10 Resolved Exercises Final Ebook

omar.al-azzawi@hotmail.
com 13 Feb 2024
10 RESOLVED EXERCISES
I WISH I KNEW IN MY FIRST
MONTH INTO STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
Brazilian Engineer in Australia

omar.al-azzawi@hotmail.com 13 Feb 2024
10 RESOLVED EXERCISES I WISH I

KNEW IN MY FIRST MONTH INTO
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

I completed my bachelor degree in Civil Engineering at the Federal
University of Ouro Preto in Brazil in 2014. Following that, I undertook a
graduate program as a Structural Engineer at the multinational
corporation CMI Groupe.
Having worked for a multinational company with over 4000 employees

worldwide, I realized the importance of reliable communication and
collaboration. With this in mind, I moved to Australia in the end of 2015 to
achieve my goal of learning the international language of the world.
Having worked in a myriad of residential and commercial projects

and accomplished my main goals, I now strive to help Australians and
international students and young engineers to achieve their own goals.
CHECK OUT OUR BLOG AT: Home - Brazilian Engineer in Australia

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C Brazilian Engineer in Australia

10 RESOLVED EXERCISES I WISH I

KNEW IN MY FIRST MONTH INTO
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
DISCLAIMER
While the contents of this Ebook are believed to be accurate and complete,
the information given is intended for general guidance and does not
replace the services of professional advisers on specific projects.
None of what I teach should be taken as advice and you should always
have your designs reviewed by a competent registered engineer.
COPYRIGHT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
1: Pad Footing design
2: Wind Beam design

PAD FOOTING
3: Cross Bracing design
DESIGN
4: Weld design
5: Pile design
6: Steel beam design
7: Reinforced Concrete beam

design
8: Block Retaining wall design
9: Portal frame bolts design
10: K-frame bolts design

1 – Gabriel has completed the design of the superstructure of a 10 storey reinforced concrete
building. Following that, he analyzed the soil report and found out that adequate bearing
capacity could be achieved at shallow depths. He then decided to go for pad footings.
Design a pad footing to support a 600mm by 250mm column carrying dead load of 400kN,
live load of 200kN and moment of 100kNm. The allowable bearing pressure qa is 150kPa.
50mm cover and f’c=25MPa.
N Determine footing size:
N= G+Q = 400 + 200 = 600kN

M
𝑀 100
e= 𝑁
= 600 = 0.167m
Assume B=2m
𝑁 600
q= (𝐿 ± 6 ℯ) 150= 2𝑥𝐿2 (𝐿 + 6𝑥0.167 )
𝐵𝐿2
D=0.45m
L L = 2.8m
𝐿
e< 6
SO NO TENSION IS DEVELOPED
2.8
0.167 < 6
= 0.47m OK!
B=2m 250
600 M Assume D=0.45m
L=2.8
M Determine pressure under footing:
𝑁 N=1.2G + 1.5Q= 780kN

𝑞1,2 = (𝐿 ± 6 ℯ)
𝐵𝐿2
780
q1= (2.8 + 6𝑥0.167 )
2𝑥2.82
D=0.45m
q1= 190 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
780
q2= (2.8 − 6𝑥0.167 )
2𝑥2.82
+q2 +qfc +q1
q2= 90 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Pressure under footing at column face:
𝑞1 −𝑞2 𝑞𝑓𝑐 −𝑞2
= 𝐿 0.6
𝐿 (2 + 2 )
M
B=2m 250
190−90 𝑞𝑓𝑐 −90
600
2.8
= (1.4+0.3)
L=2.8m 𝑞𝑓𝑐 = 150 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Design for bending (x direction):

N
F1= 𝑞𝑓𝑐 𝑥 1.10 𝑥 1 (1𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝) = 150 𝑥 1.10 𝑥 1
F1= 165 𝑘𝑁
M
F2= 0.5 𝑥 (𝑞1 − 𝑞𝑓𝑐 )𝑥 1.1𝑥1 = 0.5 𝑥 (190 − 150) 𝑥 1.1
F2= 22 𝑘𝑁
1.10 M= (F1 x 1.1/2) + (F2 x 2/3 x 1.1)

