Contributn of Physical Work: (1)Force is developed by activatn of Skeletal Muscle (2)Movement occurs by actions of muscles on bones (3)Muscles activated

& controlled by signals from nerves (4)Cardiovascular &

Respiratory systems support e energy & other metabolic needs of musclesStructure of NS (1)Somatic:(a)Skeletal Muscles (2)Autonomic NS (2a)Sympathetic •Reduce Digestive secretn •speed up e heart •contract blood
vessels (2b)Parasympathetic: •Stimulate digestive secretion •slow e heart • constrict e pupils •dilate blood vessels (a)Cardiac (heart) (b) Smooth(blood vessels, gut, airway, urinary, reproductive tract) ATP frm Phosphate
System: (1)Everyday Task: Get up of chair; run up stairs; heavy lifting; (2)Sporting Activities: Short sprints, jump, weight – lifting Lactate System: (1)2nd fastest source of ATP during intensity activity that lasts >10s (2)Supplies
moderate amt of ATP (3)substrates are glucose/glycogen (4)X o2 dependent (nonaerobic) (5)produced doing everyday tasks in ppl w low levels of fitness Wat Contribute conversion of Pyruvate-> Lactate? (1)large & rapid
demand for ATP (2)pyruvate productn exceeds Kreb’s cycle (3)capacity due to fitness levels/ intense work (4)recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibres (5)Low O2 lvl in tissue (isometric wrk) Aerobic System: Provides energy
at rest & during low -> moderate intensity activity; prolonged activities(1)slowest source of ATP (2) substrates are carbo/Fatty acids (3)Occurs in mitochondria of cells (4)O2 dependent (5)involves co-enzymes Chemical
Processes: (1)Kreb’s cycle /Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (2)Beta-oxidatn (3)ETC Wat happens to lactate during recovery frm exercise? •In skeletal muscle – lactate converted back to pyruvate & used aerobically •Frm blood –
transported to cardiac muscle & used aerobically; & Transported to liver & converted back to glucose via cori cycle Fatigue: Limited ATP & CP stores & glycogen stores; low enzymes activity levels; low Lactate tolerance;
Limited mitochondria & ability to provide O2 Blood Pressure: •Pressure of blood pushing against walls of blood vessels •influenced by amt of blood in system & elasticity / stiffness of vessels (structural & Constrictors /
dilator influences Measures: usually report arterial blood pressure; measured in brachia artery; Provides indication of arterial pressure as blood leaves heart (1)Systolic BP: •indication of highest pressure as blood ejected
from heart •occurs as blood enters vasculature (2)Diastolic BP: •indication of lowest pressure as blood flows out to periphery •occurs during relaxant phase of heart Mean Arterial Pressure: Reflects pressure that smaller
vessels are exposed to •MAP=DP+1/3(SP-DP) •MAP=Q/TPR (total peripheral resistance) Response to exercise: no change in blood vol during exercise Influenced by: •type of work (muscle contraction) •muscles used
•intensity of work •fitness of individual •posture •nutritional status •environment (a)max VE>200 L/min during exercise for male (X hyperpnea) Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle: Flow (Q) = HR x SV = VR = (P1-P2)/R
Neural Control of heart rate during exercise: • in parasympathetic NS increases HR to 100 b/min •Increase in Sympathetic NS increase HR above ~100 b/min to max •release of adrenaline may contribute to rise in HR
(occurs during most intense workout) •input from motor cortex to CV centres in medulla determines HR BP response to exercise (Isometric Exercise): •slow rise in BP both SP & DP •increases proportional to workload &
duratn of contract •large rises w high intensity contract even of short duratn (e.g. resistance exercise) •SP & DP rise progressively during sustained isometric exercise Ventilatn @rest: •min vol ~6L/min •VE=Tidal vol (TV) x
