GE:22 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER 5: STS IN 19TH CENTURY
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
-Is a high magnification microscope that uses
two lenses to magnify an image. The term
"compound" refers to the use of more than
one lens.
-1830 joseph Jackson lister improved
microscope
SCIENCE BECOME PROFESSIONAL
-A Science transitioned into a professional
field; the roles of scientists evolved
significantly.
-German universities became active centers of
scientific research.
-The process of disseminating scientific
information was initiated by universities and
professional organizations, making it essential
to read scientific papers and attend national
scientific congresses.
19TH CENTURY: SCIENCE ACROSS
NATIONS
-Wissenschaft' (the German term for science),
facilitated interdisciplinary communication
and the emergence of new scientific fields,
such as psychology.
-Despite the prevalence of unemployed
scientists and a lack of scientific training, the
establishment of technical schools or
"mechanic's institutes" mid-century provided
advanced scientific education.
-Nevertheless, the country excelled in
technology, with inventors like Alexander
Graham Bell and Thomas Edison
spearheading significant industries.
NOTES BY TRINITY LOZANO
-The establishment of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science
in 1848 played a crucial role in promoting
American science.
THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF 19TH
CENTURY SCIENCE
AUGUSTE COMTE
-French philosopher, a positivist, saw science
as the pinnacle of knowledge. He believed
that in the scientific stage, society would be
governed by reliable knowledge and would be
understood considering the knowledge
produced by science, primarily sociology.
-The term "scientist" or a person who is
studying or has expert knowledge of one or
more of the natural or physical sciences was
coined by William Whewell in 1833,
gradually replacing "natural philosopher
SCIENCE AND THE PUBLIC
-The Earth's age, much older than most
Christians, Jews, and Muslims believed at the
time, was a contentious issue.
-The idea of evolution by natural selection
proposed by Charles Darwin faced significant
backlash especially the notion that humans
evolved from animals and that monkeys are
humans' closest relatives.
SCIENTIFIC LEARNING AND
TECHNICAL ADVANCEMENT
-By the end of the 19th century, Germany had
emerged as a world leader in theoretical
chemistry and the largest producer of
industrial chemicals
-The discovery of electromagnetism in the
19th century led to key technological
breakthroughs, such as the telegraph and
telephone.
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 GE:22 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
PIONEERING DISCOVERIES AND
INNOVATIONS OF 19TH CENTURY
1.Electricity and Magnetism: The power
that makes gadgets work- electricity. A force
that can pull closer or push away objects that
have a magnetic material like iron inside them
- magnetism.
2. Understanding Fossils: Fossils are
preserved remains of ancient life forms. It
provided better understanding of Earth's
history.
3. The Cell Theory: The basic units of life.
This concept developed in 1839 by Matthias
Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann led to
advances in biology and medicine.
4. The Telegraph: Between 1832 and 1835,
Samuel Morse is credited with the invention
of the telegraph system and the Morse code, a
method of transmitting text information as a
series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks. This
enabled instant long-distance communication,
revolutionizing how information was shared.
5. The Computer: concept of automated
computation. Analytical Engine (1837) was
designed to compute any calculation set
before it. Designed by Charles Babbage, he is
often referred to as the "father of the
computer".
6. Organic Chemistry: Involves the study of
carbon-based molecules.
7. Field Theories: These are mathematical
descriptions of how forces like gravity and
electromagnetism operate. James Clerk
Maxwell formulated electromagnetic field
theory.
8. Electromagnetic Waves: In 1886,
Heinrich Hertz conclusively proved the
NOTES BY TRINITY LOZANO
existence of electromagnetic waves theorized
by James Clerk Maxwell's.
9. Thermodynamics and Temperature
Measurement: In 1848, Baron Kelvin
William Thomson established the Kelvin
temperature scale and the concept of absolute
zero.
10. The Theory of Evolution: Proposed by
Charles Darwin in his writing "On the Origin
of Species. Species change over time through
natural selection.
11. Laws of Heredity: Gregor Johann
Mendel, often called the "father of modern
genetics", established many of the rules of
heredity
12. Intellectual and Technological
Property: These are legal rights that protect
inventors' creations. The first patent law was
enacted in England (1624), and the U.S.
Patent Act was established (1790).
13. Bubonic Plague Vaccine: Baron
Shibasaburo Kitasato identified the bacterium
that causes bubonic plague during an outbreak
in Hong Kong in 1894.
14. The Periodic Table: Developed by
Dmitri Mendeleev (1869), this is a chart
organizing elements by their properties.
15. The Germ Theory of Disease:
Developed by Louis Pasteur in 1861, this
theory argued that bacteria caused diseases.
Building upon the work of Pasteur, Robert
Koch proved that specific microbes caused
specific diseases.
-Ignaz Philip Semmelweis, pioneer of
antiseptic procedures, introduced
handwashing in medical practices to combat
puerperal fever that affected women after
childbirth.
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16. Lights and Lighting: The development