M= (165 x 1.1/2) + (22 x 2/3 x 1.1)
D=0.45m
M= 107 kNm per m width of footing
F1 𝑀 107000000
Ast= Ast=
+q2 +qfc +q1 ∅ . 𝐹𝑠𝑦 .(0.9 .𝑑) 0.85 𝑥 500 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 384)
F2
Ast= 730𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
Min steel reinforcement:

Ast= 0.002 𝑥 1000 𝑥 𝑑 = 0.002 𝑥 1000 𝑥 (450 − 50 − 16)
B=2m AS 3600 - 2018 – section 9 and
1m 21
N16 @ 250
L=2.8m
Design for bending (y direction):

N
𝑁 780
q= = = 140kPa
𝐵𝐿 2 𝑥 2.8
F1= 𝑞 𝑥 0.875 𝑥 1 (1𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝) = 140 𝑥 0.875 𝑥 1
F1= 122.5 𝑘𝑁
0.875 M= (F1 x 0.875/2)

M= (122.5 x 0.875/2)
M= 54 kNm per m width of footing
F1 𝑀 54000000
+q Ast= Ast=
∅ . 𝐹𝑠𝑦 .(0.9 .𝑑) 0.85 𝑥 500 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 384)
Min steel reinforcement:

Ast= 0.002 𝑥 1000 𝑥 𝑑 = 0.002 𝑥 1000 𝑥 (450 − 50 − 16)
B=2m Ast= 768𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚 AS 3600 – section 9 and 21
N16 @ 250
L=2.8m

Design for one-way shear (y direction):

N
𝑞1 −𝑞2 𝑞𝑣 −𝑞2 190−90 𝑞 −90
𝑣
= = (2.034) 𝑞𝑣 = 164.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐿 𝐿 0.6 2.8
( + +0.384)
2 2
(𝑞1 +𝑞𝑣 )
V= 2
𝑥 0.716 𝑥 1 = 127 𝑘𝑁 per m width of footing
0.384 0.716 V ≤ ∅Vuc AS 3600 - 2018 – 8.2.4.1

Vuc = kv . bv . dv . 𝑓′𝑐
D=0.45m
dv = 0.72D or 0.9d AS 3600 - 2018 – 8.2.1.9
dv = 0.72 x 450 or 0.9 x 384
V dv = 345.6 (greater)
+q2 +qv +q1 200
Kv =(1000+ 1.3𝑑𝑣) <=0.10 AS 3600 - 2018 – 8.2.4.3
bv = 1000 (1 m width of pad footing)
Vuc = 0.1 x 1000 x 345.6 x 5

B=2m 250 Vuc = 172.8 kN
600
∅=0.7 (no reinforcement) AS 3600 - 2018 – Table 2.2.2
∅Vuc = 0.7 x 172.8 = 121 kN
L=2.8m
TIP: Test your

knowledge and check
shear in the x direction Design for two-way shear (punching shear):
as a homework. N
u= 634 + 634 + 984 + 984 = 3236𝑚𝑚
Hatched area= 2.8𝑥2 − 0.634𝑥0.984 = 4.976𝑚2
V= 𝑞 𝑥 ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 140 𝑥 4.976 = 696.65𝑘𝑁
Vuo= 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑣
fcv= 0.17 x (1+2/ βh ) x 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 0.34 𝑓 ′ 𝑐

D=0.45m fcv= 0.17 x (1+2/2.4) x 5 = 1.558 AS 3600 - 2018 – 9.3.3(1)
Vuo= 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑣 = 3236 𝑥 384 𝑥 1.558 = 1936 𝑘𝑁
+q Vu = 𝑉𝑢𝑜 / (1+uM/(8V . a . d)) AS 3600 - 2018 – 9.3.4(1)

Vu = 1936000 / (1+3236 x 100000000/(8x696650 x 984 x 384))
Vu =1678 kN
∅ Vu =1175 kN > 696.65kN OK
0,5d
B=2m 634
984
L=2.8m