freq of breathing (f) (respiratory rate) •TV~500 ml/breath •f~12 breaths/min effect of breathing: •alternating inspiratn & expiratn acts as respiratory pump to aid venous return. •breath-holding increases intra-thoracic
pressure which decreases blood flow in inferior vena cava (increase of BP) •impairs VR & can lead to feeling faint Musculoskeletal System: Axial Skeleton: Support & protect organs; provide area for attachment of muscles
that adjust positions of head, neck & trunk; Stabilize/ positn body for movement of appendicular skeleton •thoracic cage (24 ribs & Sternum) •Vertebral Column (24 vertebrae, sacrum & coccyx): Bears e weight of e head,
neck & trunk; protects spinal cord 4 region (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral) 4 curves (Thoracic & Sacral are pri curves; Cervical & Lumbar are sec curves; Exaggeratn of curves described as kyphosis & Lordosis) Lumbar
Spine: •bear most weight •muscles can exert a lot of force on e spine •muscles may perform tasks w poor biomechanical advantage risk of intervertebral Discs: •Discs composed of tough outerlayer (fibrocartilage) & soft,
elastic gelatinous core (mostly h20) which acts as a shock absorber •movement of spine compresses disc & may displace inner core •discs compressed beyond their normal limits may become permanently distorted
(slipped discs) •common sites C5-C6, L4-L5, L5-S1 •if core breaks thru outer layer (herniated disc) it may put pressure on spinal nerves (pain, numbness, loss motor control) Shoulder Joint (relatively loose capsule allows
range of movement): •Glenohumeral joint (head of humerus & glenoid fossa of scapula •muscles of rotator cuff (deltoid supraspinatus{prone to injury}, infraspinatus, subscapularis & teres minor) v impt for joint
stabilizatn Types of muscle contract: (1)Dynamic Contractn: rhythmic pattern of alternating contractn & relaxatn; fatiguing @high force levels / when conducted for long duratn (2)Static Contractn: involved a sustained
isometric contractn; no relaxatn phase; impedes blood flow into e muscle when contractn stronger than ~30% max; cannot be sustained for longer periods w/o rest intervals 2 Phrases: (1) concentric: muscle is shortening
(2)eccentric: muscle is lengthening Length-Tension R/S: •skeletal muscle fibers produce e most force over relatively narrow range of sarcoma lengths. If muscle stretched too far, it loses ability to develop force & if
compressed too much, it also loses ability to develop force. MSD (are syndromes characterized by discomfort / persistent pain in joint, muscles, tendons / other soft tissue w / w/o physical manifestant. Sudden
Force(impact) – Overexertn / oversue injury : •contusion (bruise) •Laceratn (cuts) •Sprain(ligament) •Fracture (bone) •Subluxatn / dislocatn (joint) Type: •Repetitive motion injury •Repetitive strain injury •Cumulative
Trauma Disease (1)Mechanical Stress (force/area) -Freq -Intensity -Time•Vibratn syndrome •upper extremity cumulative trauma disorder •Occupational Overuse Disorder E.g: •Tendonitis: Inflamed Tendon •Tenosynovitis:
Inflamed Tendon sheath •Myofascial Disorders •Nerve Entrapment Disorders Job: •truck driver, non-construction laborer, Assemblers, Carpenters, Cashiers, Cooks, Janitors E economic costs of injuries (1) e cost associated
w medical treatment (2)lost productivity cost (3)lost of wages & accompanying fringe benefits (4) ability to perform one’s normal household responsibility Legal (1)notifiable industrial disease (msd of e upper limb; WSH
(incident reporting) regulatn (2)Compensable occupational disease Diagnosis: (1)case investigatn - history, clinical, investigatn (2)Exposure Documentatn -Questionnaire, Observatn, measurements (3) Decisions on work-
