EU 2 – Eng’g.

Utilities 2
University of the Cordilleras Water Supply
Topic Learning Outcomes (TLO)
a. Prepare drafting plans and understand actual plumbing layout.
b. Design the water supply system of a building

WATER SUPPLY

Sources of Water

1. Atmospheric Source
➢ Water from atmospheric source generally come from all form of precipitation
(rain, drizzle, snow, hail, sleet, etc.)

2. Surface Sources
➢ Water from all water bodies on the surface of the earth (rivers, streams,
lakes, ocean, sea, etc.)

3. Underground Sources
➢ Water from the pervious layers of the subsoil which can be extracted using
gravitational drainage structures like deep wells, infiltration galleries, and
porous pipes.

Advantages and disadvantages of the different sources of water

Source Advantages Disadvantages

➢ Can be easily collected
from roofs and natural
basins of the watershed.
➢ It is soft and good
source of water on place
where there is an
abundant rainfall
Atmospheric Sources
➢ Difficult to store for a
long time as it will be a
breeding place for
mosquitoes.
➢ Requires large tanks for
storing large quantities
of water.
➢ Roofs may not be clean
which will affect the
quality of rainwater.
➢ Not a good source for
areas that receives a
little amount of rainfall

➢ Can be easily obtained ➢ The water may contain

from rivers, lakes, and large quantities of
other freshwater water micro-organism and
bodies. inorganic substances
Surface Sources ➢ Good for locality near which are harmful to
the water body since the health.
cost of material will
economical.

➢ Can be obtained from ➢ Since water is a

pervious layer (water universal solvent,
bearing stratum) near ground water may
the building by contain large number of
Underground Sources
gravitational drainage chemical elements
structures. which are harmful to
health.

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Water Supply Equipment

Pumps – are used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be directly
delivered to a building or to an elevated tank.

Classification of pumps:
A. Classification based of the type of power required:
a. Electrically driven pumps – these can be used only at such places where
electric current is available.
b. Gasoline engine pumps – the operational cost of these engines is so high
that these are uneconomical, therefore, these can be used only in
emergency service when other power fails.
c. Steam engine pumps – this is suitable at such places where fuel is very
cheap. These engines are most reliable.
d. Diesel engine pumps – the initial cost of these engines is very high, they
are difficult to start and their speed is low. These engines require separate
electric storage batteries and compressed air for starting. These pumps can
be used as standby units for emergency periods.

B. Classification based on the type of service:

a. Low lift pumps
b. High lift pumps
c. Deep-well pumps
d. Booster pumps
e. Stand-by pumps

C. Classification based on their principles of operation:

a. Displacement pumps
b. Centrifugal pumps
c. Airlift pumps
d. Impulse pumps

Classification based on their Principles of Operation

1. Displacement Pumps

➢ In these types of pumps, vacuum is created mechanically by the movable parts of

the pumps. In the vacuum, first the water is withdrawn inside the pumps, which on
the return of the mechanical part of the pump is displaced and forced out of the
chamber through the valve and pipe. The backflow of the water is prevented by
means of suitable valves.

The following are the two main types of displacement pumps:

a. Reciprocating pumps
a.1. Simple hand-operated reciprocating pump
a.2. Power-operated deep well reciprocating pump
a.3. Single-acting reciprocating pump.
a.4. Double-acting reciprocating pump.

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b. Rotary pumps
➢ Rotary pumps are not suitable for handling liquids containing suspended
matter because of the close fitting of the rotors in the casing. The efficiency
of these pumps is between 50 to 85 percent

Advantages of rotary pumps:

• They do not require any priming as they are self-primed.
• The efficiency of these pumps is high at low to moderate heads up to
discharge of 2000 liters per minute.
• These pumps have no valves, are easy in construction and maintenance
as compared with reciprocating pumps.
• These pumps give steady and constant flow without any pulsations.
• These can be easily employed for the individual building water supply
and for fire protection.