2 – Gabriel is designing his own two storey house. The image below shows the external wall in
front of a stair void of Gabriel’s house.
Since there is no ceiling or floor diaphragm to brace the junction between the upper and lower
storey wall frames, Gabriel will have to design a wind beam to resist horizontal wind loads and
prevent the walls from being pushed in.
Design a 6m long wind beam to resist N3 wind classification

pressures.
Calculate the uniformly distributed load in kN/m along

the length of the wind beam :
N3 Pressure: ULS: 1.35 kPa

AS 4055 – Table 3.3 & 3.4
SLS: 0.55 kPa
Load Width: 𝐻1 𝐻2 2400 2400

+ = + = 2400 𝑚𝑚
2 2 2 2
UDL: 1.35kPa x 2.4m = 3.24kN/m - ULS

0.55kPa x 2.4m = 1.32kN/m - SLS
H1=2400
Calculate the bending moment for ULS and deflection for

SLS:
Since the span is too long and the loads are high, we will adopt a steel
beam.
H2=2400
𝑤 𝑙2 3.24 𝑥 62
M* = = = 14.58kNm
8 8
Deflection limit: Span/200 or 15mm
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 6000
TIP: Wind beams over 4m are likely to be = = 30mm therefore deflection limit is 15mm
200 200
steel at N3 regions.
5𝑤 𝑙 4 5 𝑥 1.32 𝑥 60004
∆ = 15 = =
y 384𝐸𝐼 384 𝑥 200000 𝑥 𝐼
5 𝑥 1.32 𝑥 60004
𝐼𝑦 = = 7.42 x 106 𝑚𝑚4
384 𝑥 200000 𝑥 15
x x From a dimensions & properties table:

200x100x9 RHS = 𝐼𝑦 = 7.64 x 106 𝑚𝑚4
From a design section moment capacity table:
y 200x100x9 RHS = ∅Msy = 56.8 kNm ≥ 14.58 kNm therefore OK
TIP: Remember that we are looking at the

Y axis, therefore we need to find out Iy.

TIP: Since we are using a steel wind beam, I would be

inclined to install two steel columns.
TIP: Calculate the reactions of the beam and ensure

laterally braced supports (intersecting bracing walls or
wall mullions).
TIP: Wall frame width is typically 90mm, therefore the

builder will have to pack out the whole wall in order to
fit a 100mm wide RHS.
3 – Gabriel was in the middle of the process of designing an industrial building. He understands
that this type of buildings are highly sensitive to wind loads, therefore he wants to make sure
the cross bracings he specified are adequate to the loads at that location.
Your job is to help Gabriel to design the threaded rod with turnbuckles below.
40 kN
H=3000
4000
Draw the free body diagram and calculate the tension

force acting on the rod:
40 kN 40 kN
(compression)
DIAGONAL = 42 + 32 = 5m
H=3000
40 𝑁∗
= N*= 50 kN
4 5
4000
In the design of double diagonal tension bracing, one of each pair of

diagonals acts in tension, depending on the direction of wind loading.
The other diagonal is ignored because it is not capable of taking
compression loads (0kN).

Assume 16mm rod (Grade 300) and calculate its capacity:
Unthreaded Shank Yield Load AS 4100 – Cl. 7.2
∅N = 0.9 x Ag x fy = 0.9 x 200 x 300 = 54 kN
Threaded Rod Tensile Capacity/ Section Fracture at the connection
∅N = ∅ x 0.85 x kt x An x fu= 0.9 x 0.85 x 1 x 157 x 440 = 52.8 kN
52.8 ≥ 50 therefore OK - Use 16mm diameter rods.
TIP: Watch out for self-weight sagging of roof bracings. Rods must be
pretensioned, while CHS, equal angles etc have a maximum length
before they start sagging over the limit of span/150.
4 – Gabriel is happy with the 16mm rod, however he received an email from the steel fabricator
advising him that he forgot to specify the welding between the column and the base plate.
Gabriel is now under pressure and needs your help.
40 kN
H=3000
40 kN
30 kN
4000

90
Column: 180 UB 18:
175
5
8
Calculate the reactions at the base:
Horizontal reaction: 40 – Fx = 0 Fx = 40 kN
Vertical reaction: 40 x 3 = 120kNm Fy = 30 kN