relatedness -Epidemiological evidence -weighing e specific evidence Causes: Incorrect postures, incorrect work habits, poor physical conditn, chronic exhaust Upper Extremity Disorders: CTS, Epicondylitis – tendon
inflammatn or degeneratn (tennis elbow: due to micro-tearing of e tendon; repeated movement; muscle tension /golfer’s elbow due to forceful movement), DeQuervain’s Tendinitis (pain@wrist, repeated thumb
&awkward wrist movement), Trigger Finger (tendon inflammatn; entrapment of tendon in small tunnel (a)hold a grip tight (b)when try to open hand, e finger is stuck (c)w force, a click & pain, then finger can be extended
(d)Pain on palpatn over e palm area below each finger Management of MSD: rest,cold compression, heat treatment, ultrasound therapy, laser therapy, education & proper ergo.Anthropometry: e study of body structure
including size (height, weight. Factors: Genders; Ethnicity; Race & Age) & proprotn. Types: (1)Static (a)data taken from fixed postures (b)Skeletal Dimension •Dis btw centres of joints •Dis btw anatomical landmarks
•stature, hand lengths, popliteal height (c)Contoured Dimension •Skin surface dimension •Body segment circumference (d)Specific Applicatn •helmet design •Gloves (E)General Utility •Design of wrkstatn •Design of
passage width (2)Dynamic Functional Anthropometry: (1)Body engaged in physical Activity (2) Body dimension differ from Static (3)influence by other associated actions •postural dependent •influenced by habits
•affected by incident factors (4)Practical limit arm reach •shoulder movement •partial trunk rotatn •forward bending (flexing) of e back •Touch,grasp,pinch Data Application: (1)Establishment of % user pop •% of user
included/ excluded from design •Dimensioning & specificatn of system (2)Selectn of subject for user tests •ensure gd spread of test subjects •ensure test subjects w/in intended range. Design Strategy Cost-benefit
•unwise to deisgn for every possible users •costly to accommodate extreme % Design Process:(1)Define user pop (2)Determine relevant body dimension (3)Determine % pop to accommodate (4) determine %tile val of
dimension (5)Appropriate dimension correctn (6)Testing of design Solution: (1)Design for extreme individuals •clearance- 95% or more user ok, smaller user are safe; •Reach – use lowest value of target variable, 5%
limiting factor (2)Adjustable range •5%tile (F to reach)•55thile (M for lifting ) (3)for e avg (unless for safety reason) (4)Design for Vision: •acquisition of visual info (highest possible visual efficiency & min head movement)
Office Ergo: (1)Work Table: not adjustment, height should be 70cm (2)Working Surface: not reflective, large enough to allow for a flexible arrangement of stationary & equipment (3)Chairs: height (35-50cm), backrest
(100°-120°maintain lumbar lordosis, increase backrest inclinatn), seat pan (depth 38-43cm, width tight+5cm & max 450mm, surface permeable / nonslippery material ) Armrest (adjustable / removable), stability (5castors
&able to swivel), adjustability & mobility (4)Monitor: (4a)eye level (4b) Distance: 45-70 cm (4c)readable fonts & Figures (4d) at least 14 inch screen for heavy user (4e)flicker free (4f)min contrasting ratio 3:1 (4g)Optimal
contrasting ratio 10:1 (5)Lighting: •General office, computer workstatn, conference room (300-700 lux) •filing print room (200-500 lux) •Drawing boards (500-1k Lux) (6)Noise •office: x >55 dBA •printer should be
isolated / enclosed (7)Thermal Environ: •22.5°C-25.5°C •RH: <=70% •Air supply: 13m3/hr/person •Air speed: <=0.25m/s (8)IAQ: •CO2:1K ppm (from human) •Carbon Monoxide: 9ppm (from combustible machine)
•Ozone: 0.05 ppm (from photocopier) •Formaldehyde: 0.1 ppm (from furniture) •VOC: 3ppm (paint / glue) •bacterial counts: 500 CFU/m3 •Fungi Count: 500 CFU/m3 (from carpets) •Suspended particulate: 0.15mg/m3.