Disadvantages of rotary pumps:

• The initial cost of these pumps is high.
• Their maintenance cost is high due to abrasion of their cams and gears.
• They cannot pump water containing suspended impurities as the wear
and abrasion caused by the impurities will destroy the seal between the
cams and the casing.

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2. Centrifugal Pumps

➢ These pumps work on the principle of centrifugal force. The water which
entered inside the pump is revolved at high speed by means of impeller and is
thrown to the periphery by the centrifugal force. The water enters in the pump
at the center of the impeller called the eye usually at right angle to the plane of
the impeller.

➢ Centrifugal pumps using one impeller are known as single stage pumps.
Pumps using two or more impellers are called double or multistage pumps.
These pumps are employed for high lifts. In case of deep well turbine pump,
which is commonly used in tube-wells, several impellers are installed on one
vertical shaft which is suspended and rotated inside the tube-well by prime
mover motors installed at the ground surface.

There are two types of centrifugal pumps:

a. Volute type centrifugal pump – the channel into which the water flows after
leaving the impeller has a volute shape of such proportional that the velocity
of flow remains the same at all points in the channel. The impeller is usually
rotated by an electric motor. The centrifugal force forces the water to rise in
the delivery pipe at high rate.
b. Diffuser or Turbine type centrifugal pump – the impeller is surrounded by
the stationary guide vanes, which reduce the velocity of water before the
water enters the casing. These pumps convert the velocity head into
pressure head in the casing itself. The casing surrounding the guide vanes
is usually circular and concentric with the impeller. In this pump, the channel
into which the water flows on leaving the impeller has the same cross-
sectional area throughout. The velocity of the water which leaves the
impeller blades is changed in direction and the velocity head is changed to
pressure head by means of diffuser vanes.

Advantages of centrifugal pumps:

• Due to compact design, they require very small space.
• They can be fixed to high-speed driving mechanism.

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• They have rotary motion due to which there is no noise.
• They are cheap in cost.
• They have simple mechanisms due to which they can be easily repaired.
• They have very simple operation
• They cannot be damaged due to high pressure.

Disadvantages:
• The rate of flow of water cannot be regulated.
• They cannot be operated without prime movers
• Their speed cannot always be adjusted to the prime mover without
speed regulating mechanism.
• For operation they have restricted suction
• Any air leakage on suction side will affect the efficiency of the pump.
• They have high efficiency only for low head and discharge
• The pump will run backward, if it is stopped with the discharge valve
open.

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3. Air Lift Pumps

➢ Work on the principle of compressed air. When water contains suspended matter
and acids or alkalis which damage other types of pumps, the airlift pump can be
used very successfully. These types of pumps are suitable for lifting water from
small wells or deep wells. These are simple in operation and give least trouble
because they have no remote or submerged moving parts.

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4. Impulse Pumps

➢ This pump is also called hydraulic ram and work on the principle of momentum
(impulse). The advantage of a small fall is taken in lifting the water to great heights
by mean of the hydraulic ram. The efficiency of these pumps is about 50 percent.

Advantages:
• The ram has long life and is durable.
• Its working is very simple and automatic. After starting it, usually no
attention is required.
• No power, engine, fuel, etc. are required for its working, hence it is most
economical.

Disadvantages:
• While in operation, it creates noise, which may cause great
inconvenience sometimes during working hours to the workers.
• Considerable quantity of water is wasted during its working. The ratio of
the wasted water to the pump water may vary from 6:1 to 2:1, which
depend on the supply head, lift and other factors.

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Factors affecting the selection of a pump:
1. Capacity – it should be capable of pumping required quantity of water.
2. Reliability – it should be reliable and should not fail suddenly and cause trouble.
3. Cost – it should be cheap in initial cost.
4. Maintenance – the maintenance cost of running pumps should be as small as
possible.
5. Power – the power which is used for running pumps should be available easily at
low cost.
6. Efficiency – pump should have high efficiency.
7. Depreciation – it should have long life and depreciation cost should be small.
8. Cost of Labor – it should be low.
9. Quality of water
10. Total lift of the water required.
11. Number of pumping units required.

COLD WATER SUPPLY IN BUILDINGS

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