120/4=30kN
Calculate the total run of fillet weld:
It is a good practice to weld all around the column profile
Lw = 2 x 90 + 2 x (90 – 5) + 2 x (175 – 2 x 8) = 668mm
Calculate the design load per mm of fillet weld:
Regardless of the direction of loading of a fillet weld, its strength depends on

the cross sectional area of the throat, which will generally be in shear.
𝐹𝑥 40
Vx* = = = 0.059 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑤 668
𝐹𝑦 30
Vy* = = = 0.044 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑤 668
Fresult.* = 𝑉𝑥 ∗2 + 𝑉𝑦 ∗2 = 0.0592 + 0.0442 = 0.074 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚
Calculate the capacity ∅ Vw per mm of fillet weld:
Try 6mm E41XX fillet weld GP category
fuw = 410 Mpa

kr = 1 for Lw ≤ 1700mm
tt = 0.7 x tw
∅Vw = ∅ x 0.6 x fuw x tt x kr = 0.6 x 0.6 x 410 x 0.7 x 6 x 1 = 0.626 kN/mm
0.626 kN/mm ≥ 0.074 kN/mm therefore OK.
Now you and Gabriel know that 1mm of a typical 6mm fillet weld can take
approximately 60kg. ☺

5 – Gabriel and you are designing a block of apartments on the Gold Coast. According to the soil
report, the footings of the building will have to be on piers.
You have already designed the superstructure and know that the maximum load on a pier is
500kN.
Determine the allowable pile axial capacity with a factor of safety of 3.
Pile diameter: Dp = 450mm

N 𝑁𝑐∗ = 100
𝑁𝑞∗ = 50
Pile Length: Lp = 8m 𝑁𝛾∗ = 15.7
Soil Weight: γ’= 20kN/𝑚3 Values are from Meyerhof tables
Clayey SAND: ∅= 300
Lp=8m
TIP: Nc and Nq are function of angle
K= 1-sin30 = 0.5 of internal friction and bearing
depth ratio, therefore they vary
c’ = 5kPa from deep to shallow foundations.
dp=450mm
Qult.total = Qult.base + Qult.shaft
qult.base = c’ 𝑁𝑐∗ + γ’ 𝐿𝑝 𝐿𝑝 𝑁𝑞∗ + γ’ 𝑑𝑝 𝑁𝛾∗

qult.base = 5 x 100 + 20 x 8 x 50 + 20 x 0.45 x 15.7 = 8641.3 kPa
Qult.base = qult.base x 𝐴𝑏 = 8641.3 kPa x p x 0.452/4 = 1374.34kN
Qult.shaft = 𝑓𝑚𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = (K 𝜎′0 tan∅’) 𝐴𝑠

N
1.5 x Dp = 675mm to be ignored ( AS2159 – Cl. 4.4.1)
σv = 20 x 0.675 = 13.5kPa
σv = 20 x 8 = 160kPa
σ’average = (160 + 13.5)/2 = 86.75kPa
Qult.shaft = 0.5 x 86.75 x tan(23 x 30) x p x 0.45 x (8-0.675)

Qult.shaft = 163.48kN TIP: Note that the skin friction for sand does not
contribute as much as the base capacity.

Qult.total = Qult.base + Qult.shaft
Qult.total = 1374.34+ 163.48
Qult.total = 1537.82 kN
Qallow = 1537.82/FOS = 1537.82/3 = 512.6 kN ≥ 500 kN therefore OK
TIP: This exercise accounts for sandy soil. For clays, the formulae for
skin friction is different.
6 – Gabriel is helping his sister to extend the kid’s bedroom. He’s got the following scenario:
A simply supported steel floor beam spans 6m and supports 4m long joists and a 3m high timber
framed wall.
Help Gabe to select a suitable PFC (Parallel Flange Channel) for the loading below:
Timber floor dead load = 0.5kPa
Timber floor live load = 1.5kPa
Timber wall dead load = 0.2kPa

PFC
3m
Calculate the uniformly distributed load in kN/m along the length of the beam :
G: Floor - 0.5kPa x (4/2)m = 1.0 kN/m
Wall - 0.2kPa x 2.4m = 0.6 kN/m
Q: Floor – 1.5kPa x (4/2) = 3 kN/m