GD IAQ: •Prohibits smoking indoors •select products that emits less contaminant •cover containers that hold solvent based cleaners, glues, •install filters at e fresh air intake ports •maintain e A/C system regularly &
filters •provide sufficient fresh air •clean/ check carpets regularly Sick body syndrome: describe situation in which building occupants experience acute health & comfort effects that appear to be linked to e spent in a
building •irritatn of e eyes, nose, throat, non specific hypersentivity reactn, odour & taste sensatn) Manage Psychosocial Stress: Proper job design •control over priority, pace & procedure of their work, •opp to use skills
and learn new •understanding how their work relates to the organisatn mission Lighting: (1)Time to focus on an object •fast-moving objects are hard to see (2)size of object •very small object (3)Brightness •reflective
/glare (4)contrast btw an object & its immediate background •little contrast makes it hard to distinguish an object from e background Unit of measurement: (1)Luminous Intensity: power of source to emit light. Measure in
candelas (2) Luminous flux: light emitted by a source / received by a surface. Measure in lumens (3)illuminance: Light falling on a surface & measured as e density of light per unit area of surface. Measured in Lux –
lumens/m2 (4)Luminance: brightness e.g. measure of light coming from a surface. Measured in candela/m2 (5)Reflectance: Ratio of reflected light (luminance) to incident light (illuminance) Visual Acuity: •increase w e lvl
of illuminatn •increase w e contrast btw e object & immediate background •greater for dark symbols on a light background •decrease w age Visual Sensitivity: •contrast is e ability of e eye to perceive a small diff in
luminance •allows us to appreciate grades of shading & brightness Solutn: (1)contrast btw middle field & e rim of e visual field should not exceed 10:1 (2) working field should be brightest in e mid & darker towards e
edges (3)light source should not contrast w their background by more than 20:1 (4)surface in e midd of e visual field should not have a luminance contrast of more than 3:1 Visual Fatigue (eye strain)•painful irriatn
(burning) w tearing / redness •conjunctivitis •double vision •headaches •reduced visual acuity / sensitivity to contrast & speed of perceptn Recommended reflectance for surface: (1) Ceiling (80-90%), (2) Walls (40-60%)
(3)Furniture (25-45%) (4)Machines & Equipment (30-50%) (5)Flooring (20-40%) Lighting Source: •should not be in visual field of workers •line from eye to light source should be >30° to horizontal •use more of lower
power lamp •use indirect lighting •better lighting from e side rather than e front Lighting Checklist: (1)adequacy of light (2)suitability of light for functn of room (3)Shadow on work surface (4)reflect of workstation (5)Glare
from window & light (6)Obstructn to window from inside / outside (7) colour rendering (8) cleanliness of light fitting, window & wall surface (9)flicker (10)distributn of light over e whole room (11)General impression of
whether satisfactory or not Radiofreq & Microwave Radiatn: •RF=0 to 1k Ghz •MW f = 300MHz to 300 GHZ Source: RF welding, Phsiotherapy, Radio Communicatn, Maintenance of transmitters & high powered equipment
Effect: Thermal & Body/organ warming Infra-red Radiatn: Wavelengths () 3 x 106 - 750nm •Acute high intensity exposure to  <2000nm can lead to thermal damage to cornea, iris or lens.•Acute skin burns
possible.•Chronic exposures associated with cataract• >2000nm tend not to be as biologically active as absorbed by body fluid. Prevention: Shielding, eye wear, skin protectn Lazer (light amplificantn by stimulated
emission of radiation) •UVA 400-300nm •UVB 320-280nm UVC 200-170nm (Artificial Sources) ACGIH Standard: depends on wavelength & Intensity (irradiance). Expressed as energy exposure per 8 hr day / time of
exposure @certain levels. •UVA: exposure should be no more that 1.0 mV/cm2 for more than 1000 secs (~16 mins) Ultraviolet Exposures: Natural sunlight, arc welding, germicidal ultraviolet Effect: Eyes •Photo-kerato-
conjunctivitis (welder’s flash) •Cataract Skin •burn (sunburn) •photo sensitivity reactn •cancer SS 531: COP for lighting of workplace to ensure sufficient lighting in e workplace can help to improve e alertness &