of electric lighting extended the productive
day, improved public safety, and enhanced
quality of life after dark
-Humphry Davy invented the arc lamp in
1809, one of the earliest kinds of electric
light. Thomas Edison is credited with
developing a practical, long-lasting electric
light bulb in 1879.

17. The Turbine: Invented by Sir Charles

Parsons in 1884, turbines are highly efficient
engines that revolutionized power generation
and transport, paving the way for widespread
electrification.

18. The Development of Radio: Guglielmo

Marconi sent the first transatlantic radio
signal in 1901, enabled wireless transmission
of information over long distances.

19. Photography: Invented in 1826 by

Joseph Nicéphore Niepce, it revolutionized
how moments are captured and remembered.

20. The Bell Telephone: Alexander Graham

Bell's invention of the telephone in 1876
enabled real-time, direct conversation
between people over long distances.

THE FEMINE BRAIN

-often used in discussions about gender

differences in brain structure and function

-William Withers Moore, then president of the

British Medical Association, who in 1886
warned against overeducating women,
claiming it could lead to a disorder he termed
"anorexia Scholastica", which he believed
made women immoral, insane, and asexual.

NOTES BY TRINITY LOZANO 3|G:22

 GE:22 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER 6: RISE OF MODER SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS AND
INNOVATION
1.New Philosophies: logical positivism. It
emphasizes that a statement or theory is
meaningful and scientifically useful only if it
can be verified or falsified through
observation or experiment.
-Pragmatism that considers practical
consequences or real-world effects as vital
components of both meaning and truth.
2. Discovery of Radioactivity: The discovery
of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel. in 1896
demonstrating that atoms could change form
and emit an enormous amount of energy,
3. Invention of the Airplane: The invention
of the airplane by the Wright brothers, Wilbur
and Orville, in 1903 making long-distance
journeys much more feasible and efficient.
4. Development of Automobile: The journey
began in 1893 when bicycle mechanics J.
Frank and Charles Duryea of Springfield,
Massachusetts, designed the first successful
American gasoline automobile.
-. The year 1908 was a landmark in the
history of automobiles when Henry Ford
introduced the Model T and innovated mass-
production techniques.
5. Quantum Mechanics: branch of physics
that deals with phenomena on a very small
scale, such as molecules, atoms, and
subatomic particles like electrons and photons
(light particles).
6. Antibiotics: "Magic Bullets" Against
Disease: solved the problem of treating
bacterial infections. Coined by Paul Ehrlich in
1900, the term "Magic Bullets" refers to
antibiotics' unique ability to target and
eliminate specific bacteria without harming
the host body.
NOTES BY TRINITY LOZANO
7. Development of Radar and Sonar: Radar,
which uses electromagnetic waves, and Sonar,
which uses acoustic waves, are both remote
sensing systems that addressed several critical
problems of that time.
-It also helped in detecting objects and
obstacles, thus improving navigation safety
-After the Titanic disaster, Paul Langevin and
Constantin Chilowsky developed a
"hydrophone" to help ships detect icebergs
8. Energy Wherever Needed: energy
production and distribution occurred due to
the growing demand in various sectors.
Electricity's development was a major
breakthrough, with foundational work by
Benjamin Franklin, Alessandro Volta, and
Michael Faraday.
-The discovery of nuclear fission for energy
by Otto Hahn in Germany in 1939 initiated
the nuclear power era. This was followed by
Enrico Fermi's design and construction of the
first nuclear fission reactor in the United
States.
9. Modern Computer Science: Alan Turing,
father of modern computer science, father of
modern computer science, He invented the
universal Turing machine, an abstract
computing machine that encapsulates the
fundamental logical principles of the digital
computer.
10. The Manhattan Project: solved the
problem of how to harness nuclear energy in a
controlled way. This top-secret project, which
involved some of the world's leading
scientists, was focused on developing the first
atomic bomb. This was used in the bombings
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, playing a crucial
role in ending World War II.
11. The Size of the Universe: The discovery
of the expansion of the universe marked a
paradigm shift in cosmology.
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 GE:22 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
A. Development of General Relativity:
Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity,
published in 1915, provided a new framework
for understanding gravity. It predicted that the
universe should be expanding.
B. Discovery of Extragalactic Redshift: In
the 1920s, American astronomer Vesto
Slipher detected a redshift in the light front