Load Combination:
ULS: 1.2G + 1.5Q = 1.2 x 1.6 + 1.5 x 3 = 6.42 kN/m
SLS: G + 0.7Q = 1.6 + 0.7 x 3 = 3.7 kN/m
ULS - 6.42 kN/m SLS - 3.70 kN/m
Calculate the bending moment for ULS and deflection for SLS:
PFC ∅Msx
ULS - Assess bending moment: (kNm)
𝑤 𝑙2 6.42 𝑥 62 380 PFC 238

M* = = = 28.89 kNm
8 8 300 PFC 152
TIP: Ensure joists Design section moment capacity: 250 PFC 114
can provide lateral 230 PFC 73.3
restraint and 150 PFC = ∅Msx = 37 kNm ≥ 28.89 kNm therefore OK
therefore ∅Msx can 200 PFC 59.7
be used.
SLS - Assess deflection: 180 PFC 49
150 PFC 37
Deflection limit: Span/250 or 12mm
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 6000 Ix
= = 24mm therefore deflection limit is 12mm PFC
(𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒)
250 250
380 PFC 152
5𝑤𝑙 4 5 𝑥 3.7 𝑥 60004
∆ = 12 = = 300 PFC 72.4
384𝐸𝐼 384 𝑥 200000 𝑥 𝐼
250 PFC 45.1
5 𝑥 3.7 𝑥 60004 230 PFC 26.8
𝐼𝑥 = = 26.01 x 106 𝑚𝑚4
384 𝑥 200000 𝑥 12
TIP: Don’t forget 200 PFC 19.1
to add self-weight
of the selected 𝐼𝟏𝟓𝟎𝑷𝑭𝑪 = 8.34 ≤ 26.01 NOT OK 180 PFC 14.1
steel beam. 150 PFC 8.34
𝐼𝟐𝟑𝟎𝑷𝑭𝑪 = 26.8 ≥ 26.01 OK
Dynamic effects: (typically this is checked on joists. I have added this calc so you don’t
forget about it)
𝑃𝑙 3 1000 𝑥 60003
∆= = 1 kN
48𝐸𝐼 48 𝑥 200000 𝑥 26.8 𝑥106
∆ = 0.84mm ≤ 1mm OK
≤1mm
USE 230 PFC

7 – By reading the survey plan of an ongoing project, Gabriel has identified a sewer line crossing the
site. Gabriel is so “lucky” that the pipe is running right under a load bearing wall.
Help poor Gabe to estimate the tension reinforcement of a reinforced concrete bridging beam to
transfer the loads from the building to the ground without damaging or surcharging the sewer line.
PIPE
- M* = 100kNm (includes factored self-weight, wall loading and floor loading)

- f’c = 20 MPa
- 50 cover TIP: Try to use bar sizes
- N16 bars between 12 and 32mm!
- b = 350mm
- D = 400mm
- d = 400-50-12-16/2 = 330mm
TIP: Rule of thumb to
Determine the required area of tension reinforcement: estimate D is Span/13.
350
TIP: Use the spacing
between bars as 1.5
400
times aggregate size to

estimate b.
Use the practical Jedi formula below to get an estimate:
𝑀∗ 100000000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = = 792.24 𝑚𝑚2 ∅ = 0.85 for 𝑘𝑢𝑜 = 0.36
∅ 𝑓𝑠𝑦 (0.9𝑑) 0.85 𝑥 500 𝑥 0.9 𝑥 330 AS 3600 - 2018 – Table 2.2.2
4 N16 bars = 804 𝑚𝑚2 therefore OK
Calculate the minimum steel reinforcement:

AS 3600 - 2018 – 8.1.6.1
′
𝐷2 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑓 4002 0.6 20
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ≥ 0.2 𝑏𝑤 d = 0.2 x 3302 x x 350 x 330 = 182 𝑚𝑚2
𝑑2 𝑓𝑠𝑦 500
therefore we use 804 𝑚𝑚2

Confirm that the estimate above is correct:

∝2 = 0.82
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠𝑦 804 𝑥 500 AS 3600 - 2018 – 8.1.3.1
a= = = 70.03 mm
∝2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.82 𝑥 20 𝑥 350
𝑎 70.03
c= = = 76.12 mm 𝛾= 0.92
𝛾 0.92 AS 3600 - 2018 – 8.1.3.2
𝑐 76.12
𝑘𝑢𝑜 = = = 0.23 < 0.36 therefore OK
𝑑 330
Calculate the final moment check:
∅𝑀𝑢𝑜 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠𝑦 (d-a/2)
∅𝑀𝑢𝑜 = 0.85 𝑥 804 𝑥 500 𝑥 (330 – 70.03/2)
∅𝑀𝑢𝑜 = 100.79 kNm ≥ 100 kNm therefore OK.
8 – Gabe has been given the task of specifying the steel reinforcement for the block retaining wall below.
Help Gabe to design the block wall in bending and spec the appropriate size of blocks as well as the
reinforcement to be used.
BLOCK
Wall height (H) = 2500mm
WALL
Soil Weight: γ’= 20kN/𝑚3 RETAINED
2500
SOIL
SAND: ∅= 300
𝐾𝑎 = 0.3
q = 5kPa (surcharge)
FOOTING
Draw the free body diagram and find maximum bending moment:
𝑭𝟏
H=2500
𝑭𝟐
H/2
H/3
γ’H 𝐾𝑎 q 𝐾𝑎

𝐹1 = q H 𝐾𝑎 = 5 x 2.5 x 0.3 = 3.75kN per meter of wall
Factored 𝐹1 = 3.75 x 1.5 = 5.65 kN per meter of wall
1 1
𝐹2 = 𝐾𝑎 𝐻2 γ’ = x 0.3 x 2.52 x 20 = 18.75 kN per meter of wall
2 2
Factored 𝐹2 = 18.75 x 1.25 = 23.45 kN per meter of wall
Moment at the base:

𝑭𝟏
H=2500
𝐻 𝐻
𝑭𝟐 M = 𝐹1 x + 𝐹2 x = 7.07 + 19.55 = 26.65 kNm
2 3
H/2
H/3
Find the bending capacity of a 190 block with N16 at 200 centres:
28 152 30 152 28
190 series:
COVER
30
l = 390mm
T = 190mm
h = 190mm
130
Mortar Bed Joint thickness = 10mm
d
30
Steel reinforcement:
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 1005 𝑚𝑚2 (N16-200)
Cover = 55 mm
𝒇𝒔𝒚 = 500 Mpa
Masonry:
′ = 15 MPa
𝑓𝑢𝑐
𝑘𝑚 = 1.6
𝑘ℎ = 1.3 AS 3700 - 2018 – Tables 3.1 & 3.2
′ = 6.2 MPa
𝑓𝑢𝑐 Concrete – face Shell 𝑘𝑚 = 1.6
190
𝑓𝑚′ = 𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑐
′ = 8.06 MPa = 19 𝑘ℎ = 1.3
10
0.29 x 1.3 x 𝑓𝑚′ x b x d

𝑨𝒔𝒅 = min ( , 𝐴𝑠𝑡 )
𝑓𝑠𝑦
0.29 x 1.3 x 8.06 x 1000 x 127

𝑨𝒔𝒅 = min ( , 1005)
500
𝑨𝒔𝒅 = min (771.4, 1005) = 771.40 𝑚𝑚2

0.6 𝑓𝑠𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑑

∅𝑴𝒅 = ∅ 𝑓𝑠𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑑 d (1 - )
(1.3𝑓𝑚 )𝑏𝑑
𝟎.𝟔 𝒙 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟕𝟕𝟏.𝟒

∅𝑴𝒅 = 0.75 x 500 x 771.4 x 127 x (1 - )
𝟏.𝟑 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟐𝟕
∅𝑴𝒅 = 30.3 kNm ≥ 26.65 kNm therefore OK
TIP: Redo this exercise increasing the TIP: If you don’t have a rigorous control on
cover. You will notice that the block site, I would recommend increasing cover and
capacity will drastically reduce. using 290 blocks at the bottom for walls over
For example, for bars centrally located, 2m.
∅M = 17kNm For a 2.5m high wall, I would use four 290
series blocks at the bottom.
9 – Gabe is trying to brace a structure by using a portal frame system made of PFC’s.
Help him to design the bolts as per the diagram below:
Bolt As Tension
32kNm Size (tensile Capacity
8.8/TB stress (kN)
200 250 PFC area in
mm2)
M12 84.3 56
M16 157 104
M20 245 162
M24 353 234