performance Vibratn: e periodic motion of a body in alternate opposite direction from rest. Described by vector quantity as it has both a directional & dimension. Types: Sinusoidal, periodic, random, Transient / shock
Effect: (1)Whole body: e.g. seating in a seat of large machinery, lying / standing on vibrating surface. Mainly occurs in transporting (1a)Epidemilogical studies on WBV: Lower back disorders e.g. •back pain, degeneratn of
vertebrae, displacement of intervertebral discs, •digestive tract disorders e.g. abdominal pain, hemorrhoids •cardiovascular disorders e.g. varicose veins, heart diseases (1b)Motion Sickness (2)hand Arm: Caused by hand
gripping / handling vibrating tools e.g. grinders, percussive hammers & drills (2a)Health Effect: Circulatory, bone& joint, neurological, muscular Raynaud’s Disease / Vibratn white Finger: Blanching of e fingers from spasm
of e digital arteries, aggravated by cold, progressive, loss of muscular control Factor: Connective tissue disease, diseases of arteries, CTS, repetitive action, vibratn, smoking, injuries, certain medicatn. Acceptable: •approx
threshold of detect for 1 – 100Hz is 0.01m/sec2. •0.1m/sec2 easily noticeable, but not comfortable •1.0m/sec2 uncomfortable •2.0m/sec2 extre uncomfortable •10m/sec2 dangerous WBV EU Directive: (1)e exposure
limit value (ELV) is e max amt of vibratn an employee may be exposed to on any single day: 8hr daily exposure limit value 1.15m/sec2 (2)e exposure action value (EAV) is a daily amt of vibratn exposure which employee are
required to take action to control exposure: 8 hr daily action limit value 0.5m/sec2. Arm Vibratn Directive: 8hr dailly exposure limit value of 5m/sec2. Action value of 2.5m/sec2. Minimising vibration injuries: •assessing e
risk, including conducting vibratn exposure survey as appropriate •developing a vibratn policy & vibratn management program •Implementing a program for conducting regular vibratn surveys & RCA •implement vibratn
control measure •providing educatn & training •regular medical check up Control Measure: •treating vibratn source (e.g. isolate vibrating plant from its foundatn thru dampers & springs) •treating vibratn transmission
path (e.g. isolate ducts from stationary plant, vibratn dampened seating in Iocomotive cabins) •treating e receiver (e.g. isolate control room, enclosure) •using anti-vibrating handles •job rotatn to no more than 4hrs/shift
& WBV to no more 8hrs/shift) •antivibratn gloves Thermal Envir: (1)Conductn: e transfer of heat energy by microscopic diffusion & collision of particles / quasi-particles w/in a body due to temperature gradient
(2)Convectn: e transfer of heat from one place to another by e movement of fluids (3)Radiatn: Thermal radiatn is electromagnetic radiatn generated by e thermal motion of charged particle in matter. All matter w a
temperature greather than absolute 0 emits thermal radiatn. (4) Evaporatn: a vaporizatn of a liquid that occurs from e surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase Expressed by 4 parameters: •dry bulb temp of e air •moisture
content / h20 vapor pressure of e air •air velocity •radiant heat exchange Measuring Instrument: •Psychrometer- to measure RH •kata thermometer-cooling power of envir •globe thermometer – radiant heat & mean
radiant heat if air temp & velocity is known •Wet Bulb Globe Temp- estimate e effect of temp, humidity, wind speed & solar radiatn on humans; determine appropriate exposure lvl of high temp Affect: Metabolic rate,
clothing material, duration of exposure to envir, personal factor Heat Stress Index: E relatn of e amt of evaporatn required as related to e max ability of e avg person to perspire Exposure Occ: (1) Manufacturing-handling
molten metal, rolling, forging, glass making, (2) mining & tunnelling (3)Shipping & armed services- boiler room, (4)Outdoor- agriculture, marketing (5) Miscellaneous-kitchen, fire-fighting Effect: (1)Stroke: lack of sweating,
irrational behavior, loss of consciousness (2)Exhaustion: headache, vertigo, weakness, thirst, nausea (3)Cramps: caused by performing hard physical labor. Attributed to an electrolyte imbalance caused by sweating
