity of 6 m/s at t
= 0 s and hits the ground when t = 8 s.
Find : The velocity of the bag as it hits the ground and the
altitude of the balloon at this instant.
Plan : The sandbag is experiencing a constant downward
acceleration of 9.81m/s2 due to gravity. Apply the
formulas for constant acceleration, with
ac =- 9.81 m/s2 .
Example #2 - Solution
Solution:
The bag is released when t = 0 s and hits the ground when
t = 8 s.
Calculate distance bag falls using a position equation.
During t = 8 s, the balloon rises
Therefore, altitude is of the balloon is (sbag +sballoon ).
15
Example #2 – Solution cont.

Calculate the velocity when t = 8 s, by applying a velocity
equation.
16
Concept Quiz (Your Turn!)
• A particle moves along a horizontal path with its velocity varying with time as
shown. The average acceleration of the particle is?
A) 0.4 m/s2 ® B) 0.4 m/s2 ¬
C) 1.6 m/s2 ® D) 1.6 m/s2 ¬

• A particle has an initial velocity of 30 ft/s to the left. If it then passes through
the same location 5 seconds later with a velocity of 50 ft/s to the right, the
average velocity of the particle during the 5 s time interval is?
A) 10ft/s ® B) 40ft/s ®
C) 16 m/s ® D) 0 ft/s
Section 12.3
Erratic Motion
18
Erratic Motion
Graphing provides a good way
to handle complex motions that
would be difficult to describe
with formulas.
Graphs also provide a visual
description of motion and
reinforce the calculus concepts
of differentiation and integration
used in dynamics.
The approach builds on the facts that slope and differentiation

are related and that integration can be thought of as finding
the area under a curve.
19
Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion
Objectives:
• Determine position, velocity,
and acceleration of a particle
using graphs.
• Specifically, using s vs. t,
v vs. t, a vs. t, v vs. s, and
a vs. s graphs
20
Application #1
In some experiments, a
velocity versus position (v vs.
s) profile is obtained.
If we have v vs. s graph for
the tank truck, how can we
determine its acceleration at
position s = 1500 feet and
what is it?
21
Application #2
The velocity of a car is
recorded from an experiment.
The car starts from rest and
travels along a straight track.
If we know the v-t plot, how
can we determine the distance
the car traveled during the
time interval 5 s < t < 20 s and
0 s < t < 30 s?
22
S vs. T Graph
Plots of position versus time can be
used to find velocity versus time
curves. Finding the slope of the line
tangent to the motion curve at any
point is the velocity at the point
(or v = ds/dt).
Therefore, the v vs. t graph can be

constructed by finding the slope at
various points along the s vs. t graph.
23
V vs. T Graph
Plots of velocity versus time can be
used to find acceleration versus time
curves. Finding the slope of the line
tangent to the velocity curve at any
point is the acceleration at that point
(or a = dv/dt)
Therefore, the a vs. t graph can be

constructed by finding the slope at
various points along the v vs. t graph
The displacement of the particle is the
area under v vs. t graph during time Δt.
24
A vs. T Graph
Given the acceleration versus time

or a vs. t curve, the change in velocity
(Δv) during a time period is the
area under the a vs. t curve
We can construct v vs. t graph

from a vs. t graph if we know the
initial velocity of the particle
25
A vs. S Graph
A more complex case is presented by the
acceleration versus position or a vs. s
graph. Area under the a vs. s curve
represents change in velocity with position
(recall ò a ds=ò v dv).

s2
½ ( v1 ² – v o ²) = ò a ds = area under the

s1 a vs. s graph
This equation can be solved for v1 (if v0 is
known), allowing you to solve for the velocity
at a point. By doing this repeatedly, you can
create a plot of velocity versus distance.
26
V vs. S Graph
Another complex case is presented by the
velocity versus distance or v vs. s graph.
By multiplying the velocity v at a point on
the curve by the slope of the curve dv ds
at this same point, we obtain the
acceleration at that point.
Recall the formula: a = v(dv / ds).
Thus, we can obtain an a vs. s plot

from the v vs. s curve.
27

1. The slope of v vs. t graph at any instant represents
instantaneous
A) velocity B) acceleration
C) position D) momentum
2. Displacement of a particle over a given time interval

equals the area under the Fill in the blank graph during that time.
A) a vs. t B) a vs. s
C) v vs. t D) s vs. t
28

1. If a particle starts from rest and
accelerates according to the graph
shown, the particle’s velocity at t =
20 s is
A) 200 m/s B) 100 m/s
C) 0 D) 20 m/s
2. The particle in Problem 1 stops moving at t = Fill in the blank.
A) 10 s B) 20 s
C) 30 s D) 40 s
29
Concept Quiz 4 (Your Turn!) cont.
3. Select the correct a vs. t graph for the velocity curve shown
Copyright
This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is

provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their
courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of
any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will
destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work
and materials from it should never be made available to students
except by instructors using the accompanying text in their
classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these
restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and
the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.

Lecture 2 - Sections 12-2-12-3 - Hibbeler 15th Ed - (Blank)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 2 - Sections 12-2-12-3 - Hibbeler 15th Ed - (Blank)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EN PH 131 (EB02) – Lecture 2 – Jan.

Chapter 12.2-12.3 (Kinematics of a Particle)

Prof. Charlebois (Dr. C)

Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion

• Find the kinematic

• Rectilinear motion: 1D motion along a straight line

• Rectilinear kinematics: Kinematics of particle is

The displacement (vector) of the particle is defined as its change in

Vector form: a= dv/dt

A) both translation and rotational motions

2. The average speed is defined as Fill in the blank.

B) sT Δt D) None of the above.

• Note that so and v o represent the initial position and

ò v dv=ò a ds yields v 2 =(v o )2 +2a(s-so )

Plan : Establish the positive coordinate, s, in the direction

2) Calculate the position after 4s integrating the

During t = 8 s, the balloon rises

Therefore, altitude is of the balloon is (sbag +sballoon ).

Example #2 – Solution cont.

Concept Quiz (Your Turn!)

C) 1.6 m/s2 ® D) 1.6 m/s2 ¬

The approach builds on the facts that slope and differentiation

Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

Therefore, the v vs. t graph can be

Therefore, the a vs. t graph can be

Given the acceleration versus time

We can construct v vs. t graph

(recall ò a ds=ò v dv).

½ ( v1 ² – v o ²) = ò a ds = area under the

Thus, we can obtain an a vs. s plot

Concept Quiz 3 (Your Turn!)

2. Displacement of a particle over a given time interval

Concept Quiz 4 (Your Turn!)

Concept Quiz 4 (Your Turn!) cont.

This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is

You might also like