galaxies beyond the Milky Way. This redshift
indicated that these galaxies were moving
away from us.
C. Hubble's Observations: Edwin Hubble,
another American astronomer, correlated
these redshift observations with the distances
to these galaxies.
-He found that galaxies are receding from us
at speeds proportional to their distance, a
relationship now known as Hubble's Law.
PIONEERS OF MODERN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTIONS
1.Marie Sklodowska Curie, a Polish-born
French scientist, made significant
contributions to the field of radioactivity. She
discovered two radioactive elements, Radium
and Polonium.
2. Albert Einstein, a German-born physicist,
is best known for his theory of relativity and
his equation E=mc.
3. Alexander Fleming, a Scottish
bacteriologist, discovered penicillin.
4. Werner Karl Heisenberg, a German
physicist, made significant contributions to
quantum mechanics
5. Linus Pauling, an American theoretical
physical chemist, understanding of chemical
bonding and molecular structure. His work
NOTES BY TRINITY LOZANO
solved the problem of how atoms bond to
form molecules.
6. Alan Mathison, Turing, an English
mathematician and computer scientist, father
of modern computer science. He developed
the concept of the Turing machine, which
solved the problem of creating a model of a
general-purpose computer.
7. Oswald Theodore Avery Canadian-born
American bacteriologist helped ascertain that
DNA is substance responsible basis genetics.
8. Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, He was the
first to apply the quantum concept to the
problem of atomic and molecular structure.
9. Ernest O. Lawrence, an American
physicist,
invention of the cyclotron, the first particle
accelerator to achieve high energies.
10. Enrico Fermi, an Italian physicist,
created the world's first nuclear reactor.
Contribute the development of statistical
mechanics, quantum theory, and nuclear and
particle physics.
11. Robert H. Goddard, an American
engineer, professor, physicist, and inventor, is
credited with creating and building the
world's first liquid- fueled rocket.
12. Arthur Korn, a German-born inventor.
Korn made significant contributions to the
development of fax technology. His work
solved the problem of transmitting images
over long distances.
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 GE:22 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

CHAPTER 7: BIG SCIENCE AND POST- provided a physical model for the
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY storage of genetic information.
HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING
COLD WAR AND NEW TECHNOLOGY
LANGUAGE
• The Cold War was driven by political
tensions and the need for supremacy
• Grace Hopper's work on COBOL,
between the two world superpowers,
one of the earliest high- level
the United States and the Soviet
programming languages, introduced
Union particularly in military and
the concept of machine-independent
space technology.
programming languages, which could
• The space race, for instance, led to
be run on different types of
the development of satellite
computers without modification.
technology, intercontinental ballistic
• It used English-like syntax, which
missiles, and even the first manned
made it more accessible to people
mission to the moon.
who were not computer experts.
FROM TUBES TO CHIPS
THE SPACE AND RACE
• Characterized by the transition from
• The Space Race, spanning from the
vacuum tube technology to the
late 1950s to the early 1970s, was a
invention and widespread adoption of
response to the intense Cold War
the transistor and integrated circuits,
rivalry between the United States and
or "chips", the key figure for this
the Soviet Union.
development is John Bardeen, Walter
• Space exploration emerged as a
Brattain, and William Shockley.
symbolic battleground for
• transistor, was an electronic marvel of
showcasing technological and
the time.
scientific prowess,
• This invention paved the way for the
• Rockets like Saturn V and Soyuz
development of integrated circuits or
were developed, enabling significant
"chips", which are the building blocks
breakthroughs in human spaceflight.
of modern electronic devices.
• The Space Race also played a crucial
• This invention paved the way for the
role in the global battle for prestige
development of integrated circuits or
and soft power, with achievements
"chips", which are the building blocks
like Yuri Gagarin's orbital flight and
of modern electronic devices.
Neil Armstrong's moonwalk
DISCOVERING DNA capturing worldwide attention and
• The discovery of the structure of admiration.
DNA by James Watson and Francis LASERS
Crick in 1953 solved a major problem • "Light Amplification by Stimulated
in biology: understanding the Emission of Radiation," representing
molecular structure that carries the a tool that creates concentrated and
genetic information in living orderly light.
organisms. • Dennis Gabor addressed this
• Watson and Crick's discovery of the challenge by using lasers for
double helix structure of DNA