(4)rashes: Pickly heat is manifested as red papules in areas where e clothing is restricted (5)Fatigue: impaired performance in sensorimotor skills, reduced mental alertness Control Measure: (1) Use of robotics, eliminate
hot air (2)Radiant heat shields, Ventilation, Artificial cooling (3)Work /rest, medical assessment, training, acclimatizatn (4) PPE-cooling vest Information Processing & Sensory Modelities - understanding of psychological
influences in human activities and how design can maximise human capabilities and minimise limitation. Sensation: Sensory receptors are triggered by environmental stimuli, representation of stimuli is held for a short
term sensory store. Perception: Interpretation of the stimuli occurs in the brain with reference to memories in long term storage. Factors on: signal strength, psychological state, experience, expectant motivatn & lvl of
fatigue Threshold: (1) Absolute threshold: min stimulant necessary for detect of a stimulus on 50% of presentatn (2) Subliminal stimulation: refers to stimuli which are perceived on fewer than 50% of occasion (3)Diff
threshold: min diff a person can detect btw 2 stimuli on 50% of presentatn & is a constant proportion of e stimulus Attention: (1)Selective: process by which a person can selectively pick out 1 msg from a mixture of msg
occurring simultaneously Guidelines: •use a few channel/sources of infor as possible •reduce overall lvl of stress •provide training for optimal scanning pattern visual: reduce proximity to reduce scanning distance
Auditory: avoid masking e.g. having 2 channels presenting infor simultaneously (2)Focused: concentratn on 1 source of input to e exclusion of any other Guidelines•make e competing channels as distinct as possible from
e channels to which e person is to attend • separate, in physical space, e competing channel from e channel of interest • make e channel of interest larger, brighter, louder more centrally located than e competing
channel(3)Divided: mental state in which a person focuses on multiple sources of inputs Guidelines: •minimise e no. of potential source of infor •make an effort to keep e difficulty lvl of task as low as possible •learning of
manual task as great as ossible as they will have less of an effect on memory & sensory capabilities Guidelines Sustained Attention •Provide appropriate work-rest schedule & Task variant •increase e conspiciousnees of e
signal & reduce e ambiguity of e signal •improve motivation •maintain optimal enviro conditn Interference- Proactive interference: retrieval of material to be learnt disrupted by activity prior to its encoding. Avoid by
allowing > 10s interval. Retroactive Interference: retrieval of material to be learn disrupted by activity after its encoding (during retention interval) Confusion can arise due to acoustic and semantic similarity. Avoid by
encoding through different channels. Monitoring many objects on one modality is more difficult than along many different attributes. Can improve performance by adopting consistent but separate spatial location for each
task. Memory can be improved by Familiarity Chungking and Semantic Chunking (by grouping similar groups and comprehension of words into sentences.Visual Acuity: (1) Detectn acuity: detect of presence of a target
(2)Vernier / localisatn acuity: Detectn of alignment, displacement (3)Resolutn: separatn btw discrete elements of a pattern (4)Recignitn: naming of target (5)Dynamic: Detectn & locatn of moving target Eye fixatn: 2-4s,
200ms-600ms. Duratn is affected by task, expertise, difficulty of infor extractn, infor density & criticality Color vision: Processed automatically in parallel w size, shape, locatn & motion. Color has semantics. •use <5-6
colors •distorted by ambient light •use saturatn, brightness, hue instead Photopic Vision: e vision of e eye under well-lit conditn. Scotopic Vision: under low light conditn Mesopic Vision: combinatn of photopic vision &
scotopic vision in low but not quite dark lighting situatn Gestalt Perceptn: Unified whole. Describe how tend to organise visual elements into grp / unified wholes when certain principle. •similarity •continuatn •closure
•proximity Applying: processing proximity (processed tgt) & display proximity (located closed tgt) should have a direct r/s •object lvl perceptn Auditory Attention: •sound in e form of noise can be a source of stress e.g.