200 PFC
Moment
M30 561 373
Tension
M36 817 541
Moment = force times distance

AS 4100 – 9.2.2.2
M= F x d
32 = F x 0.2 Let’s try 2/M16 8.8/TB :

F= 160 kN ∅𝑵𝒕𝒇 = ∅ 𝑓𝑢𝑓 𝐴𝑠
F=160/2 bolts
∅𝑵𝒕𝒇 = 0.8 x 830 x 157
The maximum tensile force to be resisted is 80kN.
∅𝑵𝒕𝒇 = 104 kN therefore OK
10 – Use the same principles of the previous exercise to work out the bolt size of
the K-frame bracing below.
500
10kN
2400
Moment
Tension Compression
Moment = force times distance
M= F x d
Let’s try M16 4.6/S (commercial bolts) :
M = 10 x 2.4
∅𝑵𝒕𝒇 = ∅ 𝑓𝑢𝑓 𝐴𝑠
M= 24 kNm
M= F x d ∅𝑵𝒕𝒇 = 0.8 x 400 x 157
24 = F x 0.5 ∅𝑵𝒕𝒇 = 50.2 kN therefore OK
F = 48 kN
The maximum tensile force to be resisted is 48 kN.

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omar.al-azzawi@hotmail.

com 13 Feb 2024

Brazilian Engineer in Australia

10 RESOLVED EXERCISES I WISH I

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C Brazilian Engineer in Australia

10 RESOLVED EXERCISES I WISH I

C Brazilian Engineer in Australia

1: Pad Footing design

2: Wind Beam design

6: Steel beam design

7: Reinforced Concrete beam

8: Block Retaining wall design

9: Portal frame bolts design

10: K-frame bolts design

C Brazilian Engineer in Australia

N Determine footing size:

N= G+Q = 400 + 200 = 600kN

M Determine pressure under footing:

𝑁 N=1.2G + 1.5Q= 780kN

L=2.8m 𝑞𝑓𝑐 = 150 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

C Brazilian Engineer in Australia

Design for bending (x direction):

1.10 M= (F1 x 1.1/2) + (F2 x 2/3 x 1.1)

Min steel reinforcement:

Design for bending (y direction):

0.875 M= (F1 x 0.875/2)

Min steel reinforcement:

C Brazilian Engineer in Australia

Design for one-way shear (y direction):

0.384 0.716 V ≤ ∅Vuc AS 3600 - 2018 – 8.2.4.1

bv = 1000 (1 m width of pad footing)

Vuc = 0.1 x 1000 x 345.6 x 5

TIP: Test your

fcv= 0.17 x (1+2/ βh ) x 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 0.34 𝑓 ′ 𝑐

Vuo= 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑣 = 3236 𝑥 384 𝑥 1.558 = 1936 𝑘𝑁

+q Vu = 𝑉𝑢𝑜 / (1+uM/(8V . a . d)) AS 3600 - 2018 – 9.3.4(1)

C Brazilian Engineer in Australia

Design a 6m long wind beam to resist N3 wind classification

Calculate the uniformly distributed load in kN/m along

N3 Pressure: ULS: 1.35 kPa

Load Width: 𝐻1 𝐻2 2400 2400

UDL: 1.35kPa x 2.4m = 3.24kN/m - ULS

Calculate the bending moment for ULS and deflection for

Deflection limit: Span/200 or 15mm

x x From a dimensions & properties table:

From a design section moment capacity table:

y 200x100x9 RHS = ∅Msy = 56.8 kNm ≥ 14.58 kNm therefore OK

TIP: Remember that we are looking at the

C Brazilian Engineer in Australia

TIP: Since we are using a steel wind beam, I would be

TIP: Calculate the reactions of the beam and ensure

TIP: Wall frame width is typically 90mm, therefore the

Draw the free body diagram and calculate the tension

In the design of double diagonal tension bracing, one of each pair of

C Brazilian Engineer in Australia

Assume 16mm rod (Grade 300) and calculate its capacity:

Unthreaded Shank Yield Load AS 4100 – Cl. 7.2

∅N = 0.9 x Ag x fy = 0.9 x 200 x 300 = 54 kN

Threaded Rod Tensile Capacity/ Section Fracture at the connection