NOTES BY TRINITY LOZANO 6|G:22

 GE:22 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
holography, a technique that records
and reconstructs lifelike 3D images.
• Holograms, a result of laser
technology, became a powerful
solution for security concerns, like
preventing fake currencies and credit
cards.
QUASARS
• A significant problem in
astronomy was the identification
and comprehension of extremely
luminous and distant celestial
objects.
• called quasars (short for quasi-
stellar radio sources), showed up
as powerful radio signals but
looked like stars when seen
through optical telescopes.
• Maarten Schmidt, studied the
light patterns of quasars, studied
the light patterns of quasars.
PLATE TECTONICS
• During this period, Geologists were
puzzled by the similarities in rock
formations, fossils, and geological
structures found on continents that
were separated by large bodies of
water.
• Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of
continental drift in the early 20th
century, suggesting that continents
were not stationary but had drifted
over time.
• The theory of plate tectonics.
explained how the Earth's lithosphere
is divided into large, rigid plates that
float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere
beneath them. These plates move,
leading to phenomena such as
continental drift, earthquakes, and
volcanic activity.
NOTES BY TRINITY LOZANO
SCANNING THE BODY
• The development of medical imaging
technologies, such as CT (Computed
Tomography) and MRI (Magnetic
Resonance Imaging)
• Raymond Damadian, a key figure,
played a crucial role in the
development of MRI technology.
• Raymond Damadian's work focused
on the use of nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) to investigate
changes in the magnetic properties of
body tissues.
EXPLORING THE PLANETS
• A major problem in astronomy and
planetary science during this time
was the lack of direct information
about the characteristics and
conditions on other planets in our
solar system.
• This challenge found a solution in the
development of space missions and
the introduction of robotic spacecraft.
These missions were designed to
explore and closely study planets,
moons, and other celestial bodies
within our solar system.
STOPPING AN EPIDEMIC
• Poliomyelitis, a disease noted as far
back as 1789, was not completely
understood until 1840. Doctor Jonas
Salk spent the 1940s working on a
vaccine to prevent the virus.
• He identified three types of
polioviruses and used formaldehyde
to destroy them.
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 GE:22 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

NUCLEAR POWER

• After World War II, nations explored

peaceful uses for nuclear energy,
aiming for limitless power.

Significant personalities in the development

and utilization of nuclear power.
1.John Dalton: English chemist and
physicist, introducing atomic theory into
chemistry.

2. Henri Becquerel: French engineer and

physicist, first person to discover evidence of
radioactivity.

3. Lise Meitner: Austrian-Swedish physicist,

Meitner and Otto Hahn successfully showed
the nuclear fission of uranium and correctly
predicted this would create an enormous
release of energy.

4. Otto Hahn: German chemist who

discovered nuclear fission (1939). Pioneering
scientist in the field of radiochemistry.

5. Viktor Brukhanov: Director of the

Chernobyl Atomic Energy StationHe had
devoted most of his adult life to the
communist dream of bringing electricity to
the USSR.

