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10 Resolved Exercises Final Ebook
10 Resolved Exercises Final Ebook
10 Resolved Exercises Final Ebook
10 RESOLVED EXERCISES
I WISH I KNEW IN MY FIRST
MONTH INTO STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
DISCLAIMER
While the contents of this Ebook are believed to be accurate and complete,
the information given is intended for general guidance and does not
replace the services of professional advisers on specific projects.
None of what I teach should be taken as advice and you should always
have your designs reviewed by a competent registered engineer.
COPYRIGHT
This Ebook is provided free of cost. Distribution of this Ebook and posting
it in social media, websites etc will be illegal as it infringes the copyright.
Use or copying of this document in whole or in part without written
permission constitutes an infringement of copyright.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
5: Pile design
1 – Gabriel has completed the design of the superstructure of a 10 storey reinforced concrete
building. Following that, he analyzed the soil report and found out that adequate bearing
capacity could be achieved at shallow depths. He then decided to go for pad footings.
Design a pad footing to support a 600mm by 250mm column carrying dead load of 400kN,
live load of 200kN and moment of 100kNm. The allowable bearing pressure qa is 150kPa.
50mm cover and f’c=25MPa.
L L = 2.8m
𝐿
e< 6
SO NO TENSION IS DEVELOPED
2.8
0.167 < 6
= 0.47m OK!
B=2m 250
600 M Assume D=0.45m
L=2.8
F1 𝑀 107000000
Ast= Ast=
+q2 +qfc +q1 ∅ . 𝐹𝑠𝑦 .(0.9 .𝑑) 0.85 𝑥 500 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 384)
F2
Ast= 730𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
F1 𝑀 54000000
+q Ast= Ast=
∅ . 𝐹𝑠𝑦 .(0.9 .𝑑) 0.85 𝑥 500 𝑥 (0.9 𝑥 384)
Ast= 368𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
N16 @ 250
L=2.8m
Vuo= 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑣
B=2m 634
984
L=2.8m
2 – Gabriel is designing his own two storey house. The image below shows the external wall in
front of a stair void of Gabriel’s house.
Since there is no ceiling or floor diaphragm to brace the junction between the upper and lower
storey wall frames, Gabriel will have to design a wind beam to resist horizontal wind loads and
prevent the walls from being pushed in.
Since the span is too long and the loads are high, we will adopt a steel
beam.
H2=2400
𝑤 𝑙2 3.24 𝑥 62
M* = = = 14.58kNm
8 8
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 6000
TIP: Wind beams over 4m are likely to be = = 30mm therefore deflection limit is 15mm
200 200
steel at N3 regions.
5𝑤 𝑙 4 5 𝑥 1.32 𝑥 60004
∆ = 15 = =
y 384𝐸𝐼 384 𝑥 200000 𝑥 𝐼
5 𝑥 1.32 𝑥 60004
𝐼𝑦 = = 7.42 x 106 𝑚𝑚4
384 𝑥 200000 𝑥 15
3 – Gabriel was in the middle of the process of designing an industrial building. He understands
that this type of buildings are highly sensitive to wind loads, therefore he wants to make sure
the cross bracings he specified are adequate to the loads at that location.
Your job is to help Gabriel to design the threaded rod with turnbuckles below.
40 kN
H=3000
4000
40 kN 40 kN
(compression)
DIAGONAL = 42 + 32 = 5m
H=3000
40 𝑁∗
= N*= 50 kN
4 5
4000
TIP: Watch out for self-weight sagging of roof bracings. Rods must be
pretensioned, while CHS, equal angles etc have a maximum length
before they start sagging over the limit of span/150.
4 – Gabriel is happy with the 16mm rod, however he received an email from the steel fabricator
advising him that he forgot to specify the welding between the column and the base plate.
Gabriel is now under pressure and needs your help.
40 kN
H=3000
40 kN
30 kN
4000
90
175
5
8
Calculate the reactions at the base:
Horizontal reaction: 40 – Fx = 0 Fx = 40 kN
𝐹𝑥 40
Vx* = = = 0.059 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑤 668
𝐹𝑦 30
Vy* = = = 0.044 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑤 668
Now you and Gabriel know that 1mm of a typical 6mm fillet weld can take
approximately 60kg. ☺
5 – Gabriel and you are designing a block of apartments on the Gold Coast. According to the soil
report, the footings of the building will have to be on piers.
You have already designed the superstructure and know that the maximum load on a pier is
500kN.
Determine the allowable pile axial capacity with a factor of safety of 3.
Lp=8m
TIP: Nc and Nq are function of angle
K= 1-sin30 = 0.5 of internal friction and bearing
depth ratio, therefore they vary
c’ = 5kPa from deep to shallow foundations.
dp=450mm
σv = 20 x 0.675 = 13.5kPa
σv = 20 x 8 = 160kPa
Qult.total = 1537.82 kN
TIP: This exercise accounts for sandy soil. For clays, the formulae for
skin friction is different.
6 – Gabriel is helping his sister to extend the kid’s bedroom. He’s got the following scenario:
A simply supported steel floor beam spans 6m and supports 4m long joists and a 3m high timber
framed wall.
Help Gabe to select a suitable PFC (Parallel Flange Channel) for the loading below:
3m
Calculate the uniformly distributed load in kN/m along the length of the beam :
Load Combination:
Calculate the bending moment for ULS and deflection for SLS:
PFC ∅Msx
ULS - Assess bending moment: (kNm)
TIP: Ensure joists Design section moment capacity: 250 PFC 114
can provide lateral 230 PFC 73.3
restraint and 150 PFC = ∅Msx = 37 kNm ≥ 28.89 kNm therefore OK
therefore ∅Msx can 200 PFC 59.7
be used.
SLS - Assess deflection: 180 PFC 49
150 PFC 37
Deflection limit: Span/250 or 12mm
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 6000 Ix
= = 24mm therefore deflection limit is 12mm PFC
(𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒)
250 250
380 PFC 152
5𝑤𝑙 4 5 𝑥 3.7 𝑥 60004
∆ = 12 = = 300 PFC 72.4
384𝐸𝐼 384 𝑥 200000 𝑥 𝐼
250 PFC 45.1
5 𝑥 3.7 𝑥 60004 230 PFC 26.8
𝐼𝑥 = = 26.01 x 106 𝑚𝑚4
384 𝑥 200000 𝑥 12
TIP: Don’t forget 200 PFC 19.1
to add self-weight
of the selected 𝐼𝟏𝟓𝟎𝑷𝑭𝑪 = 8.34 ≤ 26.01 NOT OK 180 PFC 14.1
steel beam. 150 PFC 8.34
𝐼𝟐𝟑𝟎𝑷𝑭𝑪 = 26.8 ≥ 26.01 OK
Dynamic effects: (typically this is checked on joists. I have added this calc so you don’t
forget about it)
𝑃𝑙 3 1000 𝑥 60003
∆= = 1 kN
48𝐸𝐼 48 𝑥 200000 𝑥 26.8 𝑥106
∆ = 0.84mm ≤ 1mm OK
≤1mm
7 – By reading the survey plan of an ongoing project, Gabriel has identified a sewer line crossing the
site. Gabriel is so “lucky” that the pipe is running right under a load bearing wall.
Help poor Gabe to estimate the tension reinforcement of a reinforced concrete bridging beam to
transfer the loads from the building to the ground without damaging or surcharging the sewer line.
PIPE
𝑀∗ 100000000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = = 792.24 𝑚𝑚2 ∅ = 0.85 for 𝑘𝑢𝑜 = 0.36
∅ 𝑓𝑠𝑦 (0.9𝑑) 0.85 𝑥 500 𝑥 0.9 𝑥 330 AS 3600 - 2018 – Table 2.2.2
𝑎 70.03
c= = = 76.12 mm 𝛾= 0.92
𝛾 0.92 AS 3600 - 2018 – 8.1.3.2
𝑐 76.12
𝑘𝑢𝑜 = = = 0.23 < 0.36 therefore OK
𝑑 330
8 – Gabe has been given the task of specifying the steel reinforcement for the block retaining wall below.
Help Gabe to design the block wall in bending and spec the appropriate size of blocks as well as the
reinforcement to be used.
BLOCK
Wall height (H) = 2500mm
WALL
Soil Weight: γ’= 20kN/𝑚3 RETAINED
2500
SOIL
SAND: ∅= 300
𝐾𝑎 = 0.3
q = 5kPa (surcharge)
FOOTING
Draw the free body diagram and find maximum bending moment:
𝑭𝟏
H=2500
𝑭𝟐
H/2
H/3
γ’H 𝐾𝑎 q 𝐾𝑎
1 1
𝐹2 = 𝐾𝑎 𝐻2 γ’ = x 0.3 x 2.52 x 20 = 18.75 kN per meter of wall
2 2
𝐻 𝐻
𝑭𝟐 M = 𝐹1 x + 𝐹2 x = 7.07 + 19.55 = 26.65 kNm
2 3
H/2
H/3
Find the bending capacity of a 190 block with N16 at 200 centres:
28 152 30 152 28
190 series:
COVER
30
l = 390mm
T = 190mm
h = 190mm
130
Mortar Bed Joint thickness = 10mm
d
30
Steel reinforcement:
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 1005 𝑚𝑚2 (N16-200)
Cover = 55 mm
𝒇𝒔𝒚 = 500 Mpa
Masonry:
′ = 15 MPa
𝑓𝑢𝑐
𝑘𝑚 = 1.6
𝑘ℎ = 1.3 AS 3700 - 2018 – Tables 3.1 & 3.2
′ = 6.2 MPa
𝑓𝑢𝑐 Concrete – face Shell 𝑘𝑚 = 1.6
190
𝑓𝑚′ = 𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑐
′ = 8.06 MPa = 19 𝑘ℎ = 1.3
10
TIP: Redo this exercise increasing the TIP: If you don’t have a rigorous control on
cover. You will notice that the block site, I would recommend increasing cover and
capacity will drastically reduce. using 290 blocks at the bottom for walls over
For example, for bars centrally located, 2m.
∅M = 17kNm For a 2.5m high wall, I would use four 290
series blocks at the bottom.
9 – Gabe is trying to brace a structure by using a portal frame system made of PFC’s.
Help him to design the bolts as per the diagram below:
Bolt As Tension
32kNm Size (tensile Capacity
8.8/TB stress (kN)
200 250 PFC area in
mm2)
M12 84.3 56
Moment
M30 561 373
Tension
M36 817 541
10 – Use the same principles of the previous exercise to work out the bolt size of
the K-frame bracing below.
500
10kN
2400
Moment
Tension Compression
M= F x d
Let’s try M16 4.6/S (commercial bolts) :
M = 10 x 2.4
∅𝑵𝒕𝒇 = ∅ 𝑓𝑢𝑓 𝐴𝑠
M= 24 kNm
F = 48 kN