pilot •ability to focus attentn on 1 sound input source degrades w age •dimension of sound can be parallel processed e.g. processing of melody, lyrics, Stress & Hormones: release adrenaline, nonadrenaline, cortisol,
glucagon & many others. Decrease insulin (hormone for rest) Adrenalin: •Increases HR & SV, blood flow •Vasodilates blood vessel in skeletal muscles, •increase breakdown of glycogen to glucose •increases use of fat for
energy Cortisol: •increase breakdown of glycogen -> glucose •increase use of fat for energy •if activity prolonged, increases formation of new glucose from protein Glucagon: •assist breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Adverse Stress Response: •May result from initiating a stress response to a stressor which does not normally produce this response (e.g. anxiety) • Stress may be prolonged rather than of short duration like responses to
most physical activity (a) Stress responses to physical work are appropriate responses (b) Stress responses to non-physical stressors often inappropriate & may contribute to ill-health What is Stress? •Absence of peace
•loss of control •state of anxiety exceeds coping •e rate of wear & tear on e body Classificatn of Stress: •Anticipatory: Future events •Encounter: interactn w ppl •Time: lack of time •situational: situatn not under
control Temporary Coping Mechanism: •relaxtatn technique (progressive muscle relaxatn, imagery, deep breathing) •Aromatherapy •Myofasicaltrigger point therapy (musculoskeletal conditions characterized by
myofasicaltrigger point) •modifying e env Developing Resilience – Physical •exercise •Diet •Avoid stimulant (coffee & Alcohol) •sleep Psychological: •Perceptn modificatn •build self-control Social: •family & friends
Fatigue: Minimize: •when the temp of e work enviro is too hot, e following measures can be adopted: (a) insulate hot surface/ pipes w alum /paint to reduce e amt of heat radiated (b) provide localised air con (c)provide
anti-glare window •provide facilities for break •shelter in hot working condition •schedule critical safety work activities outside of 2am to 6am window, & to a lesser degree btw 2pm & 4pm where low circadian rhythm
result in less optimal performance •Limit shift wrk to not more than 12 hrs including OT •avoid quick shift changeover, such as finishing @11pm & starting again @7am •conduct assessment to ensure adequate staffing
manpower on a shift so that e plant can operate safely •incorporate fatigue management in e planning of ERP Shift Work: Circadian Effect (biological clock): (1)e loss of performance arising from this natural rhythm maybe
greater than that arising from e loss of a night sleep (2)performance changes followed e biological rhythms (3)e usual shift work system is a rotating roster-which means that shift workers are constantly in a state of
chronobiological confusion •human is naturally in its ergotropic phase (geared to performance) in e daytime & in its trichotropid phase (occupied w recuperatn & replacement of energy) during e night Sleep: Stage 1:
stage of gg to sleep (1-7mins) Stage 2: light sleep (50% of total sleeping time) Stage 3:deeper sleep Stage 4: Deepest phase of sleep Stage 5: Rapid Eyes Movement sleep-max relaxtn of muscles & great resistance to being
awake {stage 3.4.5 have particular recuperative properties & determine e quality of sleep} Electoencephalogram (EEG) studies of length & quality of sleep of night-shift workers •daytime sleep is shorter than e night sleep
•longer sleep on rest days •w longer sleep on 2nd of 2 rest days •night shift worker accumulate a ‘sleep debt’ which was ‘paid back’ on e 2 rest days recommendatn: •should not engaged when <25yrs old & >50yrs old •if
workers have a tendency towards ailments of e stomach & intestine, are emotionally unstable, prone to psychosomatic symptoms •changing over at 6-14-22h would be better. National Occupational Health & Safety
commission Factor: social contact; achievement; opp for learning & development; optimal loading; job enrichment / enlargement / rotation; work pattern, bonus & incentive scheme - Bonuses schemes, paid rates,
premium systems, payment by results & measured day work are all terms given to methods of production involving incentive schemes. Evidence that a strong link btw certain types of incentives/reimbursement can boost
moral & health of employees. Bonuses, paid on the bases of skill level
rather than individual productivity or basis of organisation output over a period of time. Schemes must be determined w consultation w those involved.eg, supervisor, peer evaluation.; supervision; task variant. Work
Pattern: (1) Machine pacing: •alternative to machine pacing, such as buffer zones should be used -conveyor lines to transport assemblies btw operator but not to pace them •avoid excessive work rates maybe indicated
by complaints of discomfort from workers •jerky and unneceearily forceful movement •bottlenecks in prod lines

Occupational Health and Work Organisation (WHO, 1950), OH should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers of all occupations. Prevention among
workers from departures from health caused by their working conditions. Protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting in adverse health. Adaptation of work to man and each of man to his job.