NOTES BY TRINITY LOZANO 8|G:22

 GE:22 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER 8: THE INFORMATION AGE
KEY DEVELOPMENTS AND
CHALLENGES IN THE INFORMATION
POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
• A significant figure associated with
post-industrial society is Daniel Bell.
He is known for introducing the
concept of the post-industrial society
and published a notable work titled
"The Coming of Post-Industrial
Society" in 1973. In this work, he
discussed the economic and societal
changes resulting from the transition
from manufacturing to services.
SCIENCE QUESTION
• The matter of questioning science
was not about having doubts or being
skeptical about science overall.
• Carl R. Woese identified a new
category, or domain, of life called
"Archaea."
• Previously, microorganisms were
broadly classified into two domains:
Bacteria and Eukaryota (which
includes plants, animals, and fungi).
• Woese's work introduced Archaea as
a distinct domain, highlighting the
unique characteristics of these
microorganisms that set them apart
from bacteria.
• Craig Venter figured out the human
genome or the complete set of genetic
material (DNA) present in a human
cell. He was able to determine the
order of nucleotide bases (adenine,
thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that
make up DNA, which serves as the
genetic code.
NOTES BY TRINITY LOZANO
• Human Genome Project, a large-scale
international research initiative that
aimed to map and understand the
entire human genome.
• Stephen Hawking, a renowned
theoretical physicist, raised important
questions about the ethical
implications of scientific progress,
particularly in the context of artificial
intelligence.
• He expressed concerns about the
potential risks of AI, including the
possibility that Al could pose
existential threats to humanity.
INFORMATTION AND SOCIETY
• With computers and the internet,
information could be found and
shared very quickly, no matter where
someone was in the world.
• Steve Jobs and William Gates are
recognized as key figures in the
development of the Information Age.
Jobs, as a co-founder of Apple Inc.
• Gates, co-founder of Microsoft, was a
major entrepreneur of the
microcomputer revolution.
PROBLEM OF INFORMATION AGE
• One of the key challenges of the
Information Age is the issue of data
privacy.
• One of the key challenges of the
Information Age is the issue of data
privacy.
• Another significant challenge is the
digital divide.
• This led to a divide between those
who had access to digital
technologies and those who did not,
exacerbating existing social and
economic inequalities.
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 GE:22 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
• Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the
World Wide Web, has been a vocal
advocate for data privacy and digital
inclusion while promoting a more
open and accessible web.
• Richard Stallman, the founder of the
Free Software Movement promoted
digital rights and addressing issues
related to software freedom and
openness.
GLOBALIZATION
• represents the increasing integration
and interdependence of national
economies, societies, and cultures.
• driven by advances in transportation,
like the steam locomotive, steamship,
and developments in
telecommunication infrastructure
such as the telegraph.
• addressed a significant problem of
this era - the need for a more
connected and integrated world.
• It broke down artificial barriers to the
flows of goods, services, capital,
knowledge, and people across
borders.
Key figures in the field of science and
technology during the Information Age:1
1.Tim Berners-Lee: Known as the inventor
of the World Wide Web.
2. Steve Jobs: Co-founder of Apple Inc. He
introduced Apple 1, the first effective
personal computer, which was a huge
advancement in computer sciences.
3. Bill Gates: He co-founded Microsoft in
1975. He developed the first commercial
microcomputer software and expanded the
NOTES BY TRINITY LOZANO
company's product range to include operating
systems and office productivity software.
4. Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn: Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet
Protocol (IP) in 1973. They are known as the
"fathers of the internet". The TCP/IP
protocols are the fundamental
communication protocols at the heart of the
Internet.
5. Ray Tomlinson: Ray Tomlinson credited
with inventing email in 197.
6. Marc Andreessen: He developed Mosaic,
the first widely used web browser with a
graphical user interface, in 1993.
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
• Alternative energy sources represent
the shift towards cleaner and more
sustainable forms of energy.
• addressed a significant problem of
this era, the growing concern over
environmental degradation and
climate change caused by using fossil
fuels. It aimed to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions and mitigate the
impacts of climate change.
Key figures in the study of alternative
energy in this period.
1.Elon Musk: As the CEO of Tesla, Inc.,
founded SolarCity, a company that specializes
in solar energy services.
2. Dr. Shi Zheng Rong: Known as the "Sun
King”, founder of Suntech Power, one of the
largest solar panel manufacturers in the world.
3. Dr. Hermann Scheer. A German politician
and economist, Dr. Scheer was one of the key
figures behind Germany's Renewable Energy